Once we have a good list of these books and articles we need to rate them 1-10 leafs for usefulness or quality of info.
-SamS
-SamS
-
ICMag with help from Landrace Warden and The Vault is running a NEW contest in November! You can check it here. Prizes are seeds & forum premium access. Come join in!
CANNABIS REFERENCES for breeding
- Thread starter Sam_Skunkman
- Start date
G
Guest
May be it could be possible to do a searchable database of them?
hhf
G
Guest
kolohe said:
I'm not sure there are many articles or publications about grower's misconceptions... but I'll bet if you start a thread looking for that sort of info in the grower's section it'll take off.
RAPD markers encoding retrotransposable elements are linked to the male sex in Cannabis sativa L.
Authors: Sakamoto, Koichi; Abe, Tomoko; Matsuyama, Tomoki; Yoshida, Shigeo; Ohmido, Nobuko; Fukui, Kiichi; Satoh, Shinobu
Source: Genome, Volume 48, Number 5, 1 October 2005, pp. 931-936(6)
Publisher:NRC Research Press
Abstract:
Male-associated DNA sequences were analyzed in Cannabis sativa L. (hemp), a dioecious plant with heteromorphic sex chromosomes. DNA was isolated from male and female plants and subjected to random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Of 120 primers, 17 yielded 400 to 1500-bp fragments detectable in male, but not female, plants. These fragments were cloned and used as probes in gel-blot analysis of genomic DNA. When male and female DNA was hybridized with 2 of these male-specific fragments, MADC(male-associated DNA sequences in C. sativa)3 and MADC4, particularly intense bands specific to male plants were detected in addition to bands common to both sexes. The MADC3 and MADC4 sequences were shown to encode gag/pol polyproteins of copia-like retrotransposons. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with MADC3 and MADC4 as probes revealed a number of intense signals on the Y chromosome as well as dispersed signals on all chromosomes. The gel-blot analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization results presented here support the hypothesis that accumulation of retrotransposable elements on the Y chromosome might be 1 cause of heteromorphism of sex chromosomes.Key words: Cannabis sativa, FISH, RAPD, retrotransposon, sex chromosom
Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid Synthase, the Enzyme Controlling Marijuana Psychoactivity, is Secreted into the Storage Cavity of the Glandular Trichomes
Authors: Sirikantaramas, Supaart; Taura, Futoshi1; Tanaka, Yumi; Ishikawa, Yu; Morimoto, Satoshi; Shoyama, Yukihiro
Source: Plant and Cell Physiology, Volume 46, Number 9, September 2005, pp. 1578-1582(5)
Publisher:Oxford University Press
Abstract:
Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) synthase is the enzyme responsible for the production of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component of marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.). We suggest herein that THCA is biosynthesized in the storage cavity of the glandular trichomes based on the following observations. (i) The exclusive expression of THCA synthase was confirmed in the secretory cells of glandular trichomes by reverse transcription–PCR (RT–PCR) analysis. (ii) THCA synthase activity was detected in the storage cavity content. (iii) Transgenic tobacco expressing THCA synthase fused to green fluorescent protein showed fluorescence in the trichome head corresponding to the storage cavity. These results also showed that secretory cells of the glandular trichomes secrete not only metabolites but also biosynthetic enzyme.
TISSUE CULTURE AND AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION OF HEMP (CANNABIS SATIVA L.)
Authors: FEENEY M.1; PUNJA Z.K.1
Source: In Vitro Cellular and Development Biology - Plant, Volume 39, Number 6, November-December 2003, pp. 578-585(8)
Publisher:CABI Publishing
Abstract:
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is cultivated in many parts of the world for its fiber, oil, and seed. The development of new hemp cultivars with improved traits could be facilitated through the application of biotechnological strategies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the propagation of hemp in tissue culture and to establish a protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for foreign gene introduction. Stem and leaf segments from seedlings of four hemp varieties were placed on Murashige and Skoog medium with Gamborg B5 vitamins (MB) supplemented with 5 M 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 1 M kinetin, 3% sucrose, and 8 g l-1 agar. Large masses of callus were produced within 4 wk for all cultivars. Suspension cultures were established in MB medium containing 2.5 M 2,4-D. To promote embryogenesis or organogenesis, explants, callus, and suspension cultures derived from a range of explant sources and seedling ages were exposed to variations in the culture medium and changes to the culture environment. None of the treatments tested were successful in promoting plantlet regeneration. Suspension cells were transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA101 carrying the binary vector pNOV3635 with a gene encoding phosphomannose isomerase (PMI). Transformed callus was selected on medium containing 1–2% mannose. A chlorophenol red assay was used to confirm that the PMI gene was expressed. Polymerase chain reaction and Southern hybridization detected the presence of the PMI gene. Copy number in different lines ranged from one to four.
The sexual differentiation of Cannabis sativa L.: A morphological and molecular study
Authors: Moliterni V.1; Cattivelli Luigi2; Ranalli P.3; Mandolino Giuseppe3
Source: Euphytica, Volume 140, Numbers 1-2, January 2004, pp. 95-106(12)
Publisher:Springer
Abstract:
Cannabis sativa L. is a dioecious species with sexual dimorphism occurring in a late stage of plant development. Sex is determined by heteromorphic chromosomes (X and Y): male is the heterogametic sex (XY) and female is the homogametic one (XX). The sexual phenotype of Cannabis often shows some flexibility leading to the differentiation of hermaphrodite flowers or bisexual inflorescences (monoecious phenotype). Sex is considered an important trait for hemp genetic improvement; therefore, the study of the mechanism of sexual differentiation is of paramount interest in hemp research. A morphological and molecular study of Cannabis sativa sexual differentiation has been carried out in the Italian dioecious cultivar Fibranova.
Microscopic analysis of male and female apices revealed that their reproductive commitment may occur as soon as the leaves of the fourth node emerge; the genetic expression of male and female apices at this stage has been compared by cDNA-AFLP. A rapid method for the early sex discrimination has been developed, based on the PCR amplification of a male-specific SCAR marker directly from a tissue fragment.
Five of the several cDNA-AFLP polymorphic fragments identified have been confirmed to be differentially expressed in male and female apices at the fourth node. Cloning and sequencing revealed that they belong to nine different mRNAs that were all induced in the female apices at this stage. Four out of them showed a high degree of similarity with known sequences: a putative permease, a SMT3-like protein, a putative kinesin and a RAC-GTP binding protein.
The inheritance of chemical phenotype in Cannabis sativa L. (II): Cannabigerol predominant plants
Authors: Meijer, E.1; Hammond, K.2
Source: Euphytica, Volume 145, Numbers 1-2, September 2005, pp. 189-198(10)
Publisher:Springer
Abstract:
This paper aims to clarify the genetic mechanism that is responsible for the accumulation of cannabigerol (CBG) in certain phenotypes of Cannabis sativa L. CBG is the direct precursor of the cannabinoids CBD, THC and CBC. Plants strongly predominant in CBG have been found in different fibre hemp accessions. Inbred offspring derived from one such individual were crossed with true breeding THC predominant- and CBD predominant plants, respectively. The segregations in the cross progenies indicate that CBG accumulation is due to the homozygous presence of a minimally functional allele, tentatively called B0, at the single locus B that normally controls the conversion of CBG into THC (allele BT) and/or CBD (allele BD). The fact that CBG accumulating plants have so far been found in European fibre hemp populations that are generally composed of BD/BD plants, and the observation that the here investigated B0 allele possesses a residual ability to convert small amounts of CBG into CBD, make it plausible that this B0 is a mutation of normally functional BD. Therefore, B0 is considered as a member of the BD allelic series encoding a CBD synthase isoform with greatly weakened substrate affinity and/or catalytic capacity.
Authors: Sakamoto, Koichi; Abe, Tomoko; Matsuyama, Tomoki; Yoshida, Shigeo; Ohmido, Nobuko; Fukui, Kiichi; Satoh, Shinobu
Source: Genome, Volume 48, Number 5, 1 October 2005, pp. 931-936(6)
Publisher:NRC Research Press
Abstract:
Male-associated DNA sequences were analyzed in Cannabis sativa L. (hemp), a dioecious plant with heteromorphic sex chromosomes. DNA was isolated from male and female plants and subjected to random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Of 120 primers, 17 yielded 400 to 1500-bp fragments detectable in male, but not female, plants. These fragments were cloned and used as probes in gel-blot analysis of genomic DNA. When male and female DNA was hybridized with 2 of these male-specific fragments, MADC(male-associated DNA sequences in C. sativa)3 and MADC4, particularly intense bands specific to male plants were detected in addition to bands common to both sexes. The MADC3 and MADC4 sequences were shown to encode gag/pol polyproteins of copia-like retrotransposons. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with MADC3 and MADC4 as probes revealed a number of intense signals on the Y chromosome as well as dispersed signals on all chromosomes. The gel-blot analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization results presented here support the hypothesis that accumulation of retrotransposable elements on the Y chromosome might be 1 cause of heteromorphism of sex chromosomes.Key words: Cannabis sativa, FISH, RAPD, retrotransposon, sex chromosom
Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid Synthase, the Enzyme Controlling Marijuana Psychoactivity, is Secreted into the Storage Cavity of the Glandular Trichomes
Authors: Sirikantaramas, Supaart; Taura, Futoshi1; Tanaka, Yumi; Ishikawa, Yu; Morimoto, Satoshi; Shoyama, Yukihiro
Source: Plant and Cell Physiology, Volume 46, Number 9, September 2005, pp. 1578-1582(5)
Publisher:Oxford University Press
Abstract:
Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) synthase is the enzyme responsible for the production of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component of marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.). We suggest herein that THCA is biosynthesized in the storage cavity of the glandular trichomes based on the following observations. (i) The exclusive expression of THCA synthase was confirmed in the secretory cells of glandular trichomes by reverse transcription–PCR (RT–PCR) analysis. (ii) THCA synthase activity was detected in the storage cavity content. (iii) Transgenic tobacco expressing THCA synthase fused to green fluorescent protein showed fluorescence in the trichome head corresponding to the storage cavity. These results also showed that secretory cells of the glandular trichomes secrete not only metabolites but also biosynthetic enzyme.
TISSUE CULTURE AND AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION OF HEMP (CANNABIS SATIVA L.)
Authors: FEENEY M.1; PUNJA Z.K.1
Source: In Vitro Cellular and Development Biology - Plant, Volume 39, Number 6, November-December 2003, pp. 578-585(8)
Publisher:CABI Publishing
Abstract:
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is cultivated in many parts of the world for its fiber, oil, and seed. The development of new hemp cultivars with improved traits could be facilitated through the application of biotechnological strategies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the propagation of hemp in tissue culture and to establish a protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for foreign gene introduction. Stem and leaf segments from seedlings of four hemp varieties were placed on Murashige and Skoog medium with Gamborg B5 vitamins (MB) supplemented with 5 M 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 1 M kinetin, 3% sucrose, and 8 g l-1 agar. Large masses of callus were produced within 4 wk for all cultivars. Suspension cultures were established in MB medium containing 2.5 M 2,4-D. To promote embryogenesis or organogenesis, explants, callus, and suspension cultures derived from a range of explant sources and seedling ages were exposed to variations in the culture medium and changes to the culture environment. None of the treatments tested were successful in promoting plantlet regeneration. Suspension cells were transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA101 carrying the binary vector pNOV3635 with a gene encoding phosphomannose isomerase (PMI). Transformed callus was selected on medium containing 1–2% mannose. A chlorophenol red assay was used to confirm that the PMI gene was expressed. Polymerase chain reaction and Southern hybridization detected the presence of the PMI gene. Copy number in different lines ranged from one to four.
The sexual differentiation of Cannabis sativa L.: A morphological and molecular study
Authors: Moliterni V.1; Cattivelli Luigi2; Ranalli P.3; Mandolino Giuseppe3
Source: Euphytica, Volume 140, Numbers 1-2, January 2004, pp. 95-106(12)
Publisher:Springer
Abstract:
Cannabis sativa L. is a dioecious species with sexual dimorphism occurring in a late stage of plant development. Sex is determined by heteromorphic chromosomes (X and Y): male is the heterogametic sex (XY) and female is the homogametic one (XX). The sexual phenotype of Cannabis often shows some flexibility leading to the differentiation of hermaphrodite flowers or bisexual inflorescences (monoecious phenotype). Sex is considered an important trait for hemp genetic improvement; therefore, the study of the mechanism of sexual differentiation is of paramount interest in hemp research. A morphological and molecular study of Cannabis sativa sexual differentiation has been carried out in the Italian dioecious cultivar Fibranova.
Microscopic analysis of male and female apices revealed that their reproductive commitment may occur as soon as the leaves of the fourth node emerge; the genetic expression of male and female apices at this stage has been compared by cDNA-AFLP. A rapid method for the early sex discrimination has been developed, based on the PCR amplification of a male-specific SCAR marker directly from a tissue fragment.
Five of the several cDNA-AFLP polymorphic fragments identified have been confirmed to be differentially expressed in male and female apices at the fourth node. Cloning and sequencing revealed that they belong to nine different mRNAs that were all induced in the female apices at this stage. Four out of them showed a high degree of similarity with known sequences: a putative permease, a SMT3-like protein, a putative kinesin and a RAC-GTP binding protein.
The inheritance of chemical phenotype in Cannabis sativa L. (II): Cannabigerol predominant plants
Authors: Meijer, E.1; Hammond, K.2
Source: Euphytica, Volume 145, Numbers 1-2, September 2005, pp. 189-198(10)
Publisher:Springer
Abstract:
This paper aims to clarify the genetic mechanism that is responsible for the accumulation of cannabigerol (CBG) in certain phenotypes of Cannabis sativa L. CBG is the direct precursor of the cannabinoids CBD, THC and CBC. Plants strongly predominant in CBG have been found in different fibre hemp accessions. Inbred offspring derived from one such individual were crossed with true breeding THC predominant- and CBD predominant plants, respectively. The segregations in the cross progenies indicate that CBG accumulation is due to the homozygous presence of a minimally functional allele, tentatively called B0, at the single locus B that normally controls the conversion of CBG into THC (allele BT) and/or CBD (allele BD). The fact that CBG accumulating plants have so far been found in European fibre hemp populations that are generally composed of BD/BD plants, and the observation that the here investigated B0 allele possesses a residual ability to convert small amounts of CBG into CBD, make it plausible that this B0 is a mutation of normally functional BD. Therefore, B0 is considered as a member of the BD allelic series encoding a CBD synthase isoform with greatly weakened substrate affinity and/or catalytic capacity.
Any links or info about somatic embryogenesis and cannabis? Anyone tried it?
FYI,
Somatic embryos are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in, or competent for the development of embryos. This process is used in plant tissue culture to generate plants from single cells called protoplasts, or from small pieces of plant tissue. Cells that have been cultured to form undifferentiated tissue called callus can be induced to form embryos with the addition of plant hormones, the hormone or ratio of different hormones required to induce embryo formation varies with the type of plant. No endosperm or seed is formed around a somatic embryo.
This is accomplished by deep freezing somatic embryos, or by drying them to create "artificial seeds". Somatic embryos need to be preserved until they are ready for use. Preserving somatic embryos can also help protect endangered and commercially valuable species.
Somatic embryos are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in, or competent for the development of embryos. This process is used in plant tissue culture to generate plants from single cells called protoplasts, or from small pieces of plant tissue. Cells that have been cultured to form undifferentiated tissue called callus can be induced to form embryos with the addition of plant hormones, the hormone or ratio of different hormones required to induce embryo formation varies with the type of plant. No endosperm or seed is formed around a somatic embryo.
This is accomplished by deep freezing somatic embryos, or by drying them to create "artificial seeds". Somatic embryos need to be preserved until they are ready for use. Preserving somatic embryos can also help protect endangered and commercially valuable species.
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Single cells or Callus can be induced to form roots pretty easy. But to get cells or callus to make shoots is not easy at all. It has been done, but there is no dependable protocol to assure success. The Italians who did it told me that they got maybe one out of a hundred success rate. It is just a matter of time before the right protocols are developed. (see post below)
I have never heard of Cannabis being used to make somatic embryos, sounds like a way to get around the problems of getting callus to make shoots. This is not really my field of expertise.
-SamS
I have never heard of Cannabis being used to make somatic embryos, sounds like a way to get around the problems of getting callus to make shoots. This is not really my field of expertise.
-SamS
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ACTA BIOLOGICA CRACOVIENSIA Series Botanica 47/2: 145–151, 2005
INFLUENCE OF CULTIVAR, EXPLANT SOURCE AND PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR ON CALLUS INDUCTION AND PLANT REGENERATION OF CANNABIS SATIVA
L. AURELIA S?LUSARKIEWICZ-JARZINA *, ALEKSANDRA PONITKA, AND ZYGMUNT KACZMAREK Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyn?ska 34, 60–479 Poznan? The effects of different combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on callus induction and plant regeneration were investigated in five cultivars of Cannabis sativa L. Callus was induced from different explant sources (young leaves, petioles, internodes, axillary buds) on MS basal medium with various concentrations of PGRs (2,4-D, DICAMBA, KIN, NAA). The highest frequency of callus induction (avg. 82.7% of eight medium combinations) was exhibited by petiole explants of cv. Fibrimon-24. Plant regeneration was obtained from all studied cultivars. The highest number of plants was regenerated from callus tissue of petiole explants on MS medium containing DICAMBA. A total of 46 plants (1.35% of callus) were regenerated: 16 (0.47%) from cv. Silesia petioles, 7 (0.20%) from cv. Novosadska petioles, 6 (0.18%) from cv. Fedrina-74 petioles, 12 (0.35%) from cv. Fibrimon-24 axillary buds, and 5 (0.15%) from cv. Juso 15 internodes. Significant improvement of hemp plant regeneration in vitro was achieved.
http://www.ib.uj.edu.pl/abc/pdf/47_2/145-151.pdf.
INFLUENCE OF CULTIVAR, EXPLANT SOURCE AND PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR ON CALLUS INDUCTION AND PLANT REGENERATION OF CANNABIS SATIVA
L. AURELIA S?LUSARKIEWICZ-JARZINA *, ALEKSANDRA PONITKA, AND ZYGMUNT KACZMAREK Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyn?ska 34, 60–479 Poznan? The effects of different combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on callus induction and plant regeneration were investigated in five cultivars of Cannabis sativa L. Callus was induced from different explant sources (young leaves, petioles, internodes, axillary buds) on MS basal medium with various concentrations of PGRs (2,4-D, DICAMBA, KIN, NAA). The highest frequency of callus induction (avg. 82.7% of eight medium combinations) was exhibited by petiole explants of cv. Fibrimon-24. Plant regeneration was obtained from all studied cultivars. The highest number of plants was regenerated from callus tissue of petiole explants on MS medium containing DICAMBA. A total of 46 plants (1.35% of callus) were regenerated: 16 (0.47%) from cv. Silesia petioles, 7 (0.20%) from cv. Novosadska petioles, 6 (0.18%) from cv. Fedrina-74 petioles, 12 (0.35%) from cv. Fibrimon-24 axillary buds, and 5 (0.15%) from cv. Juso 15 internodes. Significant improvement of hemp plant regeneration in vitro was achieved.
http://www.ib.uj.edu.pl/abc/pdf/47_2/145-151.pdf.
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SOUTHWEST CHINA JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
2005 Vol.18 No.4 P.503-505
In vitro culture and propagation of Hemp (Cannabis sativa)
YIN Pin-xun? YANG Ming? GUO Hong-yan? LIU Zheng-bo? HU Xue-li? CHEN Yu?
(in chinese)
http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/qikan/periodical.articles/xnnyxb/xnny2005/0504/050432.htm
2005 Vol.18 No.4 P.503-505
In vitro culture and propagation of Hemp (Cannabis sativa)
YIN Pin-xun? YANG Ming? GUO Hong-yan? LIU Zheng-bo? HU Xue-li? CHEN Yu?
(in chinese)
http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/qikan/periodical.articles/xnnyxb/xnny2005/0504/050432.htm
ADVANCES IN HEMP RESEARCH
Paolo Ranalli Ed.
1999 272Pg Haworth Press
http://www.internationalhempassociation.org/jiha/jiha6213.html
Paolo Ranalli Ed.
1999 272Pg Haworth Press
http://www.internationalhempassociation.org/jiha/jiha6213.html
G
Guest
I think i did not see this one but maybe I'm just too stone, sorry in this case.
from Euphytica 140: 121–131, 2004.
C 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
Current status and future scenarios of hemp breeding
Paolo Ranalli
Istituto Sperimentale per le Colture Industriali, Via di Corticella 133–40128 Bologna, Italy;
Key words: genetic advances, hemp germplasm, improved varieties, key genes, metabolic pathways, multi-use crop
Summary
Hemp is a multi-use crop, able to provide fiber, cellulose, seeds and seed oil, cannabinoid, and biomass. Integrating many agroindustrial chains, Cannabis is considered a crop model in which insights into specific metabolic pathways and biosynthetic processes are valuable for improvement of the plant for all sets of industrial derivatives. In this review the hemp breeding status is elucidated and many aspects are focused: (i) recovering, maintenance and characterization of genetic resources; (ii) widening of germplasm and genetic variability; (iii) marker-assisted selection and development of breeding programs; (iv) sexual differentiation; (v) monitoring of THC content. Modern hemp varieties for fiber and other specific end uses have been developed and new varieties are entering production.
The scenario for the breeding advances in hemp relies on basic and applied research which provides insights to identify a strategy for the design of modified plants with enhanced performance. This is accounted by the dissection of traits into components and the modification of single steps of the related metabolic pathways. These advances are provided by genomic techniques and are able: (i) to identify key genes encoding enzymes and regulatory factors participating in cannabinoid, fiber and oil biosynthesis; (ii) to identify the mode of regulation of these genes; (iii) to characterize the function of the selected genes through higher, lower or specific expression incited by specific promoters. The identification of molecular markers for specific traits, gathered in a saturated linkage map, will have a remarkable impact on hemp breeding. The advances in basic and applied research make it possible to design methods for the identification of superior parents and cross combinations and the development of selection schemes that rely on less labour-intensive and time-consuming methods.
from Euphytica 140: 121–131, 2004.
C 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
Current status and future scenarios of hemp breeding
Paolo Ranalli
Istituto Sperimentale per le Colture Industriali, Via di Corticella 133–40128 Bologna, Italy;
Key words: genetic advances, hemp germplasm, improved varieties, key genes, metabolic pathways, multi-use crop
Summary
Hemp is a multi-use crop, able to provide fiber, cellulose, seeds and seed oil, cannabinoid, and biomass. Integrating many agroindustrial chains, Cannabis is considered a crop model in which insights into specific metabolic pathways and biosynthetic processes are valuable for improvement of the plant for all sets of industrial derivatives. In this review the hemp breeding status is elucidated and many aspects are focused: (i) recovering, maintenance and characterization of genetic resources; (ii) widening of germplasm and genetic variability; (iii) marker-assisted selection and development of breeding programs; (iv) sexual differentiation; (v) monitoring of THC content. Modern hemp varieties for fiber and other specific end uses have been developed and new varieties are entering production.
The scenario for the breeding advances in hemp relies on basic and applied research which provides insights to identify a strategy for the design of modified plants with enhanced performance. This is accounted by the dissection of traits into components and the modification of single steps of the related metabolic pathways. These advances are provided by genomic techniques and are able: (i) to identify key genes encoding enzymes and regulatory factors participating in cannabinoid, fiber and oil biosynthesis; (ii) to identify the mode of regulation of these genes; (iii) to characterize the function of the selected genes through higher, lower or specific expression incited by specific promoters. The identification of molecular markers for specific traits, gathered in a saturated linkage map, will have a remarkable impact on hemp breeding. The advances in basic and applied research make it possible to design methods for the identification of superior parents and cross combinations and the development of selection schemes that rely on less labour-intensive and time-consuming methods.
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G
Guest
Maybe this one too:
from Euphytica 126: 211–218, 2002.
© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
Occurrence and frequency of putatively Y chromosome linked DNA markers in Cannabis sativa L.
Giuseppe Mandolino∗, Andrea Carboni, Manuela Bagatta, V.M. Cristiana Moliterni & Paolo Ranalli
Istituto Sperimentale per le Colture Industriali, Via di Corticella 133 – I-40128 Bologna – Italy; (∗author for correspondence)
Received 10 August 2000; accepted 17 October 2001
Key words: Cannabis, dioecy, DNA markers, hemp, male-specific
Summary
DNA from female and male hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) plants belonging to nine different varieties were screened with 180 RAPD primers in a search for sex-associated DNA markers. About 1,500 bands were produced in total, nine primers were found yielding one or two DNA bands amplified in all nine male DNA bulks and absent in all female DNA bulks. These putatively male-associated markers were then scored in three different F1 progenies, deriving from a cross between a common male parent and three different female plants. The sex of the progeny
was accurately scored on the basis of the floral phenotype, and the presence of the nine male-associated markers was verified by RAPD analysis. In all three progenies examined, all the male plants showed the DNA markers previously identified by bulk segregant analysis (BSA) on the hemp varieties, while all the female plants lacked them. The fact that the association between these markers and the staminate phenotype is found when examining male plants of distantly related varieties, and that such linkage is never broken when different progenies are examined, strongly supports the hypothesis that the markers found are physically located on the Y chromosome, in a region excluded from recombination during meiosis. Another marker was shown to be present in the male parent, in all the male plants of each progeny, and in 50% of the female progenies, while it was absent in the female parent; the possible occurrence of markers deriving from multiple amplification sites of the genome is discussed.
from Euphytica 126: 211–218, 2002.
© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
Occurrence and frequency of putatively Y chromosome linked DNA markers in Cannabis sativa L.
Giuseppe Mandolino∗, Andrea Carboni, Manuela Bagatta, V.M. Cristiana Moliterni & Paolo Ranalli
Istituto Sperimentale per le Colture Industriali, Via di Corticella 133 – I-40128 Bologna – Italy; (∗author for correspondence)
Received 10 August 2000; accepted 17 October 2001
Key words: Cannabis, dioecy, DNA markers, hemp, male-specific
Summary
DNA from female and male hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) plants belonging to nine different varieties were screened with 180 RAPD primers in a search for sex-associated DNA markers. About 1,500 bands were produced in total, nine primers were found yielding one or two DNA bands amplified in all nine male DNA bulks and absent in all female DNA bulks. These putatively male-associated markers were then scored in three different F1 progenies, deriving from a cross between a common male parent and three different female plants. The sex of the progeny
was accurately scored on the basis of the floral phenotype, and the presence of the nine male-associated markers was verified by RAPD analysis. In all three progenies examined, all the male plants showed the DNA markers previously identified by bulk segregant analysis (BSA) on the hemp varieties, while all the female plants lacked them. The fact that the association between these markers and the staminate phenotype is found when examining male plants of distantly related varieties, and that such linkage is never broken when different progenies are examined, strongly supports the hypothesis that the markers found are physically located on the Y chromosome, in a region excluded from recombination during meiosis. Another marker was shown to be present in the male parent, in all the male plants of each progeny, and in 50% of the female progenies, while it was absent in the female parent; the possible occurrence of markers deriving from multiple amplification sites of the genome is discussed.
G
Guest
Not really for cannabis breeding, more for conservation of seeds, but I think it may interest
Ultradry seed storage cuts cost of gene bank
Guang-Hua Zheng, Xin-Ming Jing
Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany,
CAS, Beijing 100093, China
e-mail: ydzheng@ netra.nju.edu.cn
Kar-Ling Tao
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, AGPS (Seed and Plant Genetic Resources
Service), 00100 Rome, Italy
"Today we are faced with an urgent challenge to organize the efficient conservation of biodiversity. In the case of plants, one way of doing this is to store their seeds in a gene bank. The effective preservation of seeds depends on their moisture content and on the storage temperature, which can present a problem in developing countries where the costs of cold storage are prohibitive. Here we describe a way of storing seeds under ultradry conditions at ambient temperatures which not only improves their longevity and vigour but also promises to be a cost-effective technique for germplasm conservation."
Ultradry seed storage cuts cost of gene bank
Guang-Hua Zheng, Xin-Ming Jing
Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany,
CAS, Beijing 100093, China
e-mail: ydzheng@ netra.nju.edu.cn
Kar-Ling Tao
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, AGPS (Seed and Plant Genetic Resources
Service), 00100 Rome, Italy
"Today we are faced with an urgent challenge to organize the efficient conservation of biodiversity. In the case of plants, one way of doing this is to store their seeds in a gene bank. The effective preservation of seeds depends on their moisture content and on the storage temperature, which can present a problem in developing countries where the costs of cold storage are prohibitive. Here we describe a way of storing seeds under ultradry conditions at ambient temperatures which not only improves their longevity and vigour but also promises to be a cost-effective technique for germplasm conservation."
G
Guest
It is not exactly an article on breeding, but it gives insights on how psychoactivity is genetically controlled so...
The Gene Controlling Marijuana Psychoactivity
Molecular cloning and heterologous expression of Delta 1 Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase from Cannabis sativa L.
Received for publication, April 2, 2004, and in revised form, June 4, 2004
Supaart Sirikantaramas, Satoshi Morimoto, Yoshinari Shoyama, Yu Ishikawa, Yoshiko Wada,Yukihiro Shoyama, and Futoshi Taura‡
From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
1-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) synthase is the enzyme that catalyzes oxidative cyclization of cannabigerolic acid into THCA, the precursor of 1-tetrahydrocannabinol. We cloned a novel cDNA (GenBankTM accession number AB057805) encoding THCA synthase by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reactions from rapidly expanding leaves of Cannabis sativa. This gene consists of a 1635-nucleotide open reading frame, encoding a 545-amino acid polypeptide of which the first 28 amino acid residues constitute the signal peptide. The predicted molecular weight of the 517-amino acid mature polypeptide is 58,597 Da. Interestingly, the deduced amino acid sequence exhibited high homology to berberine bridge enzyme from Eschscholtzia californica, which is involved in alkaloid biosynthesis. The liquid culture of transgenic tobacco hairy roots harboring the cDNA produced THCA upon feeding of cannabigerolic acid, demonstrating unequivocally that this gene encodes an active THCA synthase. Overexpression of the recombinant THCA synthase was achieved using a baculovirus-insect expression system. The purified recombinant enzyme contained covalently attached FAD cofactor at a molar ratio of FAD to protein of 1:1. The mutant enzyme constructed by changing His-114 of the wild-type enzyme to Ala-114 exhibited neither absorption characteristics of flavoproteins nor THCA synthase activity. Thus, we concluded that the FAD binding residue is His-114 and that the THCA synthase reaction is FAD-dependent. This is the first report on molecular characterization of an enzyme specific to cannabinoid biosynthesis.
The Gene Controlling Marijuana Psychoactivity
Molecular cloning and heterologous expression of Delta 1 Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase from Cannabis sativa L.
Received for publication, April 2, 2004, and in revised form, June 4, 2004
Supaart Sirikantaramas, Satoshi Morimoto, Yoshinari Shoyama, Yu Ishikawa, Yoshiko Wada,Yukihiro Shoyama, and Futoshi Taura‡
From the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
1-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) synthase is the enzyme that catalyzes oxidative cyclization of cannabigerolic acid into THCA, the precursor of 1-tetrahydrocannabinol. We cloned a novel cDNA (GenBankTM accession number AB057805) encoding THCA synthase by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reactions from rapidly expanding leaves of Cannabis sativa. This gene consists of a 1635-nucleotide open reading frame, encoding a 545-amino acid polypeptide of which the first 28 amino acid residues constitute the signal peptide. The predicted molecular weight of the 517-amino acid mature polypeptide is 58,597 Da. Interestingly, the deduced amino acid sequence exhibited high homology to berberine bridge enzyme from Eschscholtzia californica, which is involved in alkaloid biosynthesis. The liquid culture of transgenic tobacco hairy roots harboring the cDNA produced THCA upon feeding of cannabigerolic acid, demonstrating unequivocally that this gene encodes an active THCA synthase. Overexpression of the recombinant THCA synthase was achieved using a baculovirus-insect expression system. The purified recombinant enzyme contained covalently attached FAD cofactor at a molar ratio of FAD to protein of 1:1. The mutant enzyme constructed by changing His-114 of the wild-type enzyme to Ala-114 exhibited neither absorption characteristics of flavoproteins nor THCA synthase activity. Thus, we concluded that the FAD binding residue is His-114 and that the THCA synthase reaction is FAD-dependent. This is the first report on molecular characterization of an enzyme specific to cannabinoid biosynthesis.
Last edited:
JimmyEatWorld
Member
Cannabinoids as Therapeutics
Mechoulam, Raphael
Year: 2004
Publisher: Birkhauser Verlag AG
Pages: 282
ISBN: 3764370556
In recent years, cannabis research has concentrated on the potential of cannabinoids as therapeutic substances, particularly in serious chronic illnesses such as multiple sclerosis. Most volumes published on cannabinoids so far concentrate on the biological activity, biochemistry and pharmacology, whereas this volume concentrates on the diseases, the physiological effects and therapeutic use of cannabinoids. The volume editor Prof. Mechoulam was the first who isolated the prime active constituent (THC, Tetrahydrocannabiol) of marijuana. He published extensively on the pharmacological activities of cannabinoids. The volume is of interest to researchers and clinicians from pharmacology, neuroscience, and medicinal research.
I found it at 160Euro, don't have the money to buy it now, im waiting for my copy of Hashish! to arrive!
Also,
Cannabis and Cannabinoids
Pharmacology,Toxicology and Therapeutic Potential
Franjo Grotenhermen, Ethan Russo
Year: 2002
Publisher: The Haworth Intergrative Healing Press
Pages: 440
ISBN: 0-7890-1507-2
Cannabis and Cannabinoids examines the benefits, drawbacks, and side effects of medical marijuana as a treatment for various conditions and diseases. This book discusses the scientific basis for marijuana’s use in cases of pain, nausea, anorexia, and cachexia. It also explores its possible benefits in glaucoma, ischemia, spastic disorders, and migraine.
http://www.haworthpressinc.com/store/product.asp?sku=4513
Looks really interesting book.
The two books above are about Medical Uses of Cannabis. Don't know if they fit in this thread. If the Mods believe that they must be moved somewhere else please let me know.
Mechoulam, Raphael
Year: 2004
Publisher: Birkhauser Verlag AG
Pages: 282
ISBN: 3764370556
In recent years, cannabis research has concentrated on the potential of cannabinoids as therapeutic substances, particularly in serious chronic illnesses such as multiple sclerosis. Most volumes published on cannabinoids so far concentrate on the biological activity, biochemistry and pharmacology, whereas this volume concentrates on the diseases, the physiological effects and therapeutic use of cannabinoids. The volume editor Prof. Mechoulam was the first who isolated the prime active constituent (THC, Tetrahydrocannabiol) of marijuana. He published extensively on the pharmacological activities of cannabinoids. The volume is of interest to researchers and clinicians from pharmacology, neuroscience, and medicinal research.
I found it at 160Euro, don't have the money to buy it now, im waiting for my copy of Hashish! to arrive!
Also,
Cannabis and Cannabinoids
Pharmacology,Toxicology and Therapeutic Potential
Franjo Grotenhermen, Ethan Russo
Year: 2002
Publisher: The Haworth Intergrative Healing Press
Pages: 440
ISBN: 0-7890-1507-2
Cannabis and Cannabinoids examines the benefits, drawbacks, and side effects of medical marijuana as a treatment for various conditions and diseases. This book discusses the scientific basis for marijuana’s use in cases of pain, nausea, anorexia, and cachexia. It also explores its possible benefits in glaucoma, ischemia, spastic disorders, and migraine.
http://www.haworthpressinc.com/store/product.asp?sku=4513
Looks really interesting book.
The two books above are about Medical Uses of Cannabis. Don't know if they fit in this thread. If the Mods believe that they must be moved somewhere else please let me know.
First is the breeding terminology list (update if needed).
Example of catagory organization:
1 Importance of mode of reproduction
2 Self fertilizing crops (autogamous crops)
2.1 Mass selection
2.2 Single plant selection (pure line selection)
3 Selection Methods for the Development of Pure Breeding Cultivars from Crosses
3.1 Pedigree selection
3.2 Bulk population selection
3.3 Single seed selection
3.4 Doubled haploid method
3.5 Back crossing: a selection method for the upgrading of genotypes
3.6 Traditional selection methods
4 Selection of cross-pollinated crops
4.1 Mass selection
4.2 Recurrent selection
4.3 Half-sib selection with progeny testing
4.4 Full-sib selection with progeny testing
4.5 Selections with test cross performance
4.6 Selfed family selection
5 Breeding of Asexually Propagated Crops
5.1 Improving asexual plant material through selection
5.2 Selection of asexual plants
5.3 New clone development
5.4 Multiplication
6 References
Breeding, Pollen, Sex, Genes, Cannabinoids, Pests, Molecular Biology, Synthases, Non-Plant references
Plant Population Improvements
Preservation of genetics / Conservation breeding
Breeding Basics (basic pollinations, punnet squares, bio assay selections)
open pollinated, Hybrid, GMO, landraces,
Inbreeding, inbreeding depresion, backcrossing, selfing, crossbreeding, outcrossing, hybridization, 3 way hybrid,
Selection traits:
Canabinoids, terpenoids, resin content, resin type, early maturation, late maturation, indoor cultivation
disease resistance, Botrytis, powdery mildew, pest resistance, spider mites, thrips, white fly, aphids,
1.breeding/selection
- Marijuana Botany by R.C. Clarke - http://www.mellowgold.com/grow/mjbotany-removed/
- Factors influencing yeild and quality- http://www.internationalhempassociation.org/jiha/jiha5107.html
2.pollen/pollenation
3.sex
- Sex linked SSR markers- http://www.icmag.com/ic/showthread....3422#post853422
- Novel male(specific markers)- http://www.icmag.com/ic/showthread....3468#post853468
- Female markers- https://www.haworthpress.com/store/...OCName=J237v08n01_TOC&desc=Volume: 8 Issue: 1
Female-Associated DNA Polymorphisms of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)
Journal of Industrial Hemp (ISSN: 1537-7881)
Volume: 8 Issue: 1
Cover Date: 2003
Page Range: 5 - 9
Hong Shao, Shu-Juan Song, Robert C. Clarke
*
The sex identification of pre-floral hemp ("Cannabis sativa L") is problematic for taxonomists and plant breeders, because the distinguishing morphological characteristics of male and female plants do not appear before flowering. Employing the RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) technique with 15 random primers, we have found that the genomes of female individuals bear female-associated polymorphic DNA fragments (870 bp and 1160 bp amplified by primer OPA-04; 1680 bp by primer OPF-05), which are absent in the genomes of male individuals amplified by the same primers. This technique makes it possible to determine the gender of dried herbarium specimens lacking flowers, and to select male or female seedlings for breeding parents and other uses.
- Molecular biology of dioecious plants- http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/86/2/211
- RAPD markers encoding retrotransposable elements are linked to males- http://www.icmag.com/ic/showthread....0839#post860839
4.Indica
5.Sativa
6.hybrids/crosses
7.cannabinoids
- Quantitive analysis of Cannabinoids- http://www.icmag.com/ic/showthread....3725#post853752
- DNA polymorphisms in THC- http://www.icmag.com/ic/showthread....3722#post853722
- Chemotaxonomic analysis of Cannabinoids- http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/6/966
- Inheritence of chemical phenotype- http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/163/1/335
8.selfing/femenizing
9.micropropagation/tissue culture
Plant growth regulator on callus induction- http://www.ib.uj.edu.pl/abc/pdf/47_2/145-151.pdf
Example of catagory organization:
1 Importance of mode of reproduction
2 Self fertilizing crops (autogamous crops)
2.1 Mass selection
2.2 Single plant selection (pure line selection)
3 Selection Methods for the Development of Pure Breeding Cultivars from Crosses
3.1 Pedigree selection
3.2 Bulk population selection
3.3 Single seed selection
3.4 Doubled haploid method
3.5 Back crossing: a selection method for the upgrading of genotypes
3.6 Traditional selection methods
4 Selection of cross-pollinated crops
4.1 Mass selection
4.2 Recurrent selection
4.3 Half-sib selection with progeny testing
4.4 Full-sib selection with progeny testing
4.5 Selections with test cross performance
4.6 Selfed family selection
5 Breeding of Asexually Propagated Crops
5.1 Improving asexual plant material through selection
5.2 Selection of asexual plants
5.3 New clone development
5.4 Multiplication
6 References
Breeding, Pollen, Sex, Genes, Cannabinoids, Pests, Molecular Biology, Synthases, Non-Plant references
Plant Population Improvements
Preservation of genetics / Conservation breeding
Breeding Basics (basic pollinations, punnet squares, bio assay selections)
open pollinated, Hybrid, GMO, landraces,
Inbreeding, inbreeding depresion, backcrossing, selfing, crossbreeding, outcrossing, hybridization, 3 way hybrid,
Selection traits:
Canabinoids, terpenoids, resin content, resin type, early maturation, late maturation, indoor cultivation
disease resistance, Botrytis, powdery mildew, pest resistance, spider mites, thrips, white fly, aphids,
1.breeding/selection
- Marijuana Botany by R.C. Clarke - http://www.mellowgold.com/grow/mjbotany-removed/
- Factors influencing yeild and quality- http://www.internationalhempassociation.org/jiha/jiha5107.html
2.pollen/pollenation
3.sex
- Sex linked SSR markers- http://www.icmag.com/ic/showthread....3422#post853422
- Novel male(specific markers)- http://www.icmag.com/ic/showthread....3468#post853468
- Female markers- https://www.haworthpress.com/store/...OCName=J237v08n01_TOC&desc=Volume: 8 Issue: 1
Female-Associated DNA Polymorphisms of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)
Journal of Industrial Hemp (ISSN: 1537-7881)
Volume: 8 Issue: 1
Cover Date: 2003
Page Range: 5 - 9
Hong Shao, Shu-Juan Song, Robert C. Clarke
*
The sex identification of pre-floral hemp ("Cannabis sativa L") is problematic for taxonomists and plant breeders, because the distinguishing morphological characteristics of male and female plants do not appear before flowering. Employing the RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) technique with 15 random primers, we have found that the genomes of female individuals bear female-associated polymorphic DNA fragments (870 bp and 1160 bp amplified by primer OPA-04; 1680 bp by primer OPF-05), which are absent in the genomes of male individuals amplified by the same primers. This technique makes it possible to determine the gender of dried herbarium specimens lacking flowers, and to select male or female seedlings for breeding parents and other uses.
- Molecular biology of dioecious plants- http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/86/2/211
- RAPD markers encoding retrotransposable elements are linked to males- http://www.icmag.com/ic/showthread....0839#post860839
4.Indica
5.Sativa
6.hybrids/crosses
7.cannabinoids
- Quantitive analysis of Cannabinoids- http://www.icmag.com/ic/showthread....3725#post853752
- DNA polymorphisms in THC- http://www.icmag.com/ic/showthread....3722#post853722
- Chemotaxonomic analysis of Cannabinoids- http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/6/966
- Inheritence of chemical phenotype- http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/163/1/335
8.selfing/femenizing
9.micropropagation/tissue culture
Plant growth regulator on callus induction- http://www.ib.uj.edu.pl/abc/pdf/47_2/145-151.pdf
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