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Straintalk and comparative anatomy
- Thread starter Thule
- Start date
You do that! I'd love to hear how they do, and if they have thc dominant phenotypes. The bordering Xinjian area has potent plants, that's where they found the mumies with their ancient stash. Dna reveals that the descendants of the same variety are still growing there, and they belong to the European/Siberian cluster of diversity, aka cannabis sativa sativa. That's pretty remarkable since nowadays, as far as we know, we're exlusively smoking indicas to get high.
And the key you asked for, this one tells the seedbank where the seeds came from
Last edited:
by Mel Frank and Ed Rosenthal
And/Or Press, Berkeley, California
© 1978
Chapter 1, p. 3.
Cannabis and Ancient History
The ancestors of Cannabis originated in Asia, possibly on the more gentle slopes of the Himalayas or the Altai Mountains to the north. The exact origin, obscured by Stone Age trails that cross the continent is not known.
We don't know when Cannabis and humanity first met. Given the growth habit of the plant and the curiosity of humanity, such a meeting was inevitable. In the plant world, Cannabis is a colonizer. It establishes new territory when running water or seed-eating animals carry seed to cleared and fertile soil open to the sun. Fertile soil, clear of competing plants, is rare and short-lived in nature, and is commonly caused by catastrophe such as flood or earthslide. Natural dissemination is slow and the plants tend to grow in thick stands by dropping seed about the spread of their branches.
During the Neolithic era, some 10,000 years ago, nomadic groups scavenged, hunted, fished, and gathered plants in an unending search for food. The search ended when they learned to plant the native grains (grasses) and developed agriculture. Agriculture requires a commitment to the land and grants a steady food supply which enables people to form permanent settlements. Cannabis and Neolithic bands probably came in contact often as plants invaded the fertile clearings — the campsites, roadsides, fields and garbage heaps — that occur wherever people live.
In 1926 Russian botanist summarized the observations of his comrade, Sinkaia, on the domestication of hemp by peasants of the Altai Mountains: "1. wild hemp; 2. spreading of hemp from wild centres of distribution into populated areas (formation of weedy hemp); 3. utilization of weedy hemp by the population; 4. cultivation of hemp." [24]
The plants which people learn to use help define aspects of their way of life, including perceptions of the world, health,, and the directions of their technologies and economies flow. The plants you are about to grow are descended from on of the ancient plants that made the transition to civilization possible.
The earliest cultural evidence of Cannabis comes from the oldest known Neolithic culture in China, the Yang-shao, which appeared along the Yellow River valley about 6,500 years ago.*
The clothes the people wore, the nets they fished and hunted with, and the ropes they used in their earliest machines were all made with the long, strong and durable fiber, hemp. This valuable fiber separates from the stem of Cannabis when the stem decays (rets).
In the early classics of the Chou dynasty, written over 3,000 years ago, mention is often made of "a prehistoric culture based on fishing and hunting, a culture without written language but which kept records by tying knots in ropes. Nets were used for fishing and hunting and the weaving of nets eventually developed into clothmaking."[8] These references may well be to the Yang-shao people.
As their culture advanced, these prehistoric people replaced their animal skins with hemp cloth. At first, hemp cloth was worn only by the more prosperous, but when silk became available, hemp clothed the masses.
People in China relied on Cannabis for many more products than fiber. Cannabis seeds were one of the grains of early China along with rice, barley, millet, and soybeans. The seeds were ground into meal, or roasted whole, or cooked in porridge. The ancient tombs of China had sacrificial vessels filled with hemp seed and other grains for the afterlife. From prehistoric times there is a continuous record of the importance of hemp seed for food until the first to second century B.C., when the seed had been replaced by more palatable cereal grains [7] (An interesting note from the Tung-kuan archives (28 A.D.) records that after a war-caused famine the people subsisted on "wild" Cannabis and soybean.[8])
The effects of Cannabis' resinous leaves and flowers did not go unnoticed. The Pên-ts'ao Ching, the oldest pharmacopoeia known, states that the fruits (flowering tops) of hemp, "if taken in excess will produce hallucinations" (literally "seeing devils"). The ancient medical work also says, "If taken over a long term, it makes one communicate with spirits and lightens one's body,"[9] Marijuana, with a powerful effects on the psyche, must have been just being formed. The Pên-ts'ao Ching, speaking for the legendary Emperor Shên-nung of about 2000 B.C., prescribes marijuana preparations for "malaria, beriberi, constipation, rheumatic pains, absent-mindedness, and female disorders."[15] Even the Cannabis root found its place in early medicine. Ground to form a paste, it was applied to relieve the pain of broken bones and surgery.
New uses were discovered for Cannabis as Chinese civilization progressed and developed new technologies. The ancient Chinese learned to mill, heat and then wedge-press Cannabis seeds to extract the valuable oil, a technique still used in the western world in the twentieth century. Pressed seeds yielded almost 20 percent oil by weight. Cannabis oil, much like linseed oil, could be used for cooking, to fuel lamps, for lubrication, and as a base in paint, varnish, and soap making. After oil extraction, the residue or "hemp cake" still contained about 10 percent oil and 30 percent protein, a nutritious feed for domesticated animals.
Another advancement came with the Chinese invention of paper. Hemp fibers recycled from old rags and fish nets made a paper so durable that some was recently found in graves in the Shensi province that predates 100 B.C.[9] Hemp paper is known for its longevity and resistance to tearing, and is presently used for paper money (Canada) and for fine Bibles.
The ancient Chinese learned to use virtually every part of the Cannabis plant: the root for medicine; the stem for textiles, rope and paper making; the leaves and flowers for intoxication and medicine; and the seeds for food and oil. Some of the products fell into disuse only to be rediscovered by other people at other times.
While the Chinese were building their hemp culture, the cotton cultures of Indian and the linen (flax) cultures of the Mediterranean began to learn of Cannabis through expanding trade and from wandering tribes of Aryans, Mongols, and Scythians who had bordered China since Neolithic times.
The Aryans (Indo-Persians) brought Cannabis culture to India nearly 4,000 years ago. They worshipped the spirits of plants and animals, and marijuana played an active role in their rituals. In China, with the strong influence of philosophic and moralistic religions, use of marijuana all but disappeared. But in India, the Aryan religion grew through oral tradition, until it was recorded in the four Vedas, compiled between 1400 and 1000 B.C. In that tradition, unlike the Chinese, marijuana was sacred, and the bhangas spirit was appealed to "for freedom of distress" and as a reliever of anxiety" (from the Atharva Veda).[1] A gift from the gods, according to Indian mythology, the magical Cannabis "lowered fevers, fostered sleep, relieved dysentry, and cured sundry other ills; it also stimulated appetite, prolonged life, quickened the mind, and improved judgement."[15]
The Scythians brought Cannabis to Europe via a northern route where remnants of their campsites, from the Altai Mountains to Germany, date back 2,800 years. Seafaring Europe never smoked marijuana extensively, but hemp fiber became a major crop in the history of almost every European country. Pollen analysis dates the cultivation of Cannabis to 400 B.C. in Norway; 150 A.D. in Sweden, and 400 A.D. in Germany and England.,[3] although it is believed the plant was cultivated in the British Isles several centuries earlier.[2] The Greeks and Romans used hemp for rope and sail but imported the fiber from Sicily and Gaul. And it has been said that "Caesar invaded Gaul in order to tie up the Roman Empire," all allusion to the Romans' need for hemp.
Marijuana, from its stronghold in India, moved westward through Persia, Assyria and Arabia by 500 A.D. With the rising power of Islam, marijuana flourished flourished in a popular form as hashish. In 1378, the Emir Soudon Sheikhouni tried to end the use of Indian hashish by destroying all such plants, and imprisoning all users (first removing their teeth for good measure). Yet in a few years marijuana consumption had increased.[1]
Islam had a strong influence on the use of marijuana in Africa. However, its use is so ingrained in some ancient cultures of the Zambezi Valley that its appearance clearly predated Islam.
Tribes from the Congo, East Africa, Lake Victoria, and South Africa smoke marijuana in ritual and in leisure. The ancient Riamba cult is still practiced in the Congo. According to the Riamba beliefs, marijuana is a god, protector from physical and spiritual harm. Throughout Africa treaties and business transactions are sealed in a puff of smoke from a yard-long pipe.[15]
With increased travel and trade, Cannabis seed was brought to all parts of the known worked by ships and caravans rigged with the fiber of its kind. And when the first settlers came to the Americas, they brought the seed with them.
* Cannabis is known to have been used in the Bylony culture of Central Europe (about 7,000 years ago).[184]
And/Or Press, Berkeley, California
© 1978
Chapter 1, p. 3.
Cannabis and Ancient History
The ancestors of Cannabis originated in Asia, possibly on the more gentle slopes of the Himalayas or the Altai Mountains to the north. The exact origin, obscured by Stone Age trails that cross the continent is not known.
We don't know when Cannabis and humanity first met. Given the growth habit of the plant and the curiosity of humanity, such a meeting was inevitable. In the plant world, Cannabis is a colonizer. It establishes new territory when running water or seed-eating animals carry seed to cleared and fertile soil open to the sun. Fertile soil, clear of competing plants, is rare and short-lived in nature, and is commonly caused by catastrophe such as flood or earthslide. Natural dissemination is slow and the plants tend to grow in thick stands by dropping seed about the spread of their branches.
During the Neolithic era, some 10,000 years ago, nomadic groups scavenged, hunted, fished, and gathered plants in an unending search for food. The search ended when they learned to plant the native grains (grasses) and developed agriculture. Agriculture requires a commitment to the land and grants a steady food supply which enables people to form permanent settlements. Cannabis and Neolithic bands probably came in contact often as plants invaded the fertile clearings — the campsites, roadsides, fields and garbage heaps — that occur wherever people live.
In 1926 Russian botanist summarized the observations of his comrade, Sinkaia, on the domestication of hemp by peasants of the Altai Mountains: "1. wild hemp; 2. spreading of hemp from wild centres of distribution into populated areas (formation of weedy hemp); 3. utilization of weedy hemp by the population; 4. cultivation of hemp." [24]
The plants which people learn to use help define aspects of their way of life, including perceptions of the world, health,, and the directions of their technologies and economies flow. The plants you are about to grow are descended from on of the ancient plants that made the transition to civilization possible.
The earliest cultural evidence of Cannabis comes from the oldest known Neolithic culture in China, the Yang-shao, which appeared along the Yellow River valley about 6,500 years ago.*
The clothes the people wore, the nets they fished and hunted with, and the ropes they used in their earliest machines were all made with the long, strong and durable fiber, hemp. This valuable fiber separates from the stem of Cannabis when the stem decays (rets).
In the early classics of the Chou dynasty, written over 3,000 years ago, mention is often made of "a prehistoric culture based on fishing and hunting, a culture without written language but which kept records by tying knots in ropes. Nets were used for fishing and hunting and the weaving of nets eventually developed into clothmaking."[8] These references may well be to the Yang-shao people.
As their culture advanced, these prehistoric people replaced their animal skins with hemp cloth. At first, hemp cloth was worn only by the more prosperous, but when silk became available, hemp clothed the masses.
People in China relied on Cannabis for many more products than fiber. Cannabis seeds were one of the grains of early China along with rice, barley, millet, and soybeans. The seeds were ground into meal, or roasted whole, or cooked in porridge. The ancient tombs of China had sacrificial vessels filled with hemp seed and other grains for the afterlife. From prehistoric times there is a continuous record of the importance of hemp seed for food until the first to second century B.C., when the seed had been replaced by more palatable cereal grains [7] (An interesting note from the Tung-kuan archives (28 A.D.) records that after a war-caused famine the people subsisted on "wild" Cannabis and soybean.[8])
The effects of Cannabis' resinous leaves and flowers did not go unnoticed. The Pên-ts'ao Ching, the oldest pharmacopoeia known, states that the fruits (flowering tops) of hemp, "if taken in excess will produce hallucinations" (literally "seeing devils"). The ancient medical work also says, "If taken over a long term, it makes one communicate with spirits and lightens one's body,"[9] Marijuana, with a powerful effects on the psyche, must have been just being formed. The Pên-ts'ao Ching, speaking for the legendary Emperor Shên-nung of about 2000 B.C., prescribes marijuana preparations for "malaria, beriberi, constipation, rheumatic pains, absent-mindedness, and female disorders."[15] Even the Cannabis root found its place in early medicine. Ground to form a paste, it was applied to relieve the pain of broken bones and surgery.
New uses were discovered for Cannabis as Chinese civilization progressed and developed new technologies. The ancient Chinese learned to mill, heat and then wedge-press Cannabis seeds to extract the valuable oil, a technique still used in the western world in the twentieth century. Pressed seeds yielded almost 20 percent oil by weight. Cannabis oil, much like linseed oil, could be used for cooking, to fuel lamps, for lubrication, and as a base in paint, varnish, and soap making. After oil extraction, the residue or "hemp cake" still contained about 10 percent oil and 30 percent protein, a nutritious feed for domesticated animals.
Another advancement came with the Chinese invention of paper. Hemp fibers recycled from old rags and fish nets made a paper so durable that some was recently found in graves in the Shensi province that predates 100 B.C.[9] Hemp paper is known for its longevity and resistance to tearing, and is presently used for paper money (Canada) and for fine Bibles.
The ancient Chinese learned to use virtually every part of the Cannabis plant: the root for medicine; the stem for textiles, rope and paper making; the leaves and flowers for intoxication and medicine; and the seeds for food and oil. Some of the products fell into disuse only to be rediscovered by other people at other times.
While the Chinese were building their hemp culture, the cotton cultures of Indian and the linen (flax) cultures of the Mediterranean began to learn of Cannabis through expanding trade and from wandering tribes of Aryans, Mongols, and Scythians who had bordered China since Neolithic times.
The Aryans (Indo-Persians) brought Cannabis culture to India nearly 4,000 years ago. They worshipped the spirits of plants and animals, and marijuana played an active role in their rituals. In China, with the strong influence of philosophic and moralistic religions, use of marijuana all but disappeared. But in India, the Aryan religion grew through oral tradition, until it was recorded in the four Vedas, compiled between 1400 and 1000 B.C. In that tradition, unlike the Chinese, marijuana was sacred, and the bhangas spirit was appealed to "for freedom of distress" and as a reliever of anxiety" (from the Atharva Veda).[1] A gift from the gods, according to Indian mythology, the magical Cannabis "lowered fevers, fostered sleep, relieved dysentry, and cured sundry other ills; it also stimulated appetite, prolonged life, quickened the mind, and improved judgement."[15]
The Scythians brought Cannabis to Europe via a northern route where remnants of their campsites, from the Altai Mountains to Germany, date back 2,800 years. Seafaring Europe never smoked marijuana extensively, but hemp fiber became a major crop in the history of almost every European country. Pollen analysis dates the cultivation of Cannabis to 400 B.C. in Norway; 150 A.D. in Sweden, and 400 A.D. in Germany and England.,[3] although it is believed the plant was cultivated in the British Isles several centuries earlier.[2] The Greeks and Romans used hemp for rope and sail but imported the fiber from Sicily and Gaul. And it has been said that "Caesar invaded Gaul in order to tie up the Roman Empire," all allusion to the Romans' need for hemp.
Marijuana, from its stronghold in India, moved westward through Persia, Assyria and Arabia by 500 A.D. With the rising power of Islam, marijuana flourished flourished in a popular form as hashish. In 1378, the Emir Soudon Sheikhouni tried to end the use of Indian hashish by destroying all such plants, and imprisoning all users (first removing their teeth for good measure). Yet in a few years marijuana consumption had increased.[1]
Islam had a strong influence on the use of marijuana in Africa. However, its use is so ingrained in some ancient cultures of the Zambezi Valley that its appearance clearly predated Islam.
Tribes from the Congo, East Africa, Lake Victoria, and South Africa smoke marijuana in ritual and in leisure. The ancient Riamba cult is still practiced in the Congo. According to the Riamba beliefs, marijuana is a god, protector from physical and spiritual harm. Throughout Africa treaties and business transactions are sealed in a puff of smoke from a yard-long pipe.[15]
With increased travel and trade, Cannabis seed was brought to all parts of the known worked by ships and caravans rigged with the fiber of its kind. And when the first settlers came to the Americas, they brought the seed with them.
* Cannabis is known to have been used in the Bylony culture of Central Europe (about 7,000 years ago).[184]
Let's go from where the last post ended, the late neolithic
This study places the arrival of cannabis to Estonia in north eastern Europe at 5600 BC, based on pollen samples.
http://www.kirj.ee/public/Estonian_Journal_of_Earth_Sciences/2010/issue_1/earth-2010-1-80-89.pdf
I might have been talking out of my ass when I said cannabis made it to India only 4000 years ago, that is infact when it was first mentioned in literature, the usage probably goes way back. There is however no archaelogical evidence of that.
That's 7600 years of cannabis use for my northern ancestors, in the south the plant has persisted for longer. I think we can safely assume that the ruderal populations of Europe date back to atleast 8000 years, maybe much more.
Hemp was among the first plants to be domesticated and it seems to have spread quickly with the expanding farming populations from the fertilile crescent area and modern day Turkey. We now know that it was not only ideas that spread during the neolithic revolution, but also people.
The original hunter gatherer populations got mixed with people migrating through Turkey, who brought new ideas and new plants with them. Was cannabis already present, or was it brought from Turkey around this time? The ice age refugio of Italy and Greece certainly could have supported cannabis.
Turkish ruderalis
A map from Clarke's Physical evidence for the antiquity of Cannabis sativa L.
Notice the possible date of 26 000 years BP at the Hungarian pusta. I doubt they can reliably go beyond the Ice age in their search for pollen or seeds.
This study places the arrival of cannabis to Estonia in north eastern Europe at 5600 BC, based on pollen samples.
http://www.kirj.ee/public/Estonian_Journal_of_Earth_Sciences/2010/issue_1/earth-2010-1-80-89.pdf
I might have been talking out of my ass when I said cannabis made it to India only 4000 years ago, that is infact when it was first mentioned in literature, the usage probably goes way back. There is however no archaelogical evidence of that.
That's 7600 years of cannabis use for my northern ancestors, in the south the plant has persisted for longer. I think we can safely assume that the ruderal populations of Europe date back to atleast 8000 years, maybe much more.
Hemp was among the first plants to be domesticated and it seems to have spread quickly with the expanding farming populations from the fertilile crescent area and modern day Turkey. We now know that it was not only ideas that spread during the neolithic revolution, but also people.
The original hunter gatherer populations got mixed with people migrating through Turkey, who brought new ideas and new plants with them. Was cannabis already present, or was it brought from Turkey around this time? The ice age refugio of Italy and Greece certainly could have supported cannabis.
Turkish ruderalis
A map from Clarke's Physical evidence for the antiquity of Cannabis sativa L.
Notice the possible date of 26 000 years BP at the Hungarian pusta. I doubt they can reliably go beyond the Ice age in their search for pollen or seeds.
Let's take a closer look at a ruderal populaton from Burgenland Austria.
Burgenland is the easternmost and least populous State of Austria. It borders Slovakia, Hungary to the east and Slovenia.
Here's a picture gallery of Burgenland ruderalis and a study on the essential oils:
Composition of the essential oils and extracts of two populations of Cannabis sativa L. ssp. spontanea from Austria
Abstract
The essential oil and the solvent extract of two populations of Cannabis sativa L. ssp. spontanea growing wild in Austria were analyzed comparatively. In the essential oil, myrcene (31% and 27%, respectively), (E)-beta-ocilnene (13% and 3%, respectively) and beta-caryophyllene (11 % and 16%, respectively) were found, while in the solvent extract the non-hallucinogeneous cannabidiol (77% and 59%, respectively) dominated. The hallucinogeneous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was also found in the solvent extract at a level of less than 1%.
Key Word Index
Cannabissativa ssp. spontanea, Cannabaceae, essential oil composition, myrcene, (E)-beta-ocii-nene, beta-caryophyllene, cannabinoids
The Plant
In Cannabis sativa L. ssp. spontanea (formerly Cannabis ruderalis) (Cannabaceae) the perianth of the female flowers is in contrast to C. sativa ssp. sativa still present; the fruit is brownish and has a peduncle-like ringbulge. It is a ruderal, but a rare plant in the east of Austria (1).
Source
Two populations of C. sativa L. ssp. spontanea ("Albrechtsfeld" and "Schoschtolacke") from the region of lake Neusiedl, Burgenland, eastern Austria were sampled in June, 1998, at the beginning of seed ripening. At each population upper parts of approximately 10 plants were sampled. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of the Institute for Applied Botany, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna.
Plant Part
For distillation and extraction, only fresh material was used, since drying results in a high loss (30-40%) of the essential oil (2). Twenty g of fresh plant material (upper plant parts) were distilled in a modified Clevenger apparatus for 3 h. The solvent extracts were prepared by adding CH^sub 2^Cl^sub 2^ to 1 g fresh material of hemp (upper plant parts); extraction was performed in an ultrasonic bath for 15 min.
The essential oil (5 (mu)L) was diluted with CH^sub 2^Cl^sub 2^ (495 (mu)L) prior to analyses. GC/MS-analyses were performed on a HP 6890 coupled with a HP 5972 MSD and fitted with a HP 30 m x 0.25 mm capillary column coated with HP-5MS (0.25 (mu)m film thickness). The analytical conditions were: carrier gas helium, injector temperature 250 deg C, split ratio 50:1, temperature programme 50 deg -140 deg C at 5 deg C/min and 140-170 deg C at 2 deg C/min. Components were identified by comparing their retention indices (RI) and mass spectra (3-5).
Previous Work
The essential oil of C. sativa has been the subject of previous studies (2, 6-15 and references cited therein).
Present Work
Mono- and sesquiterpenes: The oil of C. sativa L. ssp. spontanea contains as main compounds alpha-pinene (9% and 6%, respectively), myrcene (32% and 28%, respectively), beta-- caryophyllene (11% and 16%, respectively) and beta-caryophyllene oxide (7% and 8%, respectively) (Table I). However, the main differences between the two populations could be found in the high content of (E)-beta-ocimene with a very high content of 12.6% from "Albrechtsfeld" and a low content of 3% from "Schoschtolacke." Compared to "Schoschtolacke," the content of alpha-humulene was approximately the half at "Albrechtsfeld" (3.2%).
The oil compositions reported here differ very much from Ross et al. (2), Hendriks et al. (8) and Nigam et al. (13), where (E)-beta-ocimene was only found in traces or not at all. Hendriks et al. (8) and Nigam et al. (13) found alpha-pinene, beta-- pinene and myrcene at alevel of less than 1%, beta-caryophyllene instead reached 37% and 45%, respectively. In contrast, Ross et al. (2) noticed beta-caryophyllene to be present at only 1.3%. Myrcene (67%) and limonene (16%) were much higher than reported elsewhere (2). The Austrian populations of this report are within the range of (12) where different cultivars (especially European fiber cultivars) were analyzed.
Composition of cannabinoids: Regarding the cannabinoids in the oil, relatively high percentages of the non-- hallucinogeneous cannabidiol (CBD) (9.8% "Albrechtsfeld" and 10.9% "Schoschtolacke," respectively) could be found. The hallucinogenic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was only present at "Schoschtolacke," and here only at low amounts (0.7%). CBD in the oil was still very high, but it's content was strictly dependant on the distillation conditions. The presence of cannabinoids in oils at higher amounts (11,17 and this report) as well as the almost absence of cannabinoids (12 and 16) are also dependant on distillation conditions and the state of the plant material being distilled. In the solvent extract, the content of CBD was extremely high (76.6% and 58.8%, respectively), while THC was always (even in the extract) below 1%. These can be regarded as being populations with a low content of THC, while the amount of CBD (especially in the extracts) was very high. So the ratio of CBD/THC, which is used for characterizing and distinguishing "fiber" from "drug" genotypes (18), is very much in favor of the fiber types.
Alkanes: Hendriks et al. (19) found nonacosane as main compound in the alkane-fraction obtained by extraction (55%) and at 11% in the oil. Nonacosane was also detected in the extracts of our study at 9% ("Albrechtsfeld") and 18% ("Schoschtolacke"), while it was absent in the oil (Table I).
*Address for correspondence
References
1. W. Adler, K. Oswald, and R. Fischer, Exkursionsflora von Osterreich. p365, Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, (1994).
2. S. A. Ross and M. A. ElSohly, The volatile oil composition of fresh and air-dried buds of Cannabis saliva, J. Nat. Prod., 59, 49-51 (1996).
3. R. P. Adams, Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy. Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol Stream, Illinois (1995).
4. F. W. McLafferty, Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York (1989).
5. T. Mills III. and J. C. Roberson, Instrumental Data for Drug Analysis. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1987).
6. G. Fournier and M. R. Paris, Variabffite de la composition chimique de I'huile essentielle de Chanvre (Cannabis saliva Linnaeus). Rivista Ital. EPPOS, 60, 504-510 (1978).
7. H. Hendriks and A. P. Bruins, A tentative identification of components in the essential oil of Cannabis saliva L. by a combination of gas chromatography negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry and retention indices. Biomed. Mass Spectrom., 10, 377-381 (1983).
8. H. Hendriks, Th. M. Malingre, S. Batterman, and R. Bos, Mono- and sesqui-terpene hydrocarbons of the essential oil of Cannabis saliva, Phytochemistry, 14, 814-815 (1975).
9. L. Hanua, The presentstate of knowledge in the chemistry of substances of Cannabis saliva L. III. Terpenoid substances, Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis, 73, 233-239 (1975).
10. L Lemberkovics, P. Veszki, G. Verzar-Petri and A. Trka, Study on sesquiterpenes of the essential oil in the inflorescence and leaves of Cannabis saliva L. var. Mexico. Sci. Pharm., 49, 401-408 (1981).
11. Th. Malingre, H. Hendriks, S. Batterman, R. Bos and J. Visser, The essential oil of Cannabis sativa, Planta med. 28, 56-61 (1975).
12. V. Mediavilla, and S. Steinemann, Essential oil of Cannabis saliva L. strains, J, Internet. Hemp Assoc., 4, 82-84 (1997).
13. MC. Nigam, K. L. Handa, I. C. Nigam, K. L. Levi, Essential oils and their constituents. XXIX. The essential oil of marihuana: composition of genuine Indian Cannabis saliva L., Can. J. Chem., 43, 3372-3376 (1965).
14. M. Paris, L'essence de Cannabis: parfum mysterieux, Rivista Ital. EPPOS, 57, 83-86 (1975).
15. E. Stahl and R. Kunde, Neue Inhaltsstoffe aus dem atherischen 01 von Cannabis saliva, Tetrahedron Lett., 30, 2841-2844 (1973).
16. J. Novak, K. Zitterl-Egiseer, S.G. Deans and Ch. Franz, Essential oils of
different cultivars of Cannabis saliva L. and their antimicrobial activity, Flav. Fragr. J., 16, 259-262 (2001).
17. Th. Malingre, H. Hendriks, S. Batterman and R. Bos, The presence of cannabinoid components in the essential oil of Cannabis saliva L., Pharm. Weekbl., 108, 549-552 (1973),
18. I. Bocsa, and M. Kraus, Der Hanlanbau. Botanik, Sorten, Anbau and Emte. C.F.Miller, Heidelberg (1997).
19. H. Hendriks, Th. Malingre, S. Batterman and R. Bos, Alkanes of the essential oil of Cannabis saliva, Phytochemistry, 16, 719-721 (1977).
Johannes Novak* and Chlodwig Franz
Institute for Applied Botany, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinarplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria
Novak, Johannes "Composition of the essential oils and extracts of two populations of Cannabis sativa L. ssp. spontanea from Austria". Journal of Essential Oil Research: JEOR. FindArticles.com. 15 Aug, 2011.
Burgenland is the easternmost and least populous State of Austria. It borders Slovakia, Hungary to the east and Slovenia.
Here's a picture gallery of Burgenland ruderalis and a study on the essential oils:
Composition of the essential oils and extracts of two populations of Cannabis sativa L. ssp. spontanea from Austria
Abstract
The essential oil and the solvent extract of two populations of Cannabis sativa L. ssp. spontanea growing wild in Austria were analyzed comparatively. In the essential oil, myrcene (31% and 27%, respectively), (E)-beta-ocilnene (13% and 3%, respectively) and beta-caryophyllene (11 % and 16%, respectively) were found, while in the solvent extract the non-hallucinogeneous cannabidiol (77% and 59%, respectively) dominated. The hallucinogeneous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was also found in the solvent extract at a level of less than 1%.
Key Word Index
Cannabissativa ssp. spontanea, Cannabaceae, essential oil composition, myrcene, (E)-beta-ocii-nene, beta-caryophyllene, cannabinoids
The Plant
In Cannabis sativa L. ssp. spontanea (formerly Cannabis ruderalis) (Cannabaceae) the perianth of the female flowers is in contrast to C. sativa ssp. sativa still present; the fruit is brownish and has a peduncle-like ringbulge. It is a ruderal, but a rare plant in the east of Austria (1).
Source
Two populations of C. sativa L. ssp. spontanea ("Albrechtsfeld" and "Schoschtolacke") from the region of lake Neusiedl, Burgenland, eastern Austria were sampled in June, 1998, at the beginning of seed ripening. At each population upper parts of approximately 10 plants were sampled. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of the Institute for Applied Botany, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna.
Plant Part
For distillation and extraction, only fresh material was used, since drying results in a high loss (30-40%) of the essential oil (2). Twenty g of fresh plant material (upper plant parts) were distilled in a modified Clevenger apparatus for 3 h. The solvent extracts were prepared by adding CH^sub 2^Cl^sub 2^ to 1 g fresh material of hemp (upper plant parts); extraction was performed in an ultrasonic bath for 15 min.
The essential oil (5 (mu)L) was diluted with CH^sub 2^Cl^sub 2^ (495 (mu)L) prior to analyses. GC/MS-analyses were performed on a HP 6890 coupled with a HP 5972 MSD and fitted with a HP 30 m x 0.25 mm capillary column coated with HP-5MS (0.25 (mu)m film thickness). The analytical conditions were: carrier gas helium, injector temperature 250 deg C, split ratio 50:1, temperature programme 50 deg -140 deg C at 5 deg C/min and 140-170 deg C at 2 deg C/min. Components were identified by comparing their retention indices (RI) and mass spectra (3-5).
Previous Work
The essential oil of C. sativa has been the subject of previous studies (2, 6-15 and references cited therein).
Present Work
Mono- and sesquiterpenes: The oil of C. sativa L. ssp. spontanea contains as main compounds alpha-pinene (9% and 6%, respectively), myrcene (32% and 28%, respectively), beta-- caryophyllene (11% and 16%, respectively) and beta-caryophyllene oxide (7% and 8%, respectively) (Table I). However, the main differences between the two populations could be found in the high content of (E)-beta-ocimene with a very high content of 12.6% from "Albrechtsfeld" and a low content of 3% from "Schoschtolacke." Compared to "Schoschtolacke," the content of alpha-humulene was approximately the half at "Albrechtsfeld" (3.2%).
The oil compositions reported here differ very much from Ross et al. (2), Hendriks et al. (8) and Nigam et al. (13), where (E)-beta-ocimene was only found in traces or not at all. Hendriks et al. (8) and Nigam et al. (13) found alpha-pinene, beta-- pinene and myrcene at alevel of less than 1%, beta-caryophyllene instead reached 37% and 45%, respectively. In contrast, Ross et al. (2) noticed beta-caryophyllene to be present at only 1.3%. Myrcene (67%) and limonene (16%) were much higher than reported elsewhere (2). The Austrian populations of this report are within the range of (12) where different cultivars (especially European fiber cultivars) were analyzed.
Composition of cannabinoids: Regarding the cannabinoids in the oil, relatively high percentages of the non-- hallucinogeneous cannabidiol (CBD) (9.8% "Albrechtsfeld" and 10.9% "Schoschtolacke," respectively) could be found. The hallucinogenic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was only present at "Schoschtolacke," and here only at low amounts (0.7%). CBD in the oil was still very high, but it's content was strictly dependant on the distillation conditions. The presence of cannabinoids in oils at higher amounts (11,17 and this report) as well as the almost absence of cannabinoids (12 and 16) are also dependant on distillation conditions and the state of the plant material being distilled. In the solvent extract, the content of CBD was extremely high (76.6% and 58.8%, respectively), while THC was always (even in the extract) below 1%. These can be regarded as being populations with a low content of THC, while the amount of CBD (especially in the extracts) was very high. So the ratio of CBD/THC, which is used for characterizing and distinguishing "fiber" from "drug" genotypes (18), is very much in favor of the fiber types.
Alkanes: Hendriks et al. (19) found nonacosane as main compound in the alkane-fraction obtained by extraction (55%) and at 11% in the oil. Nonacosane was also detected in the extracts of our study at 9% ("Albrechtsfeld") and 18% ("Schoschtolacke"), while it was absent in the oil (Table I).
*Address for correspondence
References
1. W. Adler, K. Oswald, and R. Fischer, Exkursionsflora von Osterreich. p365, Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, (1994).
2. S. A. Ross and M. A. ElSohly, The volatile oil composition of fresh and air-dried buds of Cannabis saliva, J. Nat. Prod., 59, 49-51 (1996).
3. R. P. Adams, Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy. Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol Stream, Illinois (1995).
4. F. W. McLafferty, Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York (1989).
5. T. Mills III. and J. C. Roberson, Instrumental Data for Drug Analysis. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1987).
6. G. Fournier and M. R. Paris, Variabffite de la composition chimique de I'huile essentielle de Chanvre (Cannabis saliva Linnaeus). Rivista Ital. EPPOS, 60, 504-510 (1978).
7. H. Hendriks and A. P. Bruins, A tentative identification of components in the essential oil of Cannabis saliva L. by a combination of gas chromatography negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry and retention indices. Biomed. Mass Spectrom., 10, 377-381 (1983).
8. H. Hendriks, Th. M. Malingre, S. Batterman, and R. Bos, Mono- and sesqui-terpene hydrocarbons of the essential oil of Cannabis saliva, Phytochemistry, 14, 814-815 (1975).
9. L. Hanua, The presentstate of knowledge in the chemistry of substances of Cannabis saliva L. III. Terpenoid substances, Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis, 73, 233-239 (1975).
10. L Lemberkovics, P. Veszki, G. Verzar-Petri and A. Trka, Study on sesquiterpenes of the essential oil in the inflorescence and leaves of Cannabis saliva L. var. Mexico. Sci. Pharm., 49, 401-408 (1981).
11. Th. Malingre, H. Hendriks, S. Batterman, R. Bos and J. Visser, The essential oil of Cannabis sativa, Planta med. 28, 56-61 (1975).
12. V. Mediavilla, and S. Steinemann, Essential oil of Cannabis saliva L. strains, J, Internet. Hemp Assoc., 4, 82-84 (1997).
13. MC. Nigam, K. L. Handa, I. C. Nigam, K. L. Levi, Essential oils and their constituents. XXIX. The essential oil of marihuana: composition of genuine Indian Cannabis saliva L., Can. J. Chem., 43, 3372-3376 (1965).
14. M. Paris, L'essence de Cannabis: parfum mysterieux, Rivista Ital. EPPOS, 57, 83-86 (1975).
15. E. Stahl and R. Kunde, Neue Inhaltsstoffe aus dem atherischen 01 von Cannabis saliva, Tetrahedron Lett., 30, 2841-2844 (1973).
16. J. Novak, K. Zitterl-Egiseer, S.G. Deans and Ch. Franz, Essential oils of
different cultivars of Cannabis saliva L. and their antimicrobial activity, Flav. Fragr. J., 16, 259-262 (2001).
17. Th. Malingre, H. Hendriks, S. Batterman and R. Bos, The presence of cannabinoid components in the essential oil of Cannabis saliva L., Pharm. Weekbl., 108, 549-552 (1973),
18. I. Bocsa, and M. Kraus, Der Hanlanbau. Botanik, Sorten, Anbau and Emte. C.F.Miller, Heidelberg (1997).
19. H. Hendriks, Th. Malingre, S. Batterman and R. Bos, Alkanes of the essential oil of Cannabis saliva, Phytochemistry, 16, 719-721 (1977).
Johannes Novak* and Chlodwig Franz
Institute for Applied Botany, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinarplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria
Novak, Johannes "Composition of the essential oils and extracts of two populations of Cannabis sativa L. ssp. spontanea from Austria". Journal of Essential Oil Research: JEOR. FindArticles.com. 15 Aug, 2011.
Just letting you know I'm making good progress here. Lots of interesting stuff I've been working with and I hope to tie it all together during the first part of the year.
In the meantime take a look at this. A zoogeographic world map, based on the distribution of 21000 plant and animal species.
See how well it corresponds with the different varieties of cannabis; Ganja strains in the oriental zone, hashplants in the Saharo Arabian, Chinese hemp in the Sino Japanese and ruderalis/hemp in the Palearctic. Northern India is curiously at the cross section of all the four zones.
I think when trying to figure out where the species originated a map such as this can be much more useful than geopolitical maps with different countries.
Where would you place cannabis originally?
See how well it corresponds with the different varieties of cannabis; Ganja strains in the oriental zone, hashplants in the Saharo Arabian, Chinese hemp in the Sino Japanese and ruderalis/hemp in the Palearctic. Northern India is curiously at the cross section of all the four zones.
I think when trying to figure out where the species originated a map such as this can be much more useful than geopolitical maps with different countries.
Where would you place cannabis originally?
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Colombian Landrace
Colombian Landrace
Great thread Thule, very informative information and interesting. Here are two distinctly different Colombian strains seeds from dried bud (I have not seen the plants the bud came from). Both are from the high altitude central highlands of Colombia and both are believed to be inbred for at least 3 decades without any introduction of imported genetics.
These seeds came from the sample in my current thread and are what I consider to be the most common Colombian strain I’ve encountered here and in the states. I kept these seeds for later grows because the effect though not super strong is effective and very pleasurable and clean.
These seeds were from a small sample of connoisseur grade Punto Rojo I obtained early in 12. It was an outstanding representation of the classic Colombian Punto Rojo and the sample cost more per gram than any other strain bought here.
Peace from Colombia!
Colombian Landrace
Great thread Thule, very informative information and interesting. Here are two distinctly different Colombian strains seeds from dried bud (I have not seen the plants the bud came from). Both are from the high altitude central highlands of Colombia and both are believed to be inbred for at least 3 decades without any introduction of imported genetics.
These seeds came from the sample in my current thread and are what I consider to be the most common Colombian strain I’ve encountered here and in the states. I kept these seeds for later grows because the effect though not super strong is effective and very pleasurable and clean.
These seeds were from a small sample of connoisseur grade Punto Rojo I obtained early in 12. It was an outstanding representation of the classic Colombian Punto Rojo and the sample cost more per gram than any other strain bought here.
Peace from Colombia!
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MedicalGrower
Member
Small fan leaf size?
Small fan leaf size?
Thule
Great thread...
Wonder if you might tell me where strains with very small mature fan leafs might originate from. Fan leafs that can fit into the palm of your hand, small. https://www.icmag.com/ic/images/smilies/tumbleweed.gif
Small fan leaf size?
Thule
Great thread...
Wonder if you might tell me where strains with very small mature fan leafs might originate from. Fan leafs that can fit into the palm of your hand, small. https://www.icmag.com/ic/images/smilies/tumbleweed.gif
Iffy, your post wasn't visible until today for some reason.
Anyway, landrace, first Known Use: 1935. A landrace is a local variety of a domesticated animal or plant species which has developed largely by natural processes, by adaptation to the natural and cultural environment in which it lives.
Thanks MedicalGrower, do you have a specific strain in mind? In my exprerience Himalayan strains often have some of the biggest leaves, as well as some Afghanis. Today most commercial strains originate from these regions so it's hard to say why some would have small fan leaves today, it could be an adaptation to indoor growing.
The smallest leaves I've come across were in ruderal varieties and especially Peru. It is possible that small leaves in the drug genepool have something to with introgression from the north Asian C. sativa genepool. Just a theory, since I don't know which strain we're talking about exactly.
Peru from page 2.
Anyway, landrace, first Known Use: 1935. A landrace is a local variety of a domesticated animal or plant species which has developed largely by natural processes, by adaptation to the natural and cultural environment in which it lives.
Thanks MedicalGrower, do you have a specific strain in mind? In my exprerience Himalayan strains often have some of the biggest leaves, as well as some Afghanis. Today most commercial strains originate from these regions so it's hard to say why some would have small fan leaves today, it could be an adaptation to indoor growing.
The smallest leaves I've come across were in ruderal varieties and especially Peru. It is possible that small leaves in the drug genepool have something to with introgression from the north Asian C. sativa genepool. Just a theory, since I don't know which strain we're talking about exactly.
Peru from page 2.
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MedicalGrower
Member
Small fan leaf origins???
Small fan leaf origins???
Thule
Thanks for the answers, I do not know just where my Huckleberry strain originated from but it has fan leaves just a bit bigger than the one you posted. Think I have a photo I will attach if I can.
Love this girl and was interested in just where in the world these small leaf strain would have originated from...
Thanks for any insight!!!!
Small fan leaf origins???
Thule
Thanks for the answers, I do not know just where my Huckleberry strain originated from but it has fan leaves just a bit bigger than the one you posted. Think I have a photo I will attach if I can.
Love this girl and was interested in just where in the world these small leaf strain would have originated from...
Thanks for any insight!!!!
Attachments
MedicalGrower
Member
Small fan leaf size?
Small fan leaf size?
Thule
The photo is from an outdoor grow if you cant tell, this girl does very well both out and indoors, sun or lights she shines...
Thanks for any insight you might have on her origins.
Peace
mg
Small fan leaf size?
Thule
The photo is from an outdoor grow if you cant tell, this girl does very well both out and indoors, sun or lights she shines...
Thanks for any insight you might have on her origins.
Peace
mg
Very hard to speculate just by looking at pictures. Definitely not a pure sativa there, perhaps Afghan influenced. Can't really go further than that, I have very limited experience with such strains.
Archaeologists working to analyze food remains from the Turpan region of China have discovered evidence of cannabis sativa (marijuana) use in the Chinese diet circa 200AD-900AD, according to a new study published in PlosONE.
In the present study, seven cereal plant species were identified from the Astana Cemeteries, including Setaria italica, Panicum miliaceum, Cannabis sativa, Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare,Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste, and Oryza sativa.
Written records also indicate that porridge was usually made from P. miliaceum or S. italica, with meat sometimes added into the mixture for those of higher status. However, ordinary porridge made from only P. miliaceum or S. italica was usually consumed by monks, wage earners, as well as poor people.
In contrast to the above cereals, fruits of O. sativa and C. sativa were consumed only in small amounts, also in accordance with archaeological excavations, as only 18 fruits of C. sativa as well as a few pieces of O. sativa were discovered.
In conclusion, such a rich variety of food crops as well as their by-products no doubt greatly improved the living standards of the region’s indigenous people and also provided the impetus for a cultural prosperity. In addition, these food remains, particularly the elaborate cakes, reflect that diet was not just for food but also for a higher spiritual enjoyment for certain Turpan ancestors.
Written records also indicate that porridge was usually made from P. miliaceum or S. italica, with meat sometimes added into the mixture for those of higher status. However, ordinary porridge made from only P. miliaceum or S. italica was usually consumed by monks, wage earners, as well as poor people.
In contrast to the above cereals, fruits of O. sativa and C. sativa were consumed only in small amounts, also in accordance with archaeological excavations, as only 18 fruits of C. sativa as well as a few pieces of O. sativa were discovered.
In conclusion, such a rich variety of food crops as well as their by-products no doubt greatly improved the living standards of the region’s indigenous people and also provided the impetus for a cultural prosperity. In addition, these food remains, particularly the elaborate cakes, reflect that diet was not just for food but also for a higher spiritual enjoyment for certain Turpan ancestors.
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MedicalGrower
Member
Thule
Thanks for the insight...
mg
Thanks for the insight...
mg
