It's this bit that I found a bit misleading. It sounds as if the double helix is formed by the DNA from mom and pop forming a double helix structure between themselves. Which is of course not the case.
Sire Lines & "Y" They Matter
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acespicoli
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Retrovirus - Wikipedia
- RNA: consists of a dimer RNA. It has a cap at the 5' end and a poly(A) tail at the 3' end. Genomic RNA (gRNA) is produced as a result of host RNA polymerase II (Pol II) activity and by adding a 5' methyl cap and a 3' poly-A tail is processed as a host mRNA.[10] The RNA genome also has terminal noncoding regions, which are important in replication, and internal regions that encode virion proteins for gene expression. The 5' end includes four regions, which are R, U5, PBS, and L. The R region is a short repeated sequence at each end of the genome used during the reverse transcription to ensure correct end-to-end transfer in the growing chain. U5, on the other hand, is a short unique sequence between R and PBS. PBS (primer binding site) consists of 18 bases complementary to 3' end of tRNA primer. L region is an untranslated leader region that gives the signal for packaging of the genome RNA. The 3' end includes three regions, which are PPT (polypurine tract), U3, and R. The PPT is a primer for plus-strand DNA synthesis during reverse transcription. U3 is a sequence between PPT and R, which serves as a signal that the provirus can use in transcription. R is the terminal repeated sequence at 3' end.
the virus uses its own reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome, the reverse of the usual pattern, thus retro (backward).
To me I need to study on this, the virus that got cannabis high goes back to basal cannabis
Very primitive sometimes herm lines due to evolution of cannabis reproduction to dioecy
The effects of the old sativas remember a few that were extreme
Retrotransposon - Wikipedia
Through reverse transcription, retrotransposons amplify themselves quickly to become abundant in eukaryotic genomes such as maize (49–78%)[3] and humans (42%).[4] They are only present in eukaryotes but share features with retroviruses such as HIV, for example, discontinuous reverse transcriptase-mediated extrachromosomal recombination.[5][6]
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This may apply to fungi, I don't know, but it's not cannabis.
acespicoli
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Sex chromosome - Wikipedia
The interesting thing to me is the building blocks of life and phylogenic trees
I was thinking a single grain of pollen and a single ovule
Now break down that single grain of pollen whats in there ?
Fungus breeds very much like plants in my mind anyway...
monokaryotic mycelia dikaryotic
Higher lower plants and photoplankton everything has a beginning?But im being fuzzy and lacking details maybe off thread topic at this point ?
You remeber my lacking a male and you had suggesting resurrecting my fem line the autosomes would work themselves out ?
high-throughput segregation analysis identifies the sex chromosomes of Cannabis sativa
- July 2019
Figure 3. Microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis developed in C. sativa. The different developmental stages are described as follows: (A–E) C. sativa var. Finola (dioecious male) staminate flowers growing in size. (F) C. sativa male flower after anthesis. (A′,A″) Tetrad stage. (B′,B″) Young and mid microspore stage. (C′,C″) Vacuolate microspore stage: arrows highlight apertures. (D′,D″) Young bi-cellular pollen stage. (E′,E″) Mid bi-cellular pollen stage. (F′,F″) Mature tri-cellular pollen stage. (A′–F′) Phase-contrast microscope images. (A″–F″) Fluorescent microscope images after DAPI staining. Scale bars (A–F): 1 mm; Scale bars (A′–F′) and (A″–F″): 10 μm. n, nucleus; v, vacuole; vg, vegetative nucleus; gn, generative nucleus; an, anther; fi, filament; se, sepal; s, spermatids.
Frontiers | Microgametophyte Development in Cannabis sativa L. and First Androgenesis Induction Through Microspore Embryogenesis
Development of double haploids is an elusive current breeding objective in Cannabis sativa L. We have studied the whole process of anther and pollen grain fo...
www.frontiersin.org
Spermatid - Wikipedia
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Scheme showing analogies in the process of maturation of the ovum and the development of the Genyo spermatids (young spermatozoa)
.svg "Scheme showing analogies in the process of maturation of the ovum and the development of the Genyo spermatids (young spermatozoa)")
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acespicoli
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Figure 3.
Homologous recombination repair attempts occur in DNA
before the cell enters mitosis (M phase shown) during the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle.
In addition to repairing DNA, homologous recombination also helps produce genetic diversity when cells divide in meiosis to become specialized gamete cells—sperm or egg cells in animals, pollen or ovules in plants, and spores in fungi. It does so by facilitating chromosomal crossover, in which regions of similar but not identical DNA are exchanged between homologous chromosomes.[22][23] This creates new, possibly beneficial combinations of genes, which can give offspring an evolutionary advantage.[24]
The Secret History Of Sinsemilla
“OK, why don’t you grow a ton of seedless and bring it back to the States? We spent seven months with these two tribes, learning how to recognize and kill the male plants. Why don’t you bring a meaningful amount back to the States and fuck with the main chakra up there? Rattle some kundalini lines, which are dormant anyway.”It took two years to get it together. First, begging Indians to sell him handfuls of seeds. Then, going down the hill to search for grass traffickers with integrity. Planting a field and trying to explain why he would come back and destroy half the plants. Dealing with a semantic crisis:
Killing the machos was a negative symbol to Mexicans.
You don’t kill the males—who’s gonna fight?
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acespicoli
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4.1 | CSP-1 sex assayThe CSP-1 assay was found to be a reliable predictor of plantsex. There was a 50:50 segregation ratio in nearly all tested dioecious populations including CBD types, grain types, and grain/fiber types. As expected, monoecious plants were scored as fe-male (Divashuk et al., 2014). Given these data, it is likely that the CSP-1 assay distinguishes a nonrecombining part of the Ychromosome. This is somewhat surprising, given that the origi-nal MADC6 marker assay was not a completely accurate predic-tor of plant sex, with 2/75 reported recombinants (Törjék et al.,2002). It is possible that this was due to PCR failure, monoeciousplants with a quantitatively male phenotype, or that the CSP-1assay in fact examines a different DNA sequence than the origi-nal MADC6 assay. Recent C. sativa whole-genome sequencing(Laverty et al., 2019) showed six unassembled scaffolds in the male genome with >99% identity to the MADC6 sequence inC. sativa, possibly contributing to the empirical success of this assay. As MADC6 shows some sequence relationship to retro-transposons, it is possible that the sequence was subject to copy number increase in the recent past (Sakamoto, Ohmido, Fukui,Kamada, & Satoh, 2000; Törjék et al., 2002). It is well known that in the development of sex-determining regions of plants, an absence of recombination between male- and female-specific sequences can lead to an expansion of retrotransposon copy number repeats, which are not lost through a Muller's ratchet-type mechanism (Sakamoto et al., 2000; Vyskot & Hobza, 2004).
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acespicoli
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Mar 22, 2021
Volume 31Issue 6p1129-1352, R267-R310The rapid dissolution of dioecy by experimental evolution
Author links open overlay panelGuillaume G. Cossard 1, Jörn F. Gerchen 1, Xinji Li 1, Yves Cuenot 1, John R. Pannell 1 2
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.028
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Females without male mates evolved to produce increasing numbers of male flowers - •
Evolved females continued to sire progeny in competition with re-introduced males - •
Evolved females enjoyed reproductive assurance and an ability to outcross - •
Observed rates of evolution in the experiment were among the highest yet recorded
Evolutionary transitions from hermaphroditism to dioecy have been common in flowering plants,
1,2 but recent analysis also points to frequent reversions from dioecy to hermaphroditism.
2, 3, 4 Here, we use experimental evolution to expose a mechanism for such reversions, validating an explanation for the scattered phylogenetic distribution of dioecy.
We removed males from dioecious populations of the wind-pollinated plant Mercurialis annua and allowed natural selection to act on the remaining females that occasionally produced male flowers; such “leaky” sex expression is common in both males and females of dioecious plants.5
Over the course of four generations, females evolved a 23-fold increase in average male flower production. This phenotypic masculinization of females coincided with the evolution of partial self-fertilization, high average seed set in the continued absence of males, and a capacity to sire progeny when males were re-introduced into their populations.
Our study thus validates a mechanism for the rapid dissolution of dioecy and the evolution of functional hermaphroditism under conditions that may frequently occur during periods of low population density, repeated colonization, or range expansion.
6,7 Our results illustrate the power of natural selection, acting in replicated experimental populations, to bring about transitions in the mating behavior of plants.
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acespicoli
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Our recapitulation of the evolution of female flowers from
hermaphrodites, a step in the evolution of dioecy, was conducted
using the insect-pollinated species T. thalictroides. This scenario
assumes dioecy evolving before wind pollination, a sequence that
has been reported across angiosperms(Friedman and Barrett,
2008).
Link
Androdioecy can evolve either from hermaphroditic ancestors through the invasion of males or from dioecious ancestors through the invasion of hermaphrodites. The ancestral state is important because conditions under which androdioecy can evolve differ significantly.[citation needed]
en.wikipedia.org
hermaphrodites, a step in the evolution of dioecy, was conducted
using the insect-pollinated species T. thalictroides. This scenario
assumes dioecy evolving before wind pollination, a sequence that
has been reported across angiosperms(Friedman and Barrett,
2008).
Link
Evolution of androdioecy
The fitness requirements for androdioecy to arise and sustain itself are theoretically so improbable that it was long considered that such systems do not exist.[5][6] Particularly, males and hermaphrodites have to have the same fitness, in other words produce the same number of offspring, in order to be maintained. However, males only have offspring by fertilizing eggs or ovules of hermaphrodites, while hermaphrodites have offspring both through fertilizing eggs or ovules of other hermaphrodites and their own ovules. This means that all else being equal, males have to fertilize twice as many eggs or ovules as hermaphrodites to make up for the lack of female reproduction.[7][8]Androdioecy can evolve either from hermaphroditic ancestors through the invasion of males or from dioecious ancestors through the invasion of hermaphrodites. The ancestral state is important because conditions under which androdioecy can evolve differ significantly.[citation needed]
Androdioecy - Wikipedia
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