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Maximizing Cannabis Yields with Dr Bruce Bugbee​

Apogee Instruments Inc.
The first thing I did was to convert specific gravity (SG in 1.xxx format) to degrees Plato (°P) with the equation

. This is a third order polynomial fit derived from the American Society of Brewing Chemists gravity to Plato tables, given on en.wikipedia.org/wiki/brix. This is a convenient unit to work in because every 1°P is 1% by weight sugar, so a 1.060 SG wort would be 14.741°P, or 14.741% sugar by weight.

To find the mass of sugar in each wort, I then found the weight of a 5 gal/ 18.9 L batch by multiplying this volume by its density (if working in metric, this amounts to simply multiplying by the specific gravity since water is 1 kg/L). Then, its a simple matter of multiplying by the sugar weight percent. The example 1.060 wort contains (44.23 lb wort)*(0.14741)= 6.52 lb or 2.96 kg sugar. Note that I actually did all of my calculations in metric, then converted to English because the units work out so nicely.

Next, we must find how much sugar is actually consumed. For this, remember that the “attenuation” used most often is “apparent attenuation” as measured by a hydrometer. Hydrometers actually measure the density of the solution, so when alcohol is created (its density is lower than water), the hydrometer is tricked into thinking more of the sugar has been consumed than really was. Actual attenuation can by found by multiplying the apparent attenuation by 0.814, as given in Greg Noonan’s New Brewing Lager Beer. So the actual amount of sugar consumed in a 1.060 75% apparent attenuation beer is (6.52 lb)(0.75*0.814)= 3.98 lb or 1.81 kg.
Now we must bring in some very basic chemistry. Lets assume this sugar is all (or could become) glucose. A single mole (in units of mol) of glucose weighs 180.156 g or 6.35 oz. A mole is simply a way to keep track of how many molecules of something there is so you can predict chemical reactions. Basically, there are a different number of molecules of acid in vinegar in a gram than the number of baking soda molecules in a gram, but reactions happen to molecules. So to have a complete reaction, you need to add the same number of molecules of acid in vinegar and baking soda, not the same number of grams of each. The upshot is we have (1.81 kg)/(0.180156 kg/mol)=10.02 mol glucose consumed in this example wort.

For every 1 mol glucose consumed, 2 mol of ethanol and 2 mol of CO2 are produced. Thus we have 10.02*2=20.04 mol of total CO2 produced from fermenting this 1.060 wort to 75% apparent attenuation.

Now we can put this in terms of volume or mass of gas. For any “ideal” gas, its volume can be predicted by the ideal gas law at standard temperature and pressure,

, where P is pressure (1 atm or atmospheres), V is volume (liters or L), n is the number of moles of gas (1 mol), R is the ideal gas constant (0.0821 (atm*L)/(mol*K)), and T is the temperature (273 Kelvin or K). Solving for volume and plugging in the numbers, we get

. Thus every mol of gas occupies 22.41 L or 0.791 cubic feet. This would be (20.04 mol)*(22.41 L/mol)=449.1 L or 15.86 ft3 of CO2 produced for our example beer. Put another way, from 5 gallons of 1.060 SG wort, you could fill the glass carboy its in almost 24 times with the CO2! In the most extreme case shown on the graph (1.110 wort, 85% attenuation), this more than doubles.

To find the mass of the gas, we simply use the mass of a mole of CO2, 0.04401 kg/mol, to convert back. We have (20.04 mol)*(0.04401 kg/mol)=0.88 kg or 1.94 lb of CO2 produced.

– Dennis,
Life, Fermented

How Much CO2 is Produced from Brewing?

Off-week bonus post! Ever wonder how much CO2 is actually produced when you ferment your favorite bubbly beverage? I’ve often found myself staring at my air-lock or blow-off bucket thinking…

lifefermented.wordpress.com

 

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looking nice! @Ringodoggie is doing it right

New extraction technique? Rosin tech?

Really digging these Little Dipper rigs. Way less dirty feeling than the crack torch and glass meth tube 😂 Nice smooth hits, easy to clean and use. Little bit of some Panama Deep Chunk I pressed that didn’t go into edibles.

www.icmag.com

 

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PANAMA 3 PHENOS

 

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Front. Plant Sci., 24 September 2020
Sec. Plant Breeding
Volume 11 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.573299

Potentials and Challenges of Genomics for Breeding Cannabis Cultivars​

Writing a Standard Pedigree​

Symbology​

C. Example of writing a standard pedigree:

Each organization follows a different standardized system for recording pedigrees. In this section, we will describe the system adapted from Purdy et al (1968) modified and used by wheat breeders at CIMMYT (CGIAR institute). Depending on the crop you work on and where you are employed you may use a modified system.

The female parent is designated by listing it first (starting from the left) followed by the male parent (on the right). For example, A is the female parent and B is the male parent in an (A x B) cross. An (A x B) cross can also be written as A/B.

If an F1 (A/B) plant is pollinated with parent C, and the F1 is used as the female and C as the male, the resulting three-way cross would be designated as A/B//C. Subsequent crosses with parental materials D, E, F, and G used sequentially (all as males) are indicated using a number to record the cross order in the following way: A/B//C/3/D/4/E/5/F/6/G.

Example​

If the example above is changed to use D & F as female parents, with E and G remaining as males, the cross would be recorded as follows:

• Step 1: A/B is the first cross,
• Step 2: A/B//C is the second cross, where A/B is the female.
• Step 3: D/3/A/B//C is the third cross, with D as female, and A/B//C as male.
• Step 4: D/3/A/B//C/4/E, with E as male, and the 4-parent cross as the female. NOTE: bold and underline text is for information and instructional purpose only. In writing a pedigree, you will not have to bold text. One will simply write the pedigree as D/3/A/B//C/4/E

The inclusion of “5/F” as the female and 6/G as a male completes the pattern.

Backcross Pedigree​

In multiple backcrosses, the sequence of these letters from left to right corresponds to the sequence in which the backcrosses are made. Backcross pedigrees include an asterisk (*) and a number indicating the dosage of the recurrent parent. The asterisk and the number are placed next to the crossing symbol (/) that divides the recurrent and donor parents. The following are examples of pedigree formats involving backcrosses:

• A is the recurrent parent: A*2/B of the initial cross and has been used as a parent two times. Therefore, A*2/B indicates one backcross or a BC1 cross.
• B is the recurrent parent: A/3*B, and has been used as a parent three times. Therefore, A/3*B indicates a BC2 cross.

A*2/B is therefore A//A/B and indicates that A was used as a female in both F1 and BC1.

A/3*B could be B/3/A/B//B and indicates that A was used as a female, F1 was then used as female, and BC1 was used as male.
A/3*B could be A/B//B/3/B and indicates that A was used as a female, F1 was then used as female, and BC1 was used as a female.

The F#: derived symbols as previously described for regular crosses will follow the BC# designation. For example, BC1F2:4 or BC2F2:4.

How to cite this chapter: Singh, A.K. (2023). Pedigree Naming Systems and Symbols. In W. P. Suza, & K. R. Lamkey (Eds.), Crop Improvement. Iowa State University Digital Press.

 

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Table S10 Examples of putative selected genes in either hemp cultivars or drug cultivars identified by comparison of drug cultivars and hemp cultivars.​
​
Gene ID​	UniProtKB ID​	Gene name​	Description​	Function​	References​
Genes selected in hemp cultivars against drug cultivars​
Gene involved in inhibiting branching​
evm.TU.01.2103​	Q9SQR3​	D14​	Strigolactone esterase D14​	Acts as a strigolactone receptor. Strigolactones are hormones that inhibit tillering and shoot branching through the MAX-dependent pathway.​	(83)​
Genes associated with flowering time​
evm.TU.06.710​	Q9SR13​	FLK​	Flowering locus K homology domain​	Regulates positively flowering by repressing FLC expression and post-transcriptional modification​	(84)​
evm.TU.01.2661​	Q6ZJM9​	EHD3​	PHD finger protein EHD3​	Probable transcription factor involved in the regulation of floral induction under long day (LD) conditions. Promotes photoperiodic flowering by repressing GHD7, a major floral repressor.​	(85)​
evm.TU.01.2696​	Q6K431​	TRX1​	Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase TRX1​	Involved in the regulation of flowering time and floral induction under long day (LD) conditions. Acts as an activator of flowering under LD conditions.​	(86)​
Genes realted to cellulose biosynthesis​
novel_gene_1224_5bd9a17a​	P13708​	SS​	Sucrose synthase​	Sucrose-cleaving enzyme that provides UDP-glucose and fructose for various metabolic pathways.​	(87)​
​
​
Genes selected in drug cultivars against hemp cultivars​
Genes related to branching​
evm.TU.01.1223​	Q9ASU8​	NDL2​	Protein NDL2​	Acts, together with GB1 as positive regulator of meristem initiation and branching.​	(88)​
Genes involved in the MEP pathway​
evm.TU.01.445​	Q94B35​	HDR/ISPH​	4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase​	Gene involved in the methylery-thritol phosphate (MEP) pathway to produce geranyl diphosphate (GPP), a substrate of cannabigerolic acid (CBGA)​	(18)​
Genes associated with flowering time​
evm.TU.01.2530​	Q93WI9​	HD3A​	Protein HEADING DATE 3A​	Probable mobile flower-promoting signal (florigen) that moves from the leaf to the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and induces flowering.​	(89)​
evm.TU.02.3224​	Q6K678​	HDR1​	Protein HEADING DATE REPRESSOR 1​	Regulates flowering time via a photoperiod-dependent pathway.​	(90)​
evm.TU.02.3233​	Q9XER9​	HUA2​	ENHANCER OF AG-4 protein 2​	Transcription factor that functions as repressor of flowering by enhancing the expression of several genes that delay flowering including FLC, FLM/MAF1, MAF2 and SVP​	(91)​
Gene involved in lignin biosynthesis​
evm.TU.01.1778​	Q9C942​	CSE​	Caffeoylshikimate esterase​	Esterase involved in the biosynthesis of lignin.​	(92)​
evm.TU.01.2208​	Q17UC0​	C4H​	Cinnamate-4-hydroxylase​	Involved in the lignin biosynthesis.​	(87)​
evm.TU.01.2170​	P93366​	LOC107771104​	laccase​	Involved in the lignin biosynthesis.​	(87)​

 

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Large-scale whole-genome resequencing unravels the domestication history of Cannabis sativa​

16 Jul 2021
Vol 7, Issue 29
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg2286

Fig. 1. Population structure of Cannabis accessions.
(A) Geographic distribution (i.e., sampling sites of feral plants or country of origin of landraces and cultivars) of the samples analyzed in this study. Color codes correspond to the four groups obtained in the phylogenetic analysis and shapes indicate domestication types. The two empty red squares symbolize drug-type cultivars obtained from commercial stores located in Europe and the United States. For sample codes, see table S1. (B) Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at fourfold degenerate sites, using H. lupulus as outgroup. Bootstrap values for major clades are shown. (C) Bayesian model–based clustering analysis with different number of groups (K = 2 to 4). Each vertical bar represents one Cannabis accession, and the x axis shows the four groups. Each color represents one putative ancestral background, and the y axis quantifies ancestry membership. (D) Nucleotide diversity and population divergence across the four groups. Values in parentheses represent measures of nucleotide diversity (π) for the group, and values between pairs indicate population divergence (FST). (E) Principal component analysis (PCA) with the first two principal components, based on genome-wide SNP data. Colors correspond to the phylogenetic tree grouping.

Basal (phylogenetics) - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Frontiers | Hermaphroditism in Marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) Inflorescences – Impact on Floral Morphology, Seed Formation, Progeny Sex Ratios, and Genetic Variation

Cannabis sativa L. (hemp, marijuana) produces male and female inflorescences on different plants (dioecious) and therefore the plants are obligatory out-cros...

www.frontiersin.org

Plants (Basel). 2023 Dec; 12(23): 3927.
Published online 2023 Nov 22.
doi: 10.3390/plants12233927
PMCID: PMC10708021
PMID: 38068564

Naturally Occurring Triploidy in Cannabis​

 

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Conclusions​

To date, there have been over 500 constituents of Cannabis sativa reported, out of which 125 are identified to belong to the cannabinoid-type compounds, with five new cannabinoids reported in the last 2 years. The other non-cannabinoid-type compounds are classified into various chemical classes, including alkaloids, flavonoids, non-cannabinoid phenols, and terpenes. This review discusses the chemistry, identification, isolation, and structural elucidation of these major classes of compounds, to provide an overview of their chemical structures and to better understand the complexity of the chemical profile of C. sativa.

Secondary Terpenes in Cannabis sativa L.: Synthesis and Synergy​

Biomedicines 2022, 10(12), 3142; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10123142
Table 1. Concentrations of terpenes found in cannabis. Concentration range is given by chemotype where available; Tr—trace (<level of quantitation).

Compound​	Chemotypes​	​	Rage of Average Concentrations Reported per Chemotype (mg/g Dry Weight)​	Reference​
Agrospirol​	I​	I:​	Tr–0.50​	[45]​
Alloaromandrene​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.004–0.08​	[53,60]​
II:​	0.08–0.10​
III:​	0.05–0.10​
Aromadendrene​	I​	I:​	0.02–0.13​	[61]​
α-Bisabolol​	I, II, III​	I:​	Tr–1.10​	[34,45,46,53,60,62,63,64]​
II:​	0.57–1.22​
III:​	0.07–2.31​
α-Bisabolene​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.13–0.50​	[53,61]​
II:​	0.11–0.29​
III:​	0.03–0.50​
β-Bisabolene​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.05–0.17​	[53]​
II:​	0.18–0.51​
III:​	0.12–0.71​
Borneol​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.01–0.03​	[34,61,63,64]​
II:​	0.05​
III:​	0.009–0.02​
α-bergamotene​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.024–1.18​	[34,53]​
II:​	0.45–0.81​
III:​	0.018–0.68​
Cis-bergamotene​	I, III​	I:​	0.07–0.11​	[61]​
III:​	0.21​
Trans-bergamotene​	I, III​	I:​	0.12–0.28​	[61]​
III:​	0.04​
Bulnesol​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.10–0.50​	[34,45,53]​
II:​	0.090–0.19​
III:​	0.070–0.49​
γ-cadinene​	I, III​	I:​	0.41–0.60​	[61]​
III:​	0.02​
Camphene​	I, III​	I:​	0.002–0.09​	[34,60,63,64]​
III:​	0.001–0.48​
Camphor​	I​	I:​	0.001–0.01​	[61,64]​
P-Cimene​	I, III​	I:​	0.016​	[64]​
III:​	0.01​
β-Caryophyllene​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.24–8.20​	[34,45,46,60,61,62,63,64,65]​
II:​	0.86–3.90​
III:​	0.16–3.17​
β-Caryophyllene oxide​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.005–0.06​	[60,61,63]​
II:​	0.02​
III:​	0.09​
Trans-β-caryophyllene​	I, III​	I:​	0.02–0.06​	[53,61]​
III:​	0.06​
δ-3-carene​	I, II, III​	I:​	Tr–0.60​	[45,46,61,64,65]​
II:​	Tr​
III:​	0.065–0.070​
α-Cedrene​	I, III​	I:​	0.038​	[64]​
III:​	0.023​
β-Citronellol​	I, III​	I:​	0.002​	[60,64]​
III:​	0.001–0.003​
α-curcumene​	I, III​	I:​	0.008​	[60]​
III:​	0.017​
β -Curcumene​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.014–0.61​	[53,60]​
II:​	0.061–0.16​
III:​	0.016–0.09​
Cyclounatriene​	I, III​	I:​	0.02–0.13​	[34]​
III:​	0.086​
Elemene​	I, II​	I:​	Tr–2.70​	[45,65]​
II:​	Tr​
γ-elemene​	I, III​	I:​	0.104–1.89​	[34,53,61]​
III:​	0.04–0.068​
δ-elemene​	I, III​	I:​	Tr–0.392​	[34]​
III:​	0.005​
Eucalyptol​	II, III​	II:​	0.010–0.07​	[53,60,63]​
III:​	0.052–0.14​
Eudesma-3,7(11)-diene​	I, III​	I:​	Tr–0.80​	[34,61,65]​
III:​	0.05​
Eudesmane​	I, III​	I:​	0.33–0.55​	[34]​
III:​	0.04​
A-eudesmol​	I, II​	I:​	0.02​	[63]​
II:​	0.26​
β-Eudesmol​	I, II, III​	I:​	Tr–0.92​	[45,53,61,63,64]​
II:​	0.23–0.65​
III:​	0.085–1.01​
γ-Eudesmol​	I, III​	I:​	Tr–0.80​	[34,45,53,61]​
II:​	0.30–0.78​
III:​	0.010–1.03​
α-farnesene​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.02–0.06​	[34,63]​
II:​	0.24​
III:​	0.002​
β-farnesene​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.019–1.96​	[34,53,65]​
II:​	0.73–1.6​
III:​	0.008–1.4​
Trans-β-farnesene​	I, III​	I:​	0.31–1.06​	[61,63]​
II:​	0.35​
III:​	0.05​
Fenchone​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.005–0.03​	[60,63,64]​
II:​	0.02​
III:​	0.007–0.008​
Fenchol​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.047–1.09​	[34,46,60,61,62,63,64]​
II:​	0.09–0.31​
III:​	0.028–0.138​
Germacrene B​	I, III​	I:​	0.25–1.27​	[34]​
III:​	0.34​
Geraniol​	I, III​	I:​	0.01​	[63,64]​
III:​	0.004​
Geranyl Acetate​	I​	I:​	Tr–0.70​	[46]​
Guaiol​	I, II, III​	I:​	Tr–1.09​	[34,45,53,61,63,65]​
II:​	0.27–0.87​
III:​	0.010–1.21​
α-guaiene​	I, III​	I:​	Tr–0.50​	[45,65]​
II:​	Tr​
III:​	Tr​
δ-guaiene​	I, II​	I:​	Tr–0.80​	[45,61,65]​
II:​	0.8​
α-gurjunene​	I​	I:​	0.1–0.46​	[53]​
Humulene​	I, II, III​	I:​	Tr–4.00​	[45,46,53,64]​
II:​	0.64–1.11​
III:​	0.26–0.93​
α-Humulene​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.09–1.93​	[34,60,62,63,65]​
II:​	0.32–0.36​
III:​	0.14–0.27​
Isopulegol​	I, II​	I:​	0.02–0.04​	[63]​
II:​	0.02​
Ledene​	I, II​	I:​	0.11–0.13​	[63]​
II:​	0.05​
Limonene​	I, II, III​	I:​	Tr–9.1​	[34,45,46,53,60,61,62,63,64]​
II:​	0.079–1.14​
III:​	0.022–1.44​
Linalool​	I, II, III​	I:​	Tr–3.10​	[34,45,46,53,60,61,62,63,64]​
II:​	0.27–0.35​
III:​	Tr–0.36​
Cis-linalool oxide​	I, III​	I:​	0.002​	[60]​
III:​	0.005​
Trans-linalool oxide​	I, III​	I:​	0.002​	[60]​
III:​	0.002​
Menthol​	I, III​	I:​	0.001​	[60]​
III:​	0.001​
β-Myrcene​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.12–14.8​	[34,45,46,53,60,61,62,63,64,65]​
II:​	0.20–3.02​
III:​	0.18–7.60​
Nerolidol​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.02​	[61]​
III:​	0.01​
Trans-nerolidol​	I, III​	I:​	0.019–1.66​	[60,63,64]​
II:​	0.09​
III:​	0.005–0.07​
β-Ocimene​	I, III​	I:​	0.21–1.38​	[34,53,63]​
II:​	0.02​
III:​	0.19​
Cis-Ocimene​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.006–3.9​	[45,60,61,64,65]​
II:​	1​
III:​	1​
Trans-Ocimene​	I, III​	I:​	Tr–3.8​	[46,60,64]​
III:​	0.007–0.01​
α-phellandrene​	I, II, III​	I:​	Tr–0.60​	[65]​
II:​	Tr​
III:​	Tr​
β-phellandrene​	I, III​	I:​	Tr–2.1​	[34,65]​
II:​	0.7​
III:​	0.097–0.50​
α-pinene​	I, II, III​	I:​	Tr–6.70​	[34,45,46,53,60,61,62,63,64,65]​
II:​	0.068–4.63​
III:​	0.004–1.40​
β-pinene​	I, II, III​	I:​	Tr–2.00​	[34,45,46,53,60,61,62,63,64,65]​
II:​	0.054–0.80​
III:​	0.001–0.50​
α-phellandrene​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.003–0.7​	[46,60,61]​
II:​	Tr​
III:​	0.001​
2-pinanol​	I, III​	I:​	0.036–0.16​	[34]​
III:​	0.047​
Sabinene​	I, III​	I:​	0.005​	[60]​
III:​	0.001​
Cis-sabinene hydrate​	I, II​	I:​	0.015–0.08​	[60,61,63]​
II:​	0.003–0.03​
α-selinene​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.04–1.36​	[34,53,63]​
II:​	0.26–0.65​
III:​	0.094–0.79​
β-selinene​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.093–0.61​	[53,63]​
II:​	0.09–0.34​
III:​	0.10–0.22​
γ-selinene​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.09–0.63​	[53,61,65]​
II:​	0.06–0.09​
III:​	0.03–0.14​
δ-selinene​	I, III​	I:​	0.10–0.36​	[34]​
III:​	0.09​
Selina-3.7 (11) diene​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.03–1.89​	[53]​
II:​	0.05–0.07​
III:​	0.06–0.092​
β-Sesquiphellanderene​	I, II, III​	I:​	0.09–0.48​	[53]​
II:​	0.14–0.23​
III:​	0.074–0.19​
α-Terpinene​	I, II, III​	I:​	Tr–0.10​	[45,60,64]​
II:​	Tr​
III:​	Tr–0.068​
γ-Terpinene​	I, III​	I:​	0.02–0.06​	[46,60,61,64]​
III:​	0.01–0.06​
Terpineol​	I, II, III​	I:​	Tr–0.70​	[45]​
II:​	0.6​
III:​	Tr​
Terpinen-4-ol​	I, III​	I:​	0.02​	[60]​
III:​	0.01​
α-Terpineol​	I, III​	I:​	0.04–0.9​	[34,46,60,62,64,65]​
II:​	0.29​
III:​	0.11–0.22​
Terpinolene​	I, II, III​	I:​	Tr–13.9​	[34,45,46,53,60,63,64,65]​
II:​	0.010–3.70​
III:​	0.019–2.90​
Valencene​	I, II​	I:​	0.001–0.06​	[34,60,63]​
II:​	0.01​
III:​	0.16​

 

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Table 2. Quantitative Terpenoid Data (mg/g) in Each Cultivar

Cultivar	Sample (n=#)	α-Pinene	β-Pinene	Myrcene	α-Phellandrene	3-Carene	α-Terpinene	Limonenea	trans-Ocimene	Terpinolene	Linalool	Endo-fenchyl-alcohol	α-Terpineol	Geranyl-acetate	β-Caryophyllene	Humulene	α-Bisabolol
Master Kush	5	<LOQ	0.6±0.4	1.3±0.3	ND	ND	ND	3.2±1.3	ND	ND	<LOQ	<LOQ	<LOQ	ND	2.7±0.5	1.1±0.2	1.1±0.2
Bubba Kush	7	ND	0.3±0.3	1.7±0.8	ND	ND	ND	3.0±1.1	ND	ND	0.7±0.4	ND	ND	ND	4.1±1.9	1.8±1.1	0.9±0.5
Mr. Nice	6	<LOQ	0.4±0.3	3.6±0.8	ND	ND	ND	3.4±1.2	0.4±0.3	ND	<LOQ	ND	ND	ND	3.0±1.4	0.8±0.5	0.5±0.3
Sour Diesel	10	<LOQ	0.6±0.3	2.8±1.1	ND	ND	ND	4.4±1.1	ND	ND	1.1±0.3	<LOQ	ND	ND	4.0±1.3	1.6±0.5	0.9±0.3
Blue Cookies	6	ND	0.4±0.3	1.0±0.3	ND	ND	ND	2.5±0.9	ND	ND	0.9±0.3	<LOQ	ND	ND	6.0±0.6	2.8±0.3	<LOQ
Girl Scout Cookies	16	ND	0.5±0.2	1.8±0.5	ND	ND	ND	3.4±1.0	ND	ND	1.5±0.6	<LOQ	<LOQ	ND	6.7±1.3	3.2±0.6	<LOQ
Animal Cookies	14	<LOQ	0.6±0.3	2.1±0.6	ND	ND	ND	3.8±0.9	ND	ND	1.6±0.4	<LOQ	<LOQ	ND	6.8±1.0	3.2±0.7	0.4±0.3
Thin Mints	6	ND	0.6±0.1	2.2±1.1	ND	ND	ND	3.3±0.9	ND	ND	1.5±0.7	ND	ND	ND	7.1±2.5	3.4±1.1	0.4±0.2
Fortune Cookies	5	ND	0.6±0.1	1.6±0.5	ND	ND	ND	3.6±1.0	ND	ND	1.8±0.4	<LOQ	0.1±0.2	ND	8.2±1.9	4.0±0.9	0.6±0.2
Sherbert	7	0.6±0.3	1.1±0.2	1.5±0.6	ND	ND	ND	5.2±0.9	<LOQ	ND	2.0±0.6	0.6±0.3	0.5±0.4	<LOQ	6.4±2.0	2.7±0.8	ND
Chemdog	6	<LOQ	0.8±0.2	3.0±3.2	ND	ND	ND	4.2±1.1	ND	<LOQ	0.9±0.2	0.5±0.3	ND	<LOQ	6.4±1.8	2.2±0.6	1.0±0.3
Gorilla Glue #4	10	<LOQ	0.6±0.3	3.8±1.3	ND	ND	ND	4.2±1.1	ND	ND	0.9±0.3	<LOQ	<LOQ	ND	7.8±1.5	2.5±0.5	0.9±0.2
Crown Og	5	0.3±0.3	1.0±0.2	7.6±5.7	ND	ND	ND	5.1±1.6	ND	ND	1.7±0.3	0.6±0.1	0.6±0.1	ND	2.7±0.8	1.1±0.3	<LOQ
Skywalker Og Kush	6	0.4±0.3	1.0±0.2	6.7±2.9	ND	ND	ND	5.1±1.5	ND	ND	2.0±0.6	0.6±0.3	0.7±0.4	ND	3.7±0.9	1.4±0.3	<LOQ
Og Kush	10	0.4±0.4	0.9±0.4	7.1±2.5	ND	ND	ND	5.4±2.5	ND	ND	1.8±1.0	0.5±0.4	0.5±0.4	ND	4.0±1.1	1.50±0.4	0.5±0.2
Superman Og Kush	7	0.5±0.3	1.2±0.3	6.4±1.6	ND	ND	ND	6.3±1.7	ND	ND	1.8±0.3	0.6±0.1	0.7±0.1	ND	3.5±0.5	1.3±0.2	<LOQ
Gas	6	0.5±0.3	1.1±0.3	6.0±1.3	ND	ND	ND	5.9±1.7	ND	ND	2.0±0.3	0.6±0.1	0.6±0.1	ND	4.0±0.6	1.5±0.2	0.4±0.2
Tahoe Og Kush	5	0.5±0.3	1.2±0.2	8.8±4.6	ND	ND	ND	6.8±1.3	ND	ND	2.1±0.6	0.6±0.1	0.6±0.1	ND	4.6±0.8	1.8±0.3	0.5±0.1
Triple O	7	0.5±0.2	1.0±0.2	3.0±5.5	ND	ND	ND	6.7±1.4	ND	ND	2.2±0.4	0.7±0.2	0.6±0.1	ND	3.5±0.5	1.4±0.2	0.4±0.3
Gelato	5	1.0±0.1	1.6±0.2	1.8±0.6	ND	ND	ND	9.1±1.6	0.1±0.2	ND	3.1±0.9	1.0±0.1	0.9±0.1	0.7±0.4	2.1±1.4	1.1±0.3	<LOQ
Miami White Kush	6	0.8±0.4	1.4±0.4	3.5±1.7	ND	ND	ND	8.3±1.3	<LOQ	ND	1.7±0.6	0.8±0.3	0.6±0.4	0.4±0.3	6.8±0.9	2.0±0.3	0.7±0.2
Jack Herer	9	<LOQ	0.7±0.3	0.9±0.6	<LOQ	ND	ND	0.9±0.4	1.1±0.7	8.3±3.0	<LOQ	ND	<LOQ	ND	2.6±0.7	1.4±0.4	ND
Trainwreck	7	0.9±0.2	1.5±0.3	3.7±2.3	0.4±0.3	<LOQ	<LOQ	3.4±1.9	2.6±1.7	9.6±4.8	0.4±0.4	<LOQ	0.5±0.3	ND	1.5±0.4	0.5±0.3	ND
Purple Cream	9	2.1±0.4	0.5±0.2	7.1±1.4	ND	ND	ND	<LOQ	1.2±0.3	ND	1.0±0.2	ND	ND	ND	3.7±0.9	1.0±0.2	<LOQ
Grape Ape	8	2.0±1.0	0.5±0.3	7.3±3.7	ND	ND	ND	<LOQ	1.2±0.6	ND	1.1±0.4	ND	ND	ND	3.5±0.5	1.0±0.1	<LOQ
Purple Princess	9	2.7±0.6	0.7±0.1	8.9±1.5	ND	ND	ND	<LOQ	1.7±0.5	ND	1.2±0.2	ND	ND	ND	4.1±1.2	1.1±0.3	<LOQ
Blue Dream	19	4.2±1.3	2.0±0.5	7.5±2.8	ND	ND	ND	1.1±0.8	ND	ND	0.7±0.3	ND	ND	ND	2.3±0.6	1.4±0.3	<LOQ
Strawberry Haze	5	1.1±0.1	0.8±0.1	7.5±1.4	ND	ND	ND	2.4±0.5	3.8±0.4	ND	1.2±0.1	ND	ND	ND	2.7±0.5	1.2±0.3	0.6±0.1
Godfather	7	2.9±1.0	1.0±0.3	12.0±4.0	ND	ND	ND	1.9±0.6	1.3±0.6	ND	0.9±0.4	ND	ND	<LOQ	1.6±0.3	0.5±0.2	ND
Purple Urkle	5	3.2±0.6	0.9±0.1	11.4±3.1	ND	ND	ND	<LOQ	1.7±0.4	ND	1.4±0.1	ND	ND	ND	3.5±0.5	1.0±0.2	<LOQ

Identification of Terpenoid Chemotypes Among High (−)-trans-Δ9- Tetrahydrocannabinol-Producing Cannabis sativa L. Cultivars​

Author: Justin T. Fischedick [email protected]AUTHORS INFO & AFFILIATIONS
Publication: Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0040

 

[Dime]

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Big Sur Holy Weed Strain Review: A Sacred Experience​

May 2, 2024
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Introduction to the Big Sur Holy Weed Strain​

The Big Sur Holy Weed strain is a legendary hybrid revered for its unique history and powerful effects. Although its exact lineage is a mystery, this strain is thought to have originated in the mystical hills of Big Sur, California. Known for its earthy and spicy aroma profile, Big Sur Holy Weed delivers a balanced experience that caters to both mind and body, making it a favored choice among cannabis connoisseurs.
In this in-depth review, we’ll uncover the history, lineage, aroma, flavor, and effects of the Big Sure Holy Weed strain, and offer some expert grow tips to cultivate it to its full potential.

Key Takeaways​

• Type: Regular Seeds
• THC Percentage: 20% to 25%
• Flower Time: 56 to 70 Days
• Aromas: Earthy, Spicy, Pine
• Effects: Balanced, Relaxing, Euphoric

Strain Overview​

Characteristics​

The Big Sur Holy Weed strain features dense, resinous buds that exude a spicy and earthy scent with hints of pine. The buds are typically covered in a thick coat of trichomes, reflecting their potent THC content.

Breeder Information​

Big Sur Holy Weed is said to have been created by a monk named Perry, who crossed a Mexican sativa with a Mazar-i-Sharif indica; however, the breeder of Big Sur Holy Weed remains as enigmatic as the strain itself. Big Sur Holy Weed is celebrated for its robust growth and resilience, thriving in both indoor and outdoor settings.

Origins and Lore of the Big Sur Holy Weed Strain​

The Big Sur Holy Weed strain holds a revered place in cannabis culture, particularly in California, where it is said to have deep historical and spiritual roots. While the exact origins are somewhat shrouded in mystery, the strain is closely associated with the scenic, mystical landscapes of Big Sur, a stretch of California’s coastline known for its stunning natural beauty and artistic inspiration. Here’s a deeper look into the stories and folklore surrounding this iconic strain.

Spiritual Connections and Monastic Ties​

One of the most enchanting stories about Big Sur Holy Weed suggests that it was originally cultivated by a secretive monastic order residing in the hills of Big Sur. According to local legend, these monks sought a strain that could enhance their meditation practices and deepen their spiritual connections. They allegedly used the cannabis grown in their secluded gardens as a tool to achieve higher states of consciousness during their meditative retreats. This tale contributes to the strain’s mystical aura, making it a symbol of spiritual awakening and tranquility.

The Hippie Era and Cultural Significance​

During the 1960s and 1970s, Big Sur became a haven for the counterculture movement, attracting artists, writers, and free spirits who were drawn to its isolated beauty and the liberating ethos of the area. It is during this time that Big Sur Holy Weed reportedly flourished, becoming a staple among the local cannabis enthusiasts and visiting bohemians alike. The strain’s potency and unique effects made it a favorite for creative exploration and communal gatherings, further embedding it into the cultural tapestry of the region.

Tales of the Esalen Institute​

The Esalen Institute, a retreat known for its alternative educational programs focusing on human potential and healing practices, is also part of the lore of Big Sur Holy Weed. Some enthusiasts speculate that the strain was part of therapeutic practices at Esalen, used for its calming effects and potential to stimulate introspective and philosophical discussions among participants. While definitive evidence of this is lacking, the association with Esalen adds a layer of intrigue and holistic appeal to the strain’s story.

Conservation Efforts and Modern Day​

Over the years, the Big Sur Holy Weed strain has seen various conservation efforts by local growers dedicated to preserving its genetics and unique characteristics. These growers often share stories of the strain’s resilience and adaptability, traits that mirror the rugged, unyielded spirit of Big Sur itself. Today, Big Sur Holy Weed is not only a piece of cannabis history but also a living legacy of California’s wild coast and its impact on cannabis culture.
The enchanting stories surrounding Big Sur Holy Weed enrich its identity, transforming it from merely a cannabis strain into a symbol of cultural and spiritual depth. Its legendary status continues to captivate those who seek both its soothing effects and its rich historical tapestry. Whether as part of monastic rituals, a muse for the creative minds of the counterculture, or a tool in modern holistic practices, Big Sur Holy Weed carries with it tales of a past intertwined deeply with the natural and human history of Big Sur.

Deepening the Spiritual Connection​

Big Sur Holy Weed’s association with spiritual practices is one of its most defining characteristics. The strain’s purported development by monks in the hills of Big Sur suggests purposeful cultivation aimed at enhancing meditation and spiritual rituals. Cannabis has a long history of use in various spiritual and religious practices around the world, believed to help deepen meditation, facilitate communication with the divine, and promote overall well-being.
In the secluded and serene environment of Big Sur, the monks might have found the ideal conditions not just for growing cannabis, but also for nurturing a spiritual community that values introspection and harmony with nature. The use of Big Sur Holy Weed in these settings is said to help in achieving a tranquil mind and a heightened sense of awareness, qualities essential for profound spiritual exploration.

Cultural Resonance During the Counterculture Movement​

The 1960s and 70s in America were a time of social upheaval and cultural change, with Big Sur serving as a microcosm of the larger countercultural movements sweeping the country. During this era, Big Sur Holy Weed likely transcended its origins as a spiritual tool to become a symbol of rebellion against mainstream societal norms, personal freedom, and a return to nature.
Artists, musicians, and writers who flocked to Big Sur for inspiration perhaps found in Big Sur Holy Weed a muse that fueled their creative energies and encouraged alternative perspectives. The strain’s balanced effects were ideally suited for long discussions, musical jam sessions, and artistic creation, all activities that were staples in the communal lives of Big Sur’s hippie inhabitants.

Esalen Institute and Holistic Practices​

The Esalen Institute, known for its pioneering approach to humanistic psychology and alternative therapies, also plays a role in the folklore of Big Sur Holy Weed. While there is no concrete evidence of its formal use at the institute, the strain’s characteristics align well with Esalen’s ethos of self-exploration and psychological healing.
Participants at Esalen workshops, which often included practices like gestalt therapy, yoga, and meditation, might have used Big Sur Holy Weed as an adjunct to facilitate deeper emotional and psychological exploration. Its calming effects could help diminish barriers to self-awareness and foster a greater connection to the communal and natural world around them.

Conservation and Legacy​

Preserving the genetic lineage and unique qualities of Big Sur Holy Weed has become a mission for modern cannabis cultivators in the region. As development pressures and legal changes transform the cannabis industry, maintaining the purity and story of heritage strains like Big Sur Holy Weed is seen not only as an act of conservation but also as a celebration of cannabis culture’s roots.
These dedicated growers often regard themselves as custodians of botanical and cultural heritage, recognizing that strains like Big Sur Holy Weed carry with them the stories and spirits of times past. Through their efforts, the strain continues to be available to those who seek its unique blend of effects and the deep, rich history it represents.

Aroma, Flavor, and Terpene Profile​

Big Sur Holy Weed’s aroma is rich with earthy and spicy notes, complemented by a refreshing pine undertone. The terpene profile includes limonene, myrcene, and caryophyllene, which contribute to its soothing effects and pungent aroma.

Effects and Benefits of the Big Sur Holy Weed Strain​

The Big Sur Holy Weed strain is celebrated for its balanced hybrid effects, which provide both mental clarity and physical relaxation. Users often experience an initial euphoric rush that gently transitions into a calming state, making it ideal for those seeking relief from stress and anxiety. Additionally, its moderate THC level makes it suitable for both novice and experienced users.

THC and CBD Content​

• THC Percentage: Typically ranges from 20 percent to 25 percent.
• CBD Content: Generally low, enhancing the psychoactive effects without overwhelming sedation.

Potential Side Effects​

Like all cannabis strains, Big Sur Holy Weed may cause dry mouth and eyes. Inexperienced users might experience mild paranoia or anxiety when consumed in higher doses.

Bud and Plant Structure​

Big Sur Holy Weed plants are robust with a bushy stature, featuring broad leaves and dense buds that are sticky to the touch due to their rich trichome coverage. The strain’s vibrant green foliage is often speckled with hints of purple under cooler temperatures.

How To Grow the Big Sur Holy Weed Strain​

Preferred Conditions​

Big Sur Holy Weed thrives in both indoor and outdoor environments. It prefers a mild to warm climate with plenty of sunlight.

Feeding and Nutrients​

This strain benefits from a balanced diet of nutrients, particularly during the flowering phase to support its dense bud development.

Pruning and Training​

Pruning lower leaves to improve air circulation and light penetration can significantly enhance growth. Techniques like topping or using a Screen of Green (ScrOG) can maximize yield by creating more bud sites.

Harvest Tips​

Harvesting when trichomes are milky white will ensure the highest levels of THC. Curing the buds properly will enhance the strain’s aromatic profile and overall potency.

Ideal Consumption Methods​

The Big Sur Holy Weed strain can be enjoyed in various forms, including smoking, vaping, or as an edible. The method of consumption can affect the onset and duration of effects, with inhalation providing a quicker onset and edibles offering longer-lasting effects.

Big Sur Holy Weed Strain Review: Conclusion​

The Big Sur Holy Weed strain is a mystical and potent cultivar that offers a unique blend of relaxation and euphoria. Its storied history and robust characteristics make it a must-try for both recreational users and medicinal consumers looking for relief from stress and anxiety.
Quote: “A garden requires patient labor and attention. Plants do not grow merely to satisfy ambitions or to fulfill good intentions. They thrive because someone expended effort on them.” – James Bean

• Big Sur Holy »»» Big Sur Holyweed Phenotype: Zacatecas Purple pheno x Mazari Sharif

 

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California was at one time a Spainish Colony

Spain spreads hemp production

Christopher Columbus’ voyage in 1492 led to the Columbian Exchange, the widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable diseases, ideas, and technology between the Old and New World. It was one of the most significant events concerning ecology, agriculture, and culture in all of human history, and cannabis (hemp) was part of this exchange.

Even before the English and the French were thinking about exploiting the New World, Spain was promoting hemp production in its colonies throughout South America. As early as 1545, hemp seed was sown in the Quillota Valley, near the city of Santiago in Chile.

Most of the hemp fiber from these initial experiments were used to make rope for the army stationed in Chile. The rest was used to replace worn-out rigging on ships docked at Santiago. Eventual surpluses were shipped north to Peru. Attempts were also made at cultivating hemp in Peru and Colombia, but only the Chilean experiments proved successful.

Hemp is believed to have been brought to Mexico by Pedro Cuadrado, a conquistador in Cortes’ army, when the conqueror made his second expedition to Mexico.

Cuadrado and a friend went into business raising hemp in Mexico and were pretty successful at it. However, in 1550, the Spanish governor forced the two entrepreneurs to limit production because the natives were beginning to use the plants for something other than rope

 

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Explore Spain’s role in bringing cannabis to the Americas and its indigenous people, how hemp made its way up to California, cannabis’ spread into the United States, and how a famous Mexican folk song referencing marijuana came to be.

Cannabis’ migration across the globe​

Cannabis plants are believed to have evolved on the steppes of Central Asia, in the regions that are now Mongolia and southern Siberia. Both hemp and psychoactive marijuana were used in ancient China. The plant’s medicinal properties, including its use as an anesthetic during surgery, were supposedly realized and taught by the mythical Chinese emperor Shen Nung in 2737 BC. From China, coastal farmers brought the plant south to Korea.
The plant came to the South Asian subcontinent between 2000 BC and 1000 BC, when the region was invaded by the Aryans. Cannabis would become popular in India, where it was celebrated as one of “five kingdoms of herbs … which release us from anxiety” in an ancient Sanskrit poem.
The plant arrived in the Middle East between 2000 BC and 1400 BC, where it was likely used by the nomadic Scythians. This group carried the drug into southeast Russia and Ukraine. Germanic tribes brought the drug into central Europe, and marijuana went from there to Britain during the 5th century with the Anglo-Saxon invasions.
Over the following centuries, cannabis migrated to various regions of the world, traveling through Africa and reaching South America before being carried north, eventually reaching North America. Responsibility for the introduction of cannabis as an intoxicant in the Americas rests with the Spanish, with some help from the Portuguese. Prior to those conquests, Native Americans used tobacco and other substances in rituals as relaxants and hallucinogens, but not cannabis.

The New World before cannabis​

There is much archaeological evidence that points to the use of entheogens early in the history of Mesoamerica. “Entheogen” is a word coined by academics denoting plants and substances used for traditional sacred rituals. A large number of inebriants, from tobacco and marijuana to alcohol and opium, have been venerated as gifts from the gods in different cultures at different times.
Entheogens have been used in a ritualized context for thousands of years; their significance is well established in many diverse practices geared towards achieving transcendence. These psychedelic substances have played a pivotal role in the spiritual practices of American cultures for millennia.
The Maya, for example, flourished in Central America from as early as 2000 BC right up until the fall of their last city, Nojpetén, to the Spanish in 1697. Their religion placed a strong emphasis on an individual being a communicator between the physical world and the spiritual world, and hallucinogens would have been helpful in bridging the gap. Mushroom stone effigies, dating to 1000 BC, give evidence that mushrooms were at least revered in a religious way.

Similarly, the ancient Aztecs employed a variety of entheogenic plants and animals within their society from the 14th to 16th centuries. The various species have been identified through their depiction on murals, vases, and other objects. Historical evidence demonstrates that the Aztecs used several forms of psychoactive drugs: The Xochipilli statue gives the identity of several entheogenic plants, and the Florentine Codex vividly describes Aztec culture and society, including the use of entheogenic drugs.

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[acespicoli]

Dew point - Wikipedia​

en.wikipedia.org

An Introduction to Vapor Pressure Deficit | Ceres Greenhouse​

How well do you understand temperature and relative humidity in your greenhouse environment? Learn more about VPD in a greenhouse environment.

ceresgs.com

Vapour-pressure deficit - Wikipedia​

en.wikipedia.org

Transpiration - Wikipedia​

en.wikipedia.org

Transpiration and VPD is really crucial to dialing in your indoor and greenhouse grows

Plant physiology - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Diffusion - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Water potential - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

• Biomechanics
• Hyperaccumulator
• Phytochemistry
• Plant anatomy
• Plant morphology
• Plant secondary metabolism
• Branches of botany

Feature	Effect on transpiration
Number of leaves	More leaves (or spines, or other photosynthesizing organs) means a bigger surface area and more stomata for gaseous exchange. This will result in greater water loss.
Number of stomata	More stomata will provide more pores for transpiration.
Size of the leaf	A leaf with a bigger surface area will transpire faster than a leaf with a smaller surface area.
Presence of plant cuticle	A waxy cuticle is relatively impermeable to water and water vapor and reduces evaporation from the plant surface except via the stomata. A reflective cuticle will reduce solar heating and temperature rise of the leaf, helping to reduce the rate of evaporation. Tiny hair-like structures called trichomes on the surface of leaves also can inhibit water loss by creating a high humidity environment at the surface of leaves. These are some examples of the adaptations of plants for the conservation of water that may be found on many xerophytes.
Light supply	The rate of transpiration is controlled by the stomatal aperture, and these small pores open especially for photosynthesis. While there are exceptions to this (such as night or CAM photosynthesis), in general, a light supply will encourage open stomata.
Temperature	Temperature affects the rate in two ways: 1) An increased rate of evaporation due to a temperature rise will hasten the loss of water. 2) Decreased relative humidity outside the leaf will increase the water potential gradient.
Relative humidity	Drier surroundings give a steeper water potential gradient, and so increase the rate of transpiration.
Wind	In still air, water lost due to transpiration can accumulate in the form of vapor close to the leaf surface. This will reduce the rate of water loss, as the water potential gradient from inside to outside of the leaf is then slightly less. The wind blows away much of this water vapor near the leaf surface, making the potential gradient steeper and speeding up the diffusion of water molecules into the surrounding air. Even in wind, though, there may be some accumulation of water vapor in a thin boundary layer of slower moving air next to the leaf surface. The stronger the wind, the thinner this layer will tend to be, and the steeper the water potential gradient.
Water supply	Water stress caused by restricted water supply from the soil may result in stomatal closure and reduce the rates of transpiration.

• 
  The effect of temperature on the transpiration rate of plants.
• 
  The effect of wind velocity on the transpiration rate of plants.
• 
  The effect of humidity on the transpiration rate of plants.

 

[acespicoli]

High Points: An Historical Geography of Cannabis†​

Barney Warf
First published: 25 September 2014

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2014.12038.x