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Geographical distribution of early gold and silver artefacts found in Northwest China and Central Asia
(eighth-third century BCE)
https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40494-021-00520-5/figures/1

Scytho-Siberian art - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Taklamakan Desert - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

 

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THC + THCA

Registered Strain Search | Kannapedia

kannapedia.net

THCV + THCVA

Registered Strain Search | Kannapedia

kannapedia.net

This chart represents the Illumina sequence coverage over the Bt/Bd allele. These are the three regions in the cannabis genome that impact THCA, CBDA, CBGA production. Coverage over the Active CBDAS gene is highly correlated with Type II and Type III plants as described by Etienne de Meijer. Coverage over the THCA gene is highly correlated with Type I and Type II plants but is anti-correlated with Type III plants. Type I plants require coverage over the inactive CBDA loci and no coverage over the Active CBDA gene. Lack of coverage over the Active CBDA and Active THCA allele are presumed to be Type IV plants (CBGA dominant). While deletions of entire THCAS and CBDAS genes are the most common Bt:Bd alleles observed, it is possible to have plants with these genes where functional expression of the enzyme is disrupted by deactivating point mutations (Kojoma et al. 2006).

The Y chromosome is considered homomorphic and degenerate with little to no homology or overlap with the X-chromosome and likely does not recombine (McKernan et al. 2020; Prentout et al.
J Cannabis Res. 2022; 4: 57.
Published online 2022 Nov 2. doi: 10.1186/s42238-022-00164-7

1333 strains found but these are full on THCAS efficient​

THC + THCA % Type I plants full on THC inactive CBD coverage

​

1. Headcheese​

   • Head Cheese »»» Headband probably x Cheese reversed
   • Polaris Wellness Center
   
   Jun 26, 2019
   THC + THCA: 31.973%

2. Mothers Milk #5​

   • Mothers Milk »»» Nepali OG x Appalachia
   • Nepali OG
     • »»» OG Kush x Nepal Probably
   • Appalachia
     • »»» Green Crack x Tres DawG
     • Tres DawG
       • »»» Chem Dawg d x Double Dawg
   • Slater Center
   
   Jun 26, 2019
   THC + THCA: 30.59%

3. Blue Dream​

   • Blue Dream »»» Blueberry x Super Silver Haze Probably
   • QualCan
   
   Sep 17, 2017
   THC + THCA: 28.273%

4. East Coast Sour Diesel​

   Sour Diesel »»» Original Diesel x DNL
   • 
     DNL
     • »»» {RFK Skunk x Hawaiian} x Northern Lights
   • Flower Power Botanicals LLC
   
   May 22, 2016
   THC + THCA: 26.872%

5. Durban Poison​

   Durban Poison
   • South African Sativa
   • DigiPath Labs
   
   Sep 17, 2017
   THC + THCA: 25.7%

6. Golden Goat 2​

   • Golden Goat »»» Island Sweet Skunk x {Hawaii x Romulan}
   • DigiPath Labs
   
   Aug 27, 2017
   THC + THCA: 25.7%

7. Blueberry Cheesecake​

   • Blueberry Cheesecake »»» Cheese x Blueberry Multiple Hybrid
   • Practical Possiblities
   
   Feb 20, 2017
   THC + THCA: 25.5%

8. Skywalker OG​

   • Skywalker OG »»» OG Kush
   • OG Kush
     • »»» Unknown Strain Unknown Strain: Emerald Triangle x Hindu Kush Neville
   • THC Design
   
   Mar 28, 2017
   THC + THCA: 25.06%

9. Chem 91 Chem Dawg 91 Skunk VA​

   Slater Center
   Jun 26, 2019
   THC + THCA: 23.61%

A physical and genetic map of Cannabis sativa identifies
extensive rearrangements at the THC/CBD acid
synthase loci
[URL unfurl="true"]https://drive.google.com/file/d/1W6Zv1UJJpUYVAdtXUwAjF4i7v5Xd8-x8/view?usp=sharing[/URL]
https://en.seedfinder.eu/strain-info/Skywalker_OG/Clone_Only_Strains/

How ancient viruses got cannabis high​

Ancient viruses contributed to the evolution of hemp and marijuana​

Date:November 26, 2018Source:University of TorontoSummary:THC and CBD, bioactive substances produced by cannabis and sought by medical patients and recreational users, sprung to life thanks to ancient colonization of the plant's genome by viruses, researchers have found.

1. Kaitlin U Laverty, Jake M Stout, Mitchell J Sullivan, Hardik Shah, Navdeep Gill, Larry Holbrook, Gintaras Deikus, Robert Sebra, Timothy R Hughes, Jonathan E Page, Harm van Bakel. A physical and genetic map of Cannabis sativa identifies extensive rearrangement at the THC/CBD acid synthase locus. Genome Research, 2018; gr.242594.118 DOI: 10.1101/gr.242594.118

 

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What types of THC and cannabinoids are there

What types of THC and cannabinoids are there? All popular cannabinoids fit into the subcategories below: psychoactive or non-psychoactive, active or inactive, and natural or artificial. Keep in mind that some lab-produced products are still considered naturally derived. Psychoactive cannabinoids...

docs.google.com

 

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The Atomic Garden LIVES!!

www.atomicgardening.com

Mutation - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Methodology​

Gamma gardens were typically five acres (two hectares) in size, and were arranged in a circular pattern with a retractable radiation source in the middle. Plants were usually laid out like slices of a pie, stemming from the central radiation source; this pattern produced a range of radiation doses over the radius from the center. Radioactive bombardment would take place for around twenty hours, after which scientists wearing protective equipment would enter the garden and assess the results.[3] The plants nearest the center usually died, while the ones further out often featured "tumors and other growth abnormalities".[6] Beyond these were the plants of interest, with a higher than usual range of mutations, though not to the damaging extent of those closer to the radiation source.[6] These gamma gardens have continued to operate on largely the same designs as those conceived in the 1950s.[2]

Research into the potential benefits of atomic gardening has continued, most notably through a joint operation between the International Atomic Energy Agency and the U.N.'s Food and Agriculture Organization.[7] Japan's Institute of Radiation Breeding is well-known for its modern-day usage of atomic gardening techniques.[12]

Atomic gardening - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

 

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Yes, ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun can damage plant DNA, but plants have a DNA repair system that helps them cope. This system is similar to the one found in humans and other animals, but plants may be less susceptible to UV damage because sunlight also contains blue light, which can trigger the enzyme photolyase to repair DNA damage.

Evolution​

Photolyase is a phylogenetically old enzyme which is present and functional in many species, from the bacteria to the fungi to plants[9] and to the animals.[10] Photolyase is particularly important in repairing UV induced damage in plants. The photolyase mechanism is no longer working in humans and other placental mammals who instead rely on the less efficient nucleotide excision repair mechanism, although they do retain many cryptochromes.[11] Freezing stress in the annual wheat Triticum aestivum and in its perennial relative Thinopyrum intermedium is accompanied by large increases in expression of DNA photolyases.[12]

Photolyases are flavoproteins and contain two light-harvesting cofactors. Many photolyases have an N-terminal domain that binds a second cofactor. All photolyases contain the two-electron-reduced FADH−; they are divided into two main classes based on the second cofactor, which may be either the pterin methenyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF) in folate photolyases or the deazaflavin 8-hydroxy-7,8-didemethyl-5-deazariboflavin (8-HDF) in deazaflavin photolyases. Although only FAD is required for catalytic activity, the second cofactor significantly accelerates reaction rate in low-light conditions. The enzyme acts by electron transfer in which the reduced flavin FADH− is activated by light energy and acts as an electron donor to break the pyrimidine dimer.[13]

On the basis of sequence similarities DNA photolyases can be grouped into a few classes:[14][15]

Cryptochrome/photolyase family (2015)[14]

FeS-BCP CPD-2 CPD-1 CPD-3gre Plant Cry P. tricornutum CryP] Cry-DASH Eukaryotic 6-4; Animal Cry

• Class 1 CPD photolyases are enzymes that process cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) lesions from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as the halophilic archaea Halobacterium halobium.[16]
• Class 2 CPD photolyases also process CPD lesions. They are found in plants like the thale cress Arabidopsis thaliana and the rice.
• The plant and fungi cryptochromes are similar to Class 1 CPDs. They are blue light photoreceptors that mediate blue light-induced gene expression and modulation of circadian rhythms.
• Class 3 CPD lyases make up a sister group to the plant cryptochromes, which in turn are a sister group to class 1 CPDs.
• The Cry-DASH group are CPD lyases highly specific for single-stranded DNA. Members include Vibrio cholerae, X1Cry from Xenopus laevis, and AtCry3 from Arabidopsis thaliana.[10] DASH was initially named after Drosophila, Arabidopsis, Synechocystis, and Human, four taxa initially thought to carry this family of lyases. The categorization has since changed. The "Cry" part of their name was due to initial assumptions that they were cryptochromes.[14]
• Eukaryotic (6-4)DNA photolyases form a group with animal cryptochromes that control circadian rhythms. They are found in diverse species including Drosophila and humans. The cryptochromes have their own detailed grouping.[15]
• Bacterial 6-4 lyases (InterPro: IPR007357), also known as the FeS-BCP group, form their own outgroup relative to all photolyases.

The non-class 2 branch of CPDs tend to be grouped into class 1 in some systems such as PRINTS (PR00147). Although the members of the smaller groups are agreed upon, the phylogeny can vary greatly among authors due to differences in methodology, leading to some confusion with authors who try to fit everything (sparing FeS-BCP) into a two-class classification.[15] The cryptochromes form a polyphyletic group including photolyases that have lost their DNA repair activity and instead control circadian rhythms.[14][15]

 

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Plant genera Cannabis and Humulus share the same pair of well-differentiated sex chromosomes​

Djivan Prentout, Natasa Stajner, Andreja Cerenak, Theo Tricou, Celine Brochier-Armanet, Jernej Jakse, Jos Käfer, Gabriel A. B. Marais
First published: 12 May 2021

https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17456

Summary​

CS x hops ?

• We recently described, in Cannabis sativa, the oldest sex chromosome system documented so far in plants (12–28 Myr old). Based on the estimated age, we predicted that it should be shared by its sister genus Humulus, which is known also to possess XY chromosomes.
• Here, we used transcriptome sequencing of an F1 family of H. lupulus to identify and study the sex chromosomes in this species using the probabilistic method SEX-DETector.
• We identified 265 sex-linked genes in H. lupulus, which preferentially mapped to the C. sativa X chromosome. Using phylogenies of sex-linked genes, we showed that a region of the sex chromosomes had already stopped recombining in an ancestor of both species. Furthermore, as in C. sativa, Y-linked gene expression reduction is correlated to the position on the X chromosome, and highly Y degenerated genes showed dosage compensation.
• We report, for the first time in Angiosperms, a sex chromosome system that is shared by two different genera. Thus, recombination suppression started at least 21–25 Myr ago, and then (either gradually or step-wise) spread to a large part of the sex chromosomes (c. 70%), leading to a degenerated Y chromosome.

Rhizome - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Annual and perennial plants differ in several ways, including their life cycles, growth rates, and reproductive patterns:

• Life cycles
  Annual plants complete their life cycle in a single growing season and die, while perennials can live for three years or longer and regrow every spring.
• Growth rates
  Perennials tend to grow more slowly than annuals, especially in environments with limited resources.
• Reproductive patterns
  Annuals use rapid growth to propagate from one generation to the next, while perennials can produce both vegetative and reproductive structures in the same year.
  
  Some factors that may contribute to these differences include:

• Generation time
  Perennials have longer generation times, which can lead to slower mutation and adaptation rates. This may result in higher genetic diversity in annual lineages.
• Flower-inducing genes
  Scientists at the Flanders Institute for Biotechnology in Gent, Belgium, have found that turning off two critical flower-inducing genes can turn an annual into a perennial.
• Environmental factors
  Perennials may have evolved in environments with limited resources, such as competition with other plants. Annual species may have adapted to seasonal drought, which could help them disperse more easily into new environments than perennials.

 

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We thus confirmed here that the XY system shared by C. sativa and H. lupulus is among the oldest plant sex chromosome systems documented so far (Prentout et al., 2020).

Dioecy was inferred as the ancestral sexual system for the Cannabaceae, Urticaceae and Moraceae (Zhang et al., 2019; note, however, that many monoecious Cannabaceae were not included). We found that the synonymous divergence between the Cannabaceae species and Morus notabilis was approximately 0.45, higher than the maximum divergence of the X and Y copies in the Cannabaceae. It remains possible that the sex chromosomes evolved before the split of the Cannabaceae and Moraceae families, because the oldest genes might have been lost or were not detected in our transcriptome data. There is, however, no report of whether or not sex chromosomes exist in Urticaceae and Moraceae (Ming et al., 2011).

In order to estimate the Y expression, we counted the number of reads with Y SNPs. Therefore, the impact of a potential Y reads mapping bias should be weaker on Y expression analysis than on X–Y divergence analysis. We validated this assumption by removing genes with detected mapping bias from the analysis, which did not change the signal of Y expression reduction and dosage compensation (Table S6; Figs S9, S10). Dosage compensation is a well-known phenomenon in animals (e.g. Gu & Walters, 2017), but it has been documented only quite recently in plants (reviewed in Muyle et al., 2017). Here we found evidence for dosage compensation in H. lupulus; this is not surprising as previous work reported dosage compensation in C. sativa and we showed here that both systems are homologous. Cannabis sativa and H. lupulus add up to the list of plant sex chromosome systems with dosage compensation (see Muyle et al., 2017, for a review; and Prentout et al., 2020, and Fruchard et al., 2020, for the latest reports of dosage compensation in plants). Further analyses are needed to determine whether this dosage compensation has been selected or is an outcome of regulatory feedback (Malone et al., 2012; Krasovec et al., 2019).

Humulus lupulus sex chromosomes, like those of C. sativa, are well-differentiated, with a large nonrecombining region. Both species show similar patterns of Y degeneration and dosage compensation, despite the fact that a large part of the nonrecombining region evolved independently in both species. These similarities, as well as the age of the chromosomes and the fact that they have been conserved since the most recent common ancestor of the two genera – a unique situation in plants so far – provide an exciting opportunity to test and elaborate hypotheses on sex chromosome evolution in plants

 

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The sexual differentiation of Cannabis sativa L.:
A morphological and molecular study Article in Euphytica · January 2004

• https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-004-4758-7

It has been proposed that, from the evolutionary point of view, dioecy derived from the hermafroditism through an intermediate state of ginodioecy, and that the male genotype derived from the hermaphrodite one by the repression of the female characters; the male and female sexes would then differ by the presence of female-suppressing factors in the male plants (Charlesworth and Guttman, 1999). This theory would be confirmed by the actual transition from an intermediate state of hermafroditism to a definitive condition of dioecy, observed in many dioecious species during the ontogenesis of unisexual flowers (Silene latifolia, Fragaria spp., Asparagus officinalis and Vitis spp.; Dellaporta, 1993); another evidence supportive of this hypothesis is the possibility, in some dioecious species, of partial or complete sex reversion (Grant et al., 1994). It is therefore conceivable that in Cannabis sativa, the repression of female characteristics in the male plants apices implies the down-regulation of the genes coding for enzymes involved in metabolic pathways more strictly related to the differentiation of the female sex, as suggested by the results presented here. The study of sexual differentiation in dioecious species has been often approached by the identification of sex-specific DNA markers that could be often mapped on sexual chromosomes (Donnison and Grant, 1999; Peil et al., 2003). These markers often belong to regions rich in repetitive DNA, and to LINE-like or non-LTR retrotransposons repetitive sequences (Scutt et al., 1999; Sakamoto et al., 2000; Mandolino et al., 2002). In Silene latifolia, the analysis of subtracted libraries from different stages of male or female flower
differentiation, allowed the isolation of Men 1–10 and MROS 1–4 genes, all male specific (except MROS 3), and generally coding for functions related to the male reproductive organs development or to pollen maturation (Scutt et al., 1999). Our work represents an alternative approach since gene expression in male and female apices was analyzed when there were no floral buds visible yet, and therefore differences in gene expression between the two sexes could be related to the onset of apex sexual differentiation. Though it is difficult to make a direct correlation between the induction of the differentially expressed clones and sexual differentiation, the strategy used allowed the isolation of gene sequences differentiating male and female plants at an early stage of development, and represents the first step on identification of sex-associated gene expression in Cannabis sativa.

 

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S.S.S.C.s Skunk 1​

M9
Originally developed by the Sacred Seeds Co. A winner of a number of harvest festivals. One of me most sought after strains in the world. Ten years ago the sweet SKUNK 1 arose from an Afghani, a Columbian, and a Thai. It is now a stabilized homogeneous hybrid with less than 5% deviations. The breeding plants were selected scientifically. Examination tests selected the plants with the highest percentage of THC. A THC percentage of 15% was indicated by gas chromatography. The SKUNK 1 has a high calyx to leef ratio. Large, long full buds. It finishes the first week of October. The Yield varies from 400-1000 grams. With an average of 500 grams. Yields of up to 2000 grams {5 pounds!} have been recorded. Indoors, experienced growers can, by using the plantlet method, harvest 400—500 rams per square meter. Very suitable for Indoor growing, too.

 

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The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.9b02663.

• Supplement 1-Physiochemical descriptors (CDK) (PDF)
• Supplement 2-Clinical descriptors (ADMET) (PDF)
• Supplement 3-Chemical structures of 468 metabolites (PDF)
• Supplement 4-Common scaffold of cannabis metabolite-3D aligned with THC (PDF)

RAPD markers encoding retrotransposable elements are linked to the male sex in Cannabis sativa L.​

Authors: Koichi Sakamoto, Tomoko Abe, Tomoki Matsuyama, Shigeo Yoshida, Nobuko Ohmido, Kiichi Fukui, and Shinobu SatohAUTHORS INFO & AFFILIATIONS
Publication: Genome
October 2005
https://doi.org/10.1139/g05-056

Development and validation of genetic markers for sex and cannabinoid chemotype in Cannabis sativa L.​

Jacob A. Toth, George M. Stack, Ali R. Cala, Craig H. Carlson, Rebecca L. Wilk, Jamie L. Crawford, Donald R. Viands, Glenn Philippe, Christine D. Smart, Jocelyn K. C. Rose, Lawrence B. Smart
First published: 10 January 2020

https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12667

The B1080/B1192 molecular marker identifies hemp plants with functional THCA synthase and total THC content above legal limit​

Author links open overlay panelFlavia Fulvio a b 1, Laura Righetti a 1, Marco Minervini a, Anna Moschella a, Roberta Paris a
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2023.147198

Cannabis labelling is associated with genetic variation in terpene synthase genes​

Nature Plants volume 7, pages1330–1334 (2021)Cite this article

Abstract​

Analysis of over 100 Cannabis samples quantified for terpene and cannabinoid content and genotyped for over 100,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms indicated that Sativa- and Indica-labelled samples were genetically indistinct on a genome-wide scale. Instead, we found that Cannabis labelling was associated with variation in a small number of terpenes whose concentrations are controlled by genetic variation at tandem arrays of terpene synthase genes.

Which Cannabinoids Are Psychoactive​

Cannabinoids are some of the primary chemical constituents found within the cannabis plant. This family of molecules earned their name due to their ability to bind to—or indirectly affect—the cannabinoid receptors of the endocannabinoid system.

Researchers have identified over 100 cannabinoids within the cannabis plant. These fascinating molecules also exist elsewhere in the plant kingdom. Early research has identified impressive potential, and each cannabinoid appears to work in slightly different ways. For example, some cannabinoids produce psychoactive effects. In this article, we’ll explore which cannabinoids cause a change in consciousness and how they achieve this.

Introducing the major cannabinoids​

Cannabinoids appear in different quantities depending on the genetics of a particular cultivar. Some strains are much higher in THC, whereas others are dominant in CBD. Breeders have even developed strains that produce high levels of CBG. As more research emerges, growers will likely start breeding strains to express high levels of any of the 100+ other cannabinoids discovered so far.

Although dozens of these interesting molecules exist, several of them appear in much higher concentrations than others. These are the major cannabinoids. Get to know them briefly below.

• THC is the primary cannabinoid in many selectively bred varieties of cannabis. THC binds to both the CB1 and CB2 receptors of the endocannabinoid system. Early research[1] suggests the molecule possesses a range of scientifically significant effects. When consumed, THC induces mood-enhancing and appetite-stimulating properties, among others.

• CBD is the second-most-abundant cannabinoid within most cannabis strains, and the most abundant within hemp. CBD provides a clear-headed and subtly relaxing effect in most users. The cannabinoid only has a low affinity for cannabinoid receptors, yet influences the endocannabinoid system through indirect mechanisms. Medical researchers are eagerly researching the cannabinoid for its therapeutic potential, and results thus far have been promising. For that reason, CBD has become a popular dietary supplement and topical.

• CBGA is the chemical precursor to many cannabinoids, including CBG, which appears in relatively low concentrations in most strains. However, breeders have recently started to create strains expressing a CBG content of 100%. The molecule binds to both CB1 and CB2 receptors, but only to a limited degree. Researchers have so far identified a few compelling traits, such as a beneficial effect on low mood.

• CBC makes up around 0.3% of the cannabinoid content of most strains, with some selectively bred varieties expressing a much higher value. The molecule activates CB2 receptors but shows little activity at CB1 receptor sites. Researchers have found CBC to potentially contribute towards healthy brain function.

• CBN is a molecule cannabis plants don’t produce directly. Instead, the chemical occurs as a result of THC degradation. Early animal and human research demonstrates a couple properties unique to CBN, alongside effects commonly shared among all major cannabinoids. It appears to achieve its effects through CB1 and CB2 receptor activation.

• THCV is an analogue of THC that usually occurs in low quantities, yet some strains feature up to 16% of the cannabinoid. It tends to occur in larger amounts in South African sativa varieties. THCV both blocks and activates the CB1 receptor, depending on the dose. The cannabinoid has demonstrated an ability to decrease swelling and related issues, and several studies document a weight loss and fat-burning effect.

Which cannabinoids are psychoactive?

Not all major cannabinoids are psychoactive. For a cannabinoid to produce psychoactive effects, it must first meet one prerequisite: CB1 receptor activation. Upon binding to the CB1 receptor, cannabinoids trigger chemical changes within the central nervous system. These effects often cause a change in dopamine level, boost the appetite, and elevate the mood. THC, CBN, and THCV all produce varying degrees of psychoactivity based on this mechanism.

CBG appears to only interact with CB1 to a very limited degree, which excludes it from the “psychoactive” pack. As research[2] published in Frontiers in Pharmacology states, “The effect of CBG on CB1R was measurable but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain uncertain”.

Then, of course, there is CBD, which is non-psychoactive as it doesn't bind to the CB1 receptor. In fact, CBD may even tame[3] some of THC's psychoactive effects when the two cannabinoids are administered together.

Given its low affinity for CB1 receptors, CBC is also widely believed to be non-psychoactive.

As the main psychoactive constituent within marijuana, THC produces most of the mind-altering effects of the plant. These usually include relaxation, short-term memory recall issues, elation, and possible short-term paranoia.

CBN also binds to the CB1 receptor. However, the molecule’s psychoactive effects are different than those induced by THC. The cannabinoid produces a more gentle and sedating effect. CBN may even be able to reduce some of the more negative effects of THC.

Finally, THCV also catalyses a consciousness-shifting effect. However, this cannabinoid works on quite a different basis. By blocking the CB1 receptor, THCV may effectively reduce the negative effects of THC, such as panic attacks. However, by activating the same site, THCV may produce its own psychoactive effect. However, it is too early to describe THCV’s specific effect with confidence.

Summary​

Put simply, major cannabinoids that latch onto the CB1 receptor are likely to produce a psychoactive effect. Those that block the receptor—or don’t interact with it directly—do not. Users select cannabinoids such as CBD and CBG for their lack of psychoactivity and clear-headed effects. So far, researchers have identified THC, CBN, and THCV as the major psychoactive components of the cannabis plant.

 

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Plant Physiol. 2020 Sep; 184(1): 130–147.
Published online 2020 Jun 26. doi: 10.1104/pp.20.00593
PMCID: PMC7479917
PMID: 32591428

Terpene Synthases and Terpene Variation in Cannabis sativa1,[OPEN]​

Judith K. Booth,a Macaire M.S. Yuen,a Sharon Jancsik,a Lufiani L. Madilao,a Jonathan E. Page,b,c and Jörg Bohlmanna,b,d,2,3
Author information Article notes Copyright and License information PMC Disclaimer

The terpene synthase gene family contributes to variations in cannabis metabolite profiles.
Go to:

ABSTRACT​

Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) resin is the foundation of a multibillion dollar medicinal and recreational plant bioproducts industry. Major components of the cannabis resin are the cannabinoids and terpenes. Variations of cannabis terpene profiles contribute much to the different flavor and fragrance phenotypes that affect consumer preferences. A major problem in the cannabis industry is the lack of proper metabolic characterization of many of the existing cultivars, combined with sometimes incorrect cultivar labeling. We characterized foliar terpene profiles of plants grown from 32 seed sources and found large variation both within and between sets of plants labeled as the same cultivar. We selected five plants representing different cultivars with contrasting terpene profiles for clonal propagation, floral metabolite profiling, and trichome-specific transcriptome sequencing. Sequence analysis of these five cultivars and the reference genome of cv Purple Kush revealed a total of 33 different cannabis terpene synthase (CsTPS) genes, as well as variations of the CsTPS gene family and differential expression of terpenoid and cannabinoid pathway genes between cultivars. Our annotation of the cv Purple Kush reference genome identified 19 complete CsTPS gene models, and tandem arrays of isoprenoid and cannabinoid biosynthetic genes. An updated phylogeny of the CsTPS gene family showed three cannabis-specific clades, including a clade of sesquiterpene synthases within the TPS-b subfamily that typically contains mostly monoterpene synthases. The CsTPSs described and functionally characterized here include 13 that had not been previously characterized and that collectively explain a diverse range of cannabis terpenes.

 

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Solanum cheesmaniae - Wikipedia

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Black Krim - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Southern Exposure Seed Exchange, Saving the Past for the Future

www.southernexposure.com

Black Beauty Zucchini Squash

A 1957 All America Selections winner developed by John Scarchuk at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. Compact everbearing bush plants are loaded with glossy green-black fruits with firm white flesh. Best eaten when under 8" long. Excellent variety for freezing.OrganicBest-selling...

shop.seedsavers.org

https://www.rareseeds.com/pepper-hot-jalapeno-brown

https://www.rareseeds.com/pepper-hot-jalapeno-zapotec

https://www.rareseeds.com/tomatillo-chupon-de-malinalco

https://www.rareseeds.com/long-bean-taiwan-yard-long

True Leaf Market | True Leaf Market Seed Company

Over half a million customers have chosen True Leaf Market seed company for non-GMO, heirloom & organic garden seeds since 1974. Vegetable Gardening, Sp...

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Dinosaur Gourd

(aka Maranka, Swan) Given to Seed Savers Exchange years ago by a Cherokee member from Louisiana. Traditionally used to decorate sweat lodges. Solid green gourds have curved necks and distinctive ridges, perfect for gourd-craft swans. Total length of 18-24" with an 8" bowl. Best when grown on a...

shop.seedsavers.org

 

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1. Chem 91​

2. Black 84​

3. Master Kush​

The earlymaturing North American sativa varieties of the early and mid-1970s (such as Polly and Eden Gold) resulted from hybrid crosses between Mexican or Jamaican landraces and more potent, but latermaturing Panamanian, Colombian, and Thai landraces. (In all hybrid crosses, the female seed parent is listed before the ?x??the symbol indicating a cross?and the male pollen parent is listed after the ?x.? If the sexual identity of the parents is unknown, a ?/? symbol is used rather than the ?x.?) Traditional cultivars gave modern growers a strong start having been favored and selected for potent landrace varieties for hundreds of years.​

Table 2. Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSCs) Detected in Cannabis, CAS Numbers, Aroma Descriptions, and Retention Times

compound ID​	compound name​	CAS number​	aroma descriptora​	1tR, 1tR (min, s)​
VSC1​	dimethyl sulfide​	75-18-3​	sulfurous, vegetable, cabbage​	4.684, 1.851​
VSC2​	3-methylthiophene​	616-44-4​	fatty, winey​	9.009, 8.967​
VSC3​	3-methyl-2-butene-1-thiol​	5287-45-6​	intense, sulfurous, skunk-like​	10.082, 2.318​
VSC4​	3-methyl-1-(methylthio)-2-butene​	5897-45-0​	intense, sulfurous, savory​	13.226, 2.285​
VSC5​	3-methyl-2-butenyl acetothioate​	33049-93-3​	intense, sulfurous, skunk-like​	20.328, 3.4479​
VSC6​	bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl) sulfide​	N/A​	mild, alliaceous​	25.465, 2.848​
VSC7​	bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl) disulfide​	24963-39-1​	mild, alliaceous​	46.706, 2.965​

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfide

 

[acespicoli]

riri "green inch worm"

ECSD x Amnesia Cut


Hy-Pro's Amnesia. Multiple Cupwinner. Is also known as (but have nothing to do with) Amnesia Haze. Also known as "amnesia core cut".
Info from icmag: ok, here it is. the hy-pro family are friends of mine. they brought me the amnesia/ssh years ago. they found a seed in the ssh from the greenhouse and grew it out. they called it amnesia but when i saw it i knew right away it was a ssh pheno, bubblegum, candy smelling and knock u out strong. over the years is has won many cups as ssh/amnesia, from many shops in the south, twins coffeshop, bio ibo and many others.

exodus cheese

 

[acespicoli]

Big Sur X Mazar Afghan

@swifty well done

 

[highlem]

Love the riri thanks for the show running

 

[acespicoli]

SCMK @prime C​

 

[acespicoli]

So. Cal. Master Kush

I'm sure somebody on here must have info about this strain. I'm not talking about any of the Master Kush available from Seedbanks. Or the typical Master Kush that is found in the collectives these days. The taste and smell are similar to OG but different in ways that are hard to describe. Sorry...

www.icmag.com

@G4life This is one of the few things on the todo list

HumboldtDr​

Suge Nite Pure Kush @AshkenaziKamikaze​

• Triangle Kush »»» Unknown Strain Emerald Triangle x Hindu Kush Neville

Fire Kush

• OG Kush Phenotype: Fire cut
  • »»» Unknown Strain Unknown Strain: Emerald Triangle x Hindu Kush Neville

17 Cannabis Strains
Name of the strain
Alien Kush F2	63
Fire Alien Kush	60
Fire Alien Master	59
Fire Alien Romulan	65
Fire Alien Strawberry	64
Fire Alien Urkle	58
Fire Kush	?
Fire OG BX	65
White Fire	65
White Fire Alien	63
White Master	60
White Romulan	65
White S1	60
White Skywalker OG	60
White Strawberry	67
White Super Skunk	60
White Urkle	60

this also is being hailed as a SCMK clone

 

[acespicoli]

• Northern Lights »»» Northern Lights Phenotype: Oregon Cut S1

• Indian »»» Northern Lights

• Hybrid X »»» Northern Lights Phenotype: non-smelly pheno

Turkish Gummie was the best looking NL line I have ever seen good as or better than bubba

• Turkish Gummie »»» Turkish Turkish Gummy BX#1

Master Thais Turkish Gummie Description​

Veg time 25-35 days indoors // 45 -50 outdoors using light dep
Flowering time ~ A fast 41- 45 days Indoors/Outdoors
WHEN using light dep // HARVEST IN LATE July EARLY August WEEKS AHEAD OF EVERYONE ELSE ON THE HILL.
if YOU LIKE THE TASTE OF PURE HASHISH THIS ONE IS FOR YOU PURE INDICA FROM TURKEY
MY FAVORITE ALL TIME PURE HASHISH PLANT

Average yields per plant ~ 134 grams plus !
or using flood to waste, ebb and flow flood methods for over 170 grams plus of clean green medical have been gotten.
my favorite Indica,
I use this strain for relief from my injury's that keeps me down some days,
chr(8203)Helps me keep the hypertension away I get from my painful injury's from the past having fun !
Pure Indica genetics from Turkey of the late 1950's early 60's (that spacey weed)
strongest Indica you will find period. IMO best ever !!!!
No bubblegum in this at all
called gummy because of the gummy like sticky resin all over the this plant stalks,sweet leaves and of course the flowers Excellent harvest always, A perm in our medical box now for over 30 years. Found in some Turkish Hash patties from the 70's had the gold seal on the kilo, little more than a dozen seeds found and grew out in 1977, Strain preserved by careful breeding practices by Master Thai,
My last for the public breeding of this was 12 years ago !
Carefully preserved stable genetics, just perfect in every way,
Turkish Gummy BX#1 By Master Thai

 

[acespicoli]

Fire bx