Also check out the new Journal, Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
Volume 1.1, 2016
http://online.liebertpub.com/toc/can/1/1
Volume 1.1, 2016
http://online.liebertpub.com/toc/can/1/1
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As of today ICMag has his own Discord server. In this Discord server you can chat, talk with eachother, listen to music, share stories and pictures...and much more. Join now and let's grow together! Join ICMag Discord here! More details in this thread here: here.
RECENT interesting findings
- Thread starter Sam_Skunkman
- Start date
Glad you liked it, I also thought it was one of the best I found recently, helping change our understanding of Cannabinoid inheritance and expression. It is great that people are testing the conclusions of de Meijer EPM, Bagatta M, Carboni A, Crucitti P, Moliterni VMC, Ranalli P, Mandolino G. 2003. The inheritance of chemical phenotype in Cannabis sativa L. Genetics 163: 335–346. ........... . . . . ........... . . and improving, evolving, our present knowledge. As you can see Dr E de Meijer agrees in: Sequence heterogeneity of cannabidiolic- and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-synthase in Cannabis sativa L. and its relationship with chemical phenotype.
Phytochemistry 2015 Aug 9;116:57-68. Epub 2015 Apr 9.
Chiara Onofri, Etienne P M de Meijer, Giuseppe Mandolino
DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.03.006
Phytochemistry 2015 Aug 9;116:57-68. Epub 2015 Apr 9.
Chiara Onofri, Etienne P M de Meijer, Giuseppe Mandolino
DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.03.006
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GingerCrock
New member
Sam, thanks a lot for the informations! I will be looking through it more closely when i get a chance. Sounds interesting!
Genomic and Chemical Diversity in Cannabis
http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2015/12/13/034314.full.pdf
Ryan C Lynch, Daniela Vergara, Silas Tittes, Kristin White, C.J. Schwartz, Matthew J Gibbs, Travis C Ruthenburg, Kymron deCesare, Donald P Land, Nolan C Kane
Plants of the Cannabis genus are the only producers of phytocannabinoids, terpenoid compounds that strongly interact with evolutionarily ancient endocannabinoid receptors shared by most bilaterian taxa. For millennia, the plant has been cultivated for these compounds, but also for food, rope, paper, and clothing. Today, specialized varieties yielding high-quality textile fibers, nutritional seed oil or high cannabinoid content are cultivated across the globe. However, the genetic identities and histories of these diverse populations remain largely obscured. We analyzed the nuclear genomic diversity among 339 Cannabis varieties, and demonstrate the existence of at least three major groups of diversity. As well as being genetically distinct, each group produces unique cannabinoid and terpenoid content profiles. This combined analysis of population genomic and trait variation informs our understanding of the potential uses of different genetic variants for medicine and agriculture, providing valuable insights and tools for a rapidly emerging, valuable legal industry.
http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2015/12/13/034314.full.pdf
Ryan C Lynch, Daniela Vergara, Silas Tittes, Kristin White, C.J. Schwartz, Matthew J Gibbs, Travis C Ruthenburg, Kymron deCesare, Donald P Land, Nolan C Kane
Plants of the Cannabis genus are the only producers of phytocannabinoids, terpenoid compounds that strongly interact with evolutionarily ancient endocannabinoid receptors shared by most bilaterian taxa. For millennia, the plant has been cultivated for these compounds, but also for food, rope, paper, and clothing. Today, specialized varieties yielding high-quality textile fibers, nutritional seed oil or high cannabinoid content are cultivated across the globe. However, the genetic identities and histories of these diverse populations remain largely obscured. We analyzed the nuclear genomic diversity among 339 Cannabis varieties, and demonstrate the existence of at least three major groups of diversity. As well as being genetically distinct, each group produces unique cannabinoid and terpenoid content profiles. This combined analysis of population genomic and trait variation informs our understanding of the potential uses of different genetic variants for medicine and agriculture, providing valuable insights and tools for a rapidly emerging, valuable legal industry.
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http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00949
Evolution of the Cannabinoid and Terpene Content during the Growth of Cannabis sativa Plants from Different Chemotypes
J. Nat. Prod., Article ASAP
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00949
Publication Date (Web): February 2, 2016
Oier Aizpurua-Olaizola†‡, Umut Soydaner†, Ekin Öztürk†, Daniele Schibano†, Yilmaz Simsir†, Patricia Navarro‡, Nestor Etxebarria‡, and Aresatz Usobiaga*‡
The evolution of major cannabinoids and terpenes during the growth of Cannabis sativa plants was studied. In this work, seven different plants were selected: three each from chemotypes I and III and one from chemotype II. Fifty clones of each mother plant were grown indoors under controlled conditions. Every week, three plants from each variety were cut and dried, and the leaves and flowers were analyzed separately. Eight major cannabinoids were analyzed via HPLC-DAD, and 28 terpenes were quantified using GC-FID and verified via GC-MS. The chemotypes of the plants, as defined by the tetrahydrocannabinolic acid/cannabidiolic acid (THCA/CBDA) ratio, were clear from the beginning and stable during growth. The concentrations of the major cannabinoids and terpenes were determined, and different patterns were found among the chemotypes. In particular, the plants from chemotypes II and III needed more time to reach peak production of THCA, CBDA, and monoterpenes. Differences in the cannabigerolic acid development among the different chemotypes and between monoterpene and sesquiterpene evolution patterns were also observed. Plants of different chemotypes were clearly differentiated by their terpene content, and characteristic terpenes of each chemotype were identified.
Evolution of the Cannabinoid and Terpene Content during the Growth of Cannabis sativa Plants from Different Chemotypes
J. Nat. Prod., Article ASAP
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00949
Publication Date (Web): February 2, 2016
Oier Aizpurua-Olaizola†‡, Umut Soydaner†, Ekin Öztürk†, Daniele Schibano†, Yilmaz Simsir†, Patricia Navarro‡, Nestor Etxebarria‡, and Aresatz Usobiaga*‡
The evolution of major cannabinoids and terpenes during the growth of Cannabis sativa plants was studied. In this work, seven different plants were selected: three each from chemotypes I and III and one from chemotype II. Fifty clones of each mother plant were grown indoors under controlled conditions. Every week, three plants from each variety were cut and dried, and the leaves and flowers were analyzed separately. Eight major cannabinoids were analyzed via HPLC-DAD, and 28 terpenes were quantified using GC-FID and verified via GC-MS. The chemotypes of the plants, as defined by the tetrahydrocannabinolic acid/cannabidiolic acid (THCA/CBDA) ratio, were clear from the beginning and stable during growth. The concentrations of the major cannabinoids and terpenes were determined, and different patterns were found among the chemotypes. In particular, the plants from chemotypes II and III needed more time to reach peak production of THCA, CBDA, and monoterpenes. Differences in the cannabigerolic acid development among the different chemotypes and between monoterpene and sesquiterpene evolution patterns were also observed. Plants of different chemotypes were clearly differentiated by their terpene content, and characteristic terpenes of each chemotype were identified.
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Hey Sam or anybody...do you have access to the full paper?
Phineas Freak
Member
I am just starting to read this thread. Thanks for sharing all these interesting papers. I love it.
CBD research from brasil:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26801828
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26801828
Phineas Freak
Member
I find this paper interesting too. It is sad they did see the antidepressant effects just in rats yet. I would like to ask how the rats feel, before I would conclude it is really an antidepressant effect.
I hope a good followup study is done on humans!
I would also like to be able distinguish the effects of CBD, CBDA, and THCA in this regard. And all alone and in combination with at least a little THC.
I find it extremely interesting to see that so many things seem to begin moving and getting looked at and studied more in depth. I discover thrilling times.
Maybe this is the wrong place for these thoughts (as I do not add a new paper, etc.), so anyone feel free to move this somewhere else or just delete it, if ever.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26801828
Behav Brain Res. 2016 Jan 19. pii: S0166-4328(16)30029-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.033 [Epub ahead of print]
Antidepressant-like effect of cannabidiol injection into the ventral medial prefrontal cortex - possible involvement of 5-HT1A and CB1 receptors.
Sartim AG1, Guimarães FS2, Joca SR3.
Abstract
RATIONALE:
systemic administration of Cannabidiol (CBD), the main non-psychotomimetic constituent of Cannabis sativa, induces antidepressant-like effects. The mechanism of action of CBD is thought to involve the activation of 5-HT1A receptors and the modulation of endocannabinoid levels with subsequent CB1 activation. The brain regions involved in CBD-induced antidepressant-like effects remain unknown. The ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), which includes the infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) subregions, receives dense serotonergic innervation and plays a significant role in stress responses.
Behav Brain Res. 2016 Jan 19. pii: S0166-4328(16)30029-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.033 [Epub ahead of print]
Antidepressant-like effect of cannabidiol injection into the ventral medial prefrontal cortex - possible involvement of 5-HT1A and CB1 receptors.
Sartim AG1, Guimarães FS2, Joca SR3.
Abstract
RATIONALE:
systemic administration of Cannabidiol (CBD), the main non-psychotomimetic constituent of Cannabis sativa, induces antidepressant-like effects. The mechanism of action of CBD is thought to involve the activation of 5-HT1A receptors and the modulation of endocannabinoid levels with subsequent CB1 activation. The brain regions involved in CBD-induced antidepressant-like effects remain unknown. The ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), which includes the infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) subregions, receives dense serotonergic innervation and plays a significant role in stress responses.
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In vitro mass propagation of Cannabis sativa L.: A protocol refinement using novel aromatic cytokinin meta-topolin and the assessment of eco-physiological, biochemical and genetic fidelity of micropropagated plants
Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 6 February 2016
Hemant Lata, Suman Chandra, Natascha Techen, Ikhlas A. Khan, Mahmoud A. ElSohly
doi:10.1016/j.jarmap.2015.12.001
Abstract
The present study describes a simple, efficient and one step regeneration system for rapid shoot proliferation and in vitro rooting of Cannabis sativa nodal explants using meta-topolin (mT), an aromatic natural cytokinin. The best response in terms of explants producing maximum number of shoots with maximum shoot length and percent explants producing shoots was recorded on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2 μM mT. Shoots multiplied on the same medium for two sub-cultures were able to induce healthy roots within 4–6 weeks. A separate medium containing auxin was not required for root induction. Regenerated plantlets were successfully acclimatized and hardened off in the climatic controlled grow room with 100% survival rate. Genetic fidelity of in vitro propagated plants was tested using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Our results show that all the ISSR profiles from in vitro propagated plants were monomorphic and comparable to that of the mother plant, thereby confirming the genetic fidelity. Qualitatively and quantitatively, cannabinoid profiles and the content, using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC–FID), in mother plant and in vitro propagated plants were found to be similar to each other. Furthermore, regenerated plants were eco-physiologically and functionally comparable to that of the mother plant. The maximized regeneration protocol using mT is thus effective and safe for large scale production of true to type C. sativa plants.
As soon as I find a link for the paper I will post it. If anyone finds one please post. Meanwhile, I did ask the author for the paper, so I can read it.
Go here: http://sci-hub.io/
-SamS
Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 6 February 2016
Hemant Lata, Suman Chandra, Natascha Techen, Ikhlas A. Khan, Mahmoud A. ElSohly
doi:10.1016/j.jarmap.2015.12.001
Abstract
The present study describes a simple, efficient and one step regeneration system for rapid shoot proliferation and in vitro rooting of Cannabis sativa nodal explants using meta-topolin (mT), an aromatic natural cytokinin. The best response in terms of explants producing maximum number of shoots with maximum shoot length and percent explants producing shoots was recorded on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2 μM mT. Shoots multiplied on the same medium for two sub-cultures were able to induce healthy roots within 4–6 weeks. A separate medium containing auxin was not required for root induction. Regenerated plantlets were successfully acclimatized and hardened off in the climatic controlled grow room with 100% survival rate. Genetic fidelity of in vitro propagated plants was tested using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Our results show that all the ISSR profiles from in vitro propagated plants were monomorphic and comparable to that of the mother plant, thereby confirming the genetic fidelity. Qualitatively and quantitatively, cannabinoid profiles and the content, using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC–FID), in mother plant and in vitro propagated plants were found to be similar to each other. Furthermore, regenerated plants were eco-physiologically and functionally comparable to that of the mother plant. The maximized regeneration protocol using mT is thus effective and safe for large scale production of true to type C. sativa plants.
As soon as I find a link for the paper I will post it. If anyone finds one please post. Meanwhile, I did ask the author for the paper, so I can read it.
Go here: http://sci-hub.io/
-SamS
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For full papers go to here:
http://sci-hub.io/
type the DOI into the search.
I found both of the last two posted papers which were not online for free anyplace else.
-SamS
http://sci-hub.io/
type the DOI into the search.
I found both of the last two posted papers which were not online for free anyplace else.
-SamS
Maybe interesting for Only Ornamental? First signs of intersex DNA tests.
Euphytica
DOI 10.1007/s10681-016-1641-2
Identification of QTLs for sex expression in dioecious
and monoecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)
A.-M. Faux . X. Draye . M.-C. Flamand .
A. Occre . P. Bertin
Abstract Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a diploid
species including both dioecious and monoecious
cultivars with hetero- and homomorphic sex chromosomes,
respectively. It displays a high plasticity of sex
expression, i.e., the ratio of female and male flowers.
In this study, we investigated the role of sex chromosomes
in the genetic determinism of sex expression in
dioecious and monoecious hemp. The experimental
materials were three F1 segregating populations, two
dioecious (C1 and C2: ‘Carmagnola’ $ 9 ‘Carmagnola’
#), and one monoecious (UF: ‘Uso 31’ 9 ‘Fedora
17’). A ‘sex’ phenotypic marker was mapped in
C1 and C2. In total, 23, 42, and 26 AFLP markers (71
markers in total) were mapped to three, nine, and three
co-segregation groups putatively located on sex chromosomes
in C1, C2, and UF, respectively. Recombination
rates with sex ranged from 0 to 0.5. Five sexlinked
markers were detected in UF, revealing
homologies between the X chromosomes of monoecious
hemp and the X and Y chromosomes of
dioecious hemp. Five QTLs associated with quantitative
variations in sex expression were identified in
each map. Four markers associated with variations in
sex expression in UF segregated with sex or accounted
for a putative QTL in C1 or C2. Two QTLs and three
of these markers were mapped in UF in a region
homologous to the sex-locus region of the dioecious
maps. Given these results, conducting further research
on the genetic determinism of sex expression in hemp
using a quantitative approach appears relevant.
Euphytica
DOI 10.1007/s10681-016-1641-2
Euphytica
DOI 10.1007/s10681-016-1641-2
Identification of QTLs for sex expression in dioecious
and monoecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)
A.-M. Faux . X. Draye . M.-C. Flamand .
A. Occre . P. Bertin
Abstract Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a diploid
species including both dioecious and monoecious
cultivars with hetero- and homomorphic sex chromosomes,
respectively. It displays a high plasticity of sex
expression, i.e., the ratio of female and male flowers.
In this study, we investigated the role of sex chromosomes
in the genetic determinism of sex expression in
dioecious and monoecious hemp. The experimental
materials were three F1 segregating populations, two
dioecious (C1 and C2: ‘Carmagnola’ $ 9 ‘Carmagnola’
#), and one monoecious (UF: ‘Uso 31’ 9 ‘Fedora
17’). A ‘sex’ phenotypic marker was mapped in
C1 and C2. In total, 23, 42, and 26 AFLP markers (71
markers in total) were mapped to three, nine, and three
co-segregation groups putatively located on sex chromosomes
in C1, C2, and UF, respectively. Recombination
rates with sex ranged from 0 to 0.5. Five sexlinked
markers were detected in UF, revealing
homologies between the X chromosomes of monoecious
hemp and the X and Y chromosomes of
dioecious hemp. Five QTLs associated with quantitative
variations in sex expression were identified in
each map. Four markers associated with variations in
sex expression in UF segregated with sex or accounted
for a putative QTL in C1 or C2. Two QTLs and three
of these markers were mapped in UF in a region
homologous to the sex-locus region of the dioecious
maps. Given these results, conducting further research
on the genetic determinism of sex expression in hemp
using a quantitative approach appears relevant.
Euphytica
DOI 10.1007/s10681-016-1641-2
Thank you Sam for sharing! Sounds very interesting! Gotta read it in detail.
Thanks Sam.
Front. Plant Sci., 04 February 2016
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2016.00019/full
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00019
Cannabis sativa: The Plant of the Thousand and One Molecules
Christelle M. Andre*, Jean-Francois Hausman and Gea Guerriero
Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
Cannabis sativa L. is an important herbaceous species originating from Central Asia, which has been used in folk medicine and as a source of textile fiber since the dawn of times. This fast-growing plant has recently seen a resurgence of interest because of its multi-purpose applications: it is indeed a treasure trove of phytochemicals and a rich source of both cellulosic and woody fibers. Equally highly interested in this plant are the pharmaceutical and construction sectors, since its metabolites show potent bioactivities on human health and its outer and inner stem tissues can be used to make bioplastics and concrete-like material, respectively. In this review, the rich spectrum of hemp phytochemicals is discussed by putting a special emphasis on molecules of industrial interest, including cannabinoids, terpenes and phenolic compounds, and their biosynthetic routes. Cannabinoids represent the most studied group of compounds, mainly due to their wide range of pharmaceutical effects in humans, including psychotropic activities. The therapeutic and commercial interests of some terpenes and phenolic compounds, and in particular stilbenoids and lignans, are also highlighted in view of the most recent literature data. Biotechnological avenues to enhance the production and bioactivity of hemp secondary metabolites are proposed by discussing the power of plant genetic engineering and tissue culture. In particular two systems are reviewed, i.e., cell suspension and hairy root cultures. Additionally, an entire section is devoted to hemp trichomes, in the light of their importance as phytochemical factories. Ultimately, prospects on the benefits linked to the use of the -omics technologies, such as metabolomics and transcriptomics to speed up the identification and the large-scale production of lead agents from bioengineered Cannabis cell culture, are presented.
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2016.00019/full
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00019
Cannabis sativa: The Plant of the Thousand and One Molecules
Christelle M. Andre*, Jean-Francois Hausman and Gea Guerriero
Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
Cannabis sativa L. is an important herbaceous species originating from Central Asia, which has been used in folk medicine and as a source of textile fiber since the dawn of times. This fast-growing plant has recently seen a resurgence of interest because of its multi-purpose applications: it is indeed a treasure trove of phytochemicals and a rich source of both cellulosic and woody fibers. Equally highly interested in this plant are the pharmaceutical and construction sectors, since its metabolites show potent bioactivities on human health and its outer and inner stem tissues can be used to make bioplastics and concrete-like material, respectively. In this review, the rich spectrum of hemp phytochemicals is discussed by putting a special emphasis on molecules of industrial interest, including cannabinoids, terpenes and phenolic compounds, and their biosynthetic routes. Cannabinoids represent the most studied group of compounds, mainly due to their wide range of pharmaceutical effects in humans, including psychotropic activities. The therapeutic and commercial interests of some terpenes and phenolic compounds, and in particular stilbenoids and lignans, are also highlighted in view of the most recent literature data. Biotechnological avenues to enhance the production and bioactivity of hemp secondary metabolites are proposed by discussing the power of plant genetic engineering and tissue culture. In particular two systems are reviewed, i.e., cell suspension and hairy root cultures. Additionally, an entire section is devoted to hemp trichomes, in the light of their importance as phytochemical factories. Ultimately, prospects on the benefits linked to the use of the -omics technologies, such as metabolomics and transcriptomics to speed up the identification and the large-scale production of lead agents from bioengineered Cannabis cell culture, are presented.
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THC (TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL) ACCUMULATION IN GLANDS OF CANNABIS (CANNABACEAE)
Paul G. Mahlberg and Eun Soo Kim, Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA; and Department of Biology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
INTRODUCTION
THC (delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is known to be present in flowering plants of Cannabis. However, its location in the plant and particularly in the cell remains less generally known. Our studies have been directed to determining where these compounds are localized at the whole plant and cellular level, with a long term objective to determine the organelle or membrane in the cell in their synthesis. It also should be possible to identify the gene responsible for synthesis of these compounds, THC in particular, and modulate this gene so as to develop strains of Cannabis with no THC, or no cannabinoids. Such strains would be intended for hemp agriculture.
The first phase of this study is to determine localization of THC in the plant. As part of this program we initiated an effort to accumulate a germplasm collection of various strains of world-wide distribution that are utilized in hemp cultivation in the classical sense, as well as seed oil strains and those with various levels of THC. We have utilized these strains for analyses of cannabinoids and their distribution; they also will serve as a germplasm source for future studies.
The purposes of this study are: a) to determine where cannabinoids are localized in the plant, and in which specific tissue, and b) to determine where within the cell or tissue cannabinoids are localized. Preliminary studies show it to be in the gland. Historically, it has been reported that a glandless mutant was detected at one time, but is now lost. If THC is in the gland, and glandless mutants can be produced, it should then be possible to reduce significantly the THC content of the plant. Such a plant, with its low THC content, would be a potentially important strain for the industrial hemp industry.
......entire paper and research here:
http://www.hempreport.com/issues/17/malbody17.html
Paul G. Mahlberg and Eun Soo Kim, Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA; and Department of Biology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
INTRODUCTION
THC (delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is known to be present in flowering plants of Cannabis. However, its location in the plant and particularly in the cell remains less generally known. Our studies have been directed to determining where these compounds are localized at the whole plant and cellular level, with a long term objective to determine the organelle or membrane in the cell in their synthesis. It also should be possible to identify the gene responsible for synthesis of these compounds, THC in particular, and modulate this gene so as to develop strains of Cannabis with no THC, or no cannabinoids. Such strains would be intended for hemp agriculture.
The first phase of this study is to determine localization of THC in the plant. As part of this program we initiated an effort to accumulate a germplasm collection of various strains of world-wide distribution that are utilized in hemp cultivation in the classical sense, as well as seed oil strains and those with various levels of THC. We have utilized these strains for analyses of cannabinoids and their distribution; they also will serve as a germplasm source for future studies.
The purposes of this study are: a) to determine where cannabinoids are localized in the plant, and in which specific tissue, and b) to determine where within the cell or tissue cannabinoids are localized. Preliminary studies show it to be in the gland. Historically, it has been reported that a glandless mutant was detected at one time, but is now lost. If THC is in the gland, and glandless mutants can be produced, it should then be possible to reduce significantly the THC content of the plant. Such a plant, with its low THC content, would be a potentially important strain for the industrial hemp industry.
......entire paper and research here:
http://www.hempreport.com/issues/17/malbody17.html
