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No Big Bang? Quantum equation predicts universe has no beginning
- Thread starter Weird
- Start date
- Status
genedigger
Member
i never professed to believe in any religion,but because i dont like evolution you use your brain which obviously evolved to classify me as part of some religious group.thats good stuff right there,you just proved your theory of evolution.i dont believe in it so i must be a christian,your smart.that was a good post weird.
Oh so your saying christians are getting scared
Thanks for sharing the info
Anyone who is in somalia is in trouble, christian or not, but yeah i believe christian more so.
Yeah there is a big war going on against christians atm.
Drfever, why do you think they are getting killed like that ?
I dunno what to think of that. I dont think killing is okay.
I read that they kill kids too, giving them a chance to convert to islam first.
http://www.godvine.com/Christians-are-Being-Persecuted-and-Murdered-Worldwide-32.html
I wonder if christians in the past also did this kind of thing, and even if they did, i dont see these things happening now. I dont understand how the world is letting people get killed for their faiths.
List of murders and injured, dates, cities and countries where it happened
http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Pages/ChristianAttacks.htm
I read that they kill kids too, giving them a chance to convert to islam first.
http://www.godvine.com/Christians-are-Being-Persecuted-and-Murdered-Worldwide-32.html
I wonder if christians in the past also did this kind of thing, and even if they did, i dont see these things happening now. I dont understand how the world is letting people get killed for their faiths.
List of murders and injured, dates, cities and countries where it happened
http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Pages/ChristianAttacks.htm
http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Pages/ChristianAttacks.htm
It looks like it started right at the beginning TBO christians killing there own Hitler's plans were to kill christians as well after the war for the lies and non sense lucky he didn't win the war there be no Christians today probably
and why there getting killed today for the non sense
Persecution of Christians in the New Testament[edit]
Main article: Persecution of Christians in the New Testament
Early Christianity began as a sect among Jews, and according to the New Testament account, Pharisees, including Paul of Tarsus prior to his conversion to Christianity, persecuted early Christians. The early Christians preached a Messiah which did not conform to the expectations of the time.[5] However, feeling that Jesus was presaged in Isaiah's Suffering Servant and in all of Jewish scripture, Christians had been hopeful that their countrymen would accept their vision of a New Israel.[6] Despite many individual conversions, a opposition was found in their countrymen.[6]
Claudia Setzer asserts that, "Jews did not see Christians as clearly separate from their own community until at least the middle of the second century." Thus, acts of Jewish persecution of Christians fall within the boundaries of synagogue discipline and were so perceived by Jews acting and thinking as the established community. The Christians, on the other hand, saw themselves as persecuted rather than "disciplined."[7]
The Crucifixion of St. Peter by Caravaggio
Dissension began almost immediately with the teachings of Stephen at Jerusalem (unorthodox by contemporaneous Jewish standards), and never ceased entirely while the city remained.[6] According to Acts of the Apostles, a year after the Crucifixion of Jesus, Stephen was stoned for his alleged transgression of orthodoxy,[8] with Saul (who later converted and was renamed Paul) looking on.
In 41 AD, when Agrippa I, who already possessed the territory of Antipas and Phillip, obtained the title of King of the Jews, in a sense re-forming the Kingdom of Herod, he was reportedly eager to endear himself to his Jewish subjects and continued the persecution in which James the Greater lost his life, Peter narrowly escaped and the rest of the apostles took flight.[6]
After Agrippa's death, the Roman procuratorship began (before 41 they were Prefects in Iudaea Province) and those leaders maintained a neutral peace, until the procurator Festus died and the high priest Annas II took advantage of the power vacuum to attack the Church and executed James the Just, then leader of Jerusalem's Christians.[6] The New Testament states that Paul was himself imprisoned on several occasions by Roman authorities, stoned by Pharisees and left for dead on one occasion, and was eventually taken as a prisoner to Rome. Peter and other early Christians were also imprisoned, beaten and harassed. A Jewish revolt, spurred by the Roman killing of 3,000 Jews, led to the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD, the end of sacrificial Judaism (until the Third Temple), and the disempowering of the Jewish persecutors; the Christian community, meanwhile, having fled to safety in the already pacified region of Pella.[6]
The New Testament, especially the Gospel of John, has traditionally been interpreted as relating Christian accounts of the Pharisee rejection of Jesus and accusations of the Pharisee responsibility for his crucifixion. The Acts of the Apostles depicts instances of early Christian persecution by the Sanhedrin, the Jewish religious court of the time.[9]
Luke T. Johnson nuances the portrayal of the Jews in the Gospels by contextualizing the polemics within the rhetoric of contemporaneous philosophical debate, showing how rival schools of thought routinely insulted and slandered their opponents. These attacks were formulaic and stereotyped, crafted to define who was the enemy in the debates, but not used with the expectation that their insults and accusations would be taken literally, as they would be centuries later.[10]
Walter Laqueur argues that hostility between Christians and Jews grew over the generations. By the 4th century, John Chrysostom was arguing that the Pharisees alone, not the Romans, were responsible for the murder of Christ. However, according to Laqueur: "Absolving Pilate from guilt may have been connected with the missionary activities of early Christianity in Rome and the desire not to antagonize those they want to convert."[11]
Persecution of early Christians in the Roman Empire[edit]
Persecution of the Christians.
Main article: Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
Persecution under Nero, 64–68 AD[edit]
Main article: Great Fire of Rome
The first documented case of imperially supervised persecution of the Christians in the Roman Empire begins with Nero (37–68). In 64 AD, a great fire broke out in Rome, destroying portions of the city and economically devastating the Roman population. Some people suspected Nero himself as the arsonist, as Suetonius reported,[12] claiming he played the lyre and sang the 'Sack of Ilium' during the fires. In his Annals, Tacitus (who wrote that Nero was in Antium at the time of the fire's outbreak), stated that "to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians (or Chrestians)[13] by the populace" (Tacit. Annals XV, see Tacitus on Jesus). Suetonius, later to the period, does not mention any persecution after the fire, but in a previous paragraph unrelated to the fire, mentions punishments inflicted on Christians, defined as men following a new and malefic superstition. Suetonius however does not specify the reasons for the punishment, he just lists the fact together with other abuses put down by Nero.[14]
Persecution from the 2nd century to Constantine[edit]
By the mid-2nd century AD, mobs could be found willing to throw stones at Christians, and they might be mobilized by rival sects. The Persecution in Lyon in which Christians were mass-slaughtered by wild beasts for reportedly refusing to renounce their faith according to St. Irenaeus[15] was preceded by mob violence, including assaults, robberies and stonings (Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 5.1.7).
Further state persecutions were desultory until the 3rd century, though Tertullian's Apologeticus of 197 was ostensibly written in defense of persecuted Christians and addressed to Roman governors.[16] The "edict of Septimius Severus" familiar in Christian history is doubted by some secular historians to have existed outside Christian martyrology.
The first documentable Empire-wide persecution took place under Maximinus Thrax, though only the clergy were sought out. It was not until Decius during the mid-century that a persecution of Christian laity across the Empire took place. Christian sources aver that a decree was issued requiring public sacrifice, a formality equivalent to a testimonial of allegiance to the Emperor and the established order. Decius authorized roving commissions visiting the cities and villages to supervise the execution of the sacrifices and to deliver written certificates to all citizens who performed them. Christians were often given opportunities to avoid further punishment by publicly offering sacrifices or burning incense to Roman gods, and were accused by the Romans of impiety when they refused. Refusal was punished by arrest, imprisonment, torture, and executions. Christians fled to safe havens in the countryside and some purchased their certificates, called libelli. Several councils held at Carthage debated the extent to which the community should accept these lapsed Christians.
Some early Christians sought out and welcomed martyrdom. Roman authorities tried hard to avoid Christians because they "goaded, chided, belittled and insulted the crowds until they demanded their death."[17] According to Droge and Tabor, "in 185 the proconsul of Asia, Arrius Antoninus, was approached by a group of Christians demanding to be executed. The proconsul obliged some of them and then sent the rest away, saying that if they wanted to kill themselves there was plenty of rope available or cliffs they could jump off."[18] Such seeking after death is found in Tertullian's Scorpiace or in the letters of Saint Ignatius of Antioch but was certainly not the only view of martyrdom in the Christian church. Both Polycarp and Cyprian, bishops in Smyrna and Carthage respectively, attempted to avoid martyrdom.
Palestinian bishop Eusebius of Caesaraea described the mass murder of Christians by their fellow Jews during the Bar Kochba revolt c. AD 132.[19]
The Great Persecution[edit]
Main article: Diocletian Persecution
"Faithful Unto Death" by Herbert Schmalz
The persecutions culminated with Diocletian and Galerius at the end of the third and beginning of the 4th century. The Great Persecution is considered the largest. Beginning with a series of four edicts banning Christian practices and ordering the imprisonment of Christian clergy, the persecution intensified until all Christians in the empire were commanded to sacrifice to the Roman gods or face immediate execution. Over 20,000 Christians are thought to have died during Diocletian's reign. One of the most prominent martyrs during the Dioclecian persecution was Saint George, a Roman soldier who loudly renounced the Emperor's edict, and in front of his fellow soldiers and tribunes he claimed himself to be a Christian and declared his worship of Jesus Christ. Diocletian attempted to convert George, even offering gifts of land, money and slaves if he made a sacrifice to the Roman gods; he made many offers, but George never accepted[20]. However, as Diocletian zealously persecuted Christians in the Eastern part of the empire, his co-emperors in the West did not follow the edicts and so Christians in Gaul, Spain, and Britannia were virtually unmolested.
This persecution lasted, until Constantine I came to power in 313 and legalized Christianity. It was not until Theodosius I in the later 4th century that Christianity would become the official religion of the Empire. Between these two events Julian II temporarily restored the traditional Roman religion and established broad religious tolerance renewing Pagan and Christian hostilities.
Martyrs were considered uniquely exemplary of the Christian faith, and few early saints were not also martyrs.
The New Catholic Encyclopedia states that "Ancient, medieval and early modern hagiographers were inclined to exaggerate the number of martyrs. Since the title of martyr is the highest title to which a Christian can aspire, this tendency is natural". Estimates of Christians killed for religious reasons before the year 313 vary greatly, depending on the scholar quoted, from a high of almost 100,000 to a low of 10,000.
It looks like it started right at the beginning TBO christians killing there own Hitler's plans were to kill christians as well after the war for the lies and non sense lucky he didn't win the war there be no Christians today probably
and why there getting killed today for the non sense
Persecution of Christians in the New Testament[edit]
Main article: Persecution of Christians in the New Testament
Early Christianity began as a sect among Jews, and according to the New Testament account, Pharisees, including Paul of Tarsus prior to his conversion to Christianity, persecuted early Christians. The early Christians preached a Messiah which did not conform to the expectations of the time.[5] However, feeling that Jesus was presaged in Isaiah's Suffering Servant and in all of Jewish scripture, Christians had been hopeful that their countrymen would accept their vision of a New Israel.[6] Despite many individual conversions, a opposition was found in their countrymen.[6]
Claudia Setzer asserts that, "Jews did not see Christians as clearly separate from their own community until at least the middle of the second century." Thus, acts of Jewish persecution of Christians fall within the boundaries of synagogue discipline and were so perceived by Jews acting and thinking as the established community. The Christians, on the other hand, saw themselves as persecuted rather than "disciplined."[7]
The Crucifixion of St. Peter by Caravaggio
Dissension began almost immediately with the teachings of Stephen at Jerusalem (unorthodox by contemporaneous Jewish standards), and never ceased entirely while the city remained.[6] According to Acts of the Apostles, a year after the Crucifixion of Jesus, Stephen was stoned for his alleged transgression of orthodoxy,[8] with Saul (who later converted and was renamed Paul) looking on.
In 41 AD, when Agrippa I, who already possessed the territory of Antipas and Phillip, obtained the title of King of the Jews, in a sense re-forming the Kingdom of Herod, he was reportedly eager to endear himself to his Jewish subjects and continued the persecution in which James the Greater lost his life, Peter narrowly escaped and the rest of the apostles took flight.[6]
After Agrippa's death, the Roman procuratorship began (before 41 they were Prefects in Iudaea Province) and those leaders maintained a neutral peace, until the procurator Festus died and the high priest Annas II took advantage of the power vacuum to attack the Church and executed James the Just, then leader of Jerusalem's Christians.[6] The New Testament states that Paul was himself imprisoned on several occasions by Roman authorities, stoned by Pharisees and left for dead on one occasion, and was eventually taken as a prisoner to Rome. Peter and other early Christians were also imprisoned, beaten and harassed. A Jewish revolt, spurred by the Roman killing of 3,000 Jews, led to the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD, the end of sacrificial Judaism (until the Third Temple), and the disempowering of the Jewish persecutors; the Christian community, meanwhile, having fled to safety in the already pacified region of Pella.[6]
The New Testament, especially the Gospel of John, has traditionally been interpreted as relating Christian accounts of the Pharisee rejection of Jesus and accusations of the Pharisee responsibility for his crucifixion. The Acts of the Apostles depicts instances of early Christian persecution by the Sanhedrin, the Jewish religious court of the time.[9]
Luke T. Johnson nuances the portrayal of the Jews in the Gospels by contextualizing the polemics within the rhetoric of contemporaneous philosophical debate, showing how rival schools of thought routinely insulted and slandered their opponents. These attacks were formulaic and stereotyped, crafted to define who was the enemy in the debates, but not used with the expectation that their insults and accusations would be taken literally, as they would be centuries later.[10]
Walter Laqueur argues that hostility between Christians and Jews grew over the generations. By the 4th century, John Chrysostom was arguing that the Pharisees alone, not the Romans, were responsible for the murder of Christ. However, according to Laqueur: "Absolving Pilate from guilt may have been connected with the missionary activities of early Christianity in Rome and the desire not to antagonize those they want to convert."[11]
Persecution of early Christians in the Roman Empire[edit]
Persecution of the Christians.
Main article: Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
Persecution under Nero, 64–68 AD[edit]
Main article: Great Fire of Rome
The first documented case of imperially supervised persecution of the Christians in the Roman Empire begins with Nero (37–68). In 64 AD, a great fire broke out in Rome, destroying portions of the city and economically devastating the Roman population. Some people suspected Nero himself as the arsonist, as Suetonius reported,[12] claiming he played the lyre and sang the 'Sack of Ilium' during the fires. In his Annals, Tacitus (who wrote that Nero was in Antium at the time of the fire's outbreak), stated that "to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians (or Chrestians)[13] by the populace" (Tacit. Annals XV, see Tacitus on Jesus). Suetonius, later to the period, does not mention any persecution after the fire, but in a previous paragraph unrelated to the fire, mentions punishments inflicted on Christians, defined as men following a new and malefic superstition. Suetonius however does not specify the reasons for the punishment, he just lists the fact together with other abuses put down by Nero.[14]
Persecution from the 2nd century to Constantine[edit]
By the mid-2nd century AD, mobs could be found willing to throw stones at Christians, and they might be mobilized by rival sects. The Persecution in Lyon in which Christians were mass-slaughtered by wild beasts for reportedly refusing to renounce their faith according to St. Irenaeus[15] was preceded by mob violence, including assaults, robberies and stonings (Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 5.1.7).
Further state persecutions were desultory until the 3rd century, though Tertullian's Apologeticus of 197 was ostensibly written in defense of persecuted Christians and addressed to Roman governors.[16] The "edict of Septimius Severus" familiar in Christian history is doubted by some secular historians to have existed outside Christian martyrology.
The first documentable Empire-wide persecution took place under Maximinus Thrax, though only the clergy were sought out. It was not until Decius during the mid-century that a persecution of Christian laity across the Empire took place. Christian sources aver that a decree was issued requiring public sacrifice, a formality equivalent to a testimonial of allegiance to the Emperor and the established order. Decius authorized roving commissions visiting the cities and villages to supervise the execution of the sacrifices and to deliver written certificates to all citizens who performed them. Christians were often given opportunities to avoid further punishment by publicly offering sacrifices or burning incense to Roman gods, and were accused by the Romans of impiety when they refused. Refusal was punished by arrest, imprisonment, torture, and executions. Christians fled to safe havens in the countryside and some purchased their certificates, called libelli. Several councils held at Carthage debated the extent to which the community should accept these lapsed Christians.
Some early Christians sought out and welcomed martyrdom. Roman authorities tried hard to avoid Christians because they "goaded, chided, belittled and insulted the crowds until they demanded their death."[17] According to Droge and Tabor, "in 185 the proconsul of Asia, Arrius Antoninus, was approached by a group of Christians demanding to be executed. The proconsul obliged some of them and then sent the rest away, saying that if they wanted to kill themselves there was plenty of rope available or cliffs they could jump off."[18] Such seeking after death is found in Tertullian's Scorpiace or in the letters of Saint Ignatius of Antioch but was certainly not the only view of martyrdom in the Christian church. Both Polycarp and Cyprian, bishops in Smyrna and Carthage respectively, attempted to avoid martyrdom.
Palestinian bishop Eusebius of Caesaraea described the mass murder of Christians by their fellow Jews during the Bar Kochba revolt c. AD 132.[19]
The Great Persecution[edit]
Main article: Diocletian Persecution
"Faithful Unto Death" by Herbert Schmalz
The persecutions culminated with Diocletian and Galerius at the end of the third and beginning of the 4th century. The Great Persecution is considered the largest. Beginning with a series of four edicts banning Christian practices and ordering the imprisonment of Christian clergy, the persecution intensified until all Christians in the empire were commanded to sacrifice to the Roman gods or face immediate execution. Over 20,000 Christians are thought to have died during Diocletian's reign. One of the most prominent martyrs during the Dioclecian persecution was Saint George, a Roman soldier who loudly renounced the Emperor's edict, and in front of his fellow soldiers and tribunes he claimed himself to be a Christian and declared his worship of Jesus Christ. Diocletian attempted to convert George, even offering gifts of land, money and slaves if he made a sacrifice to the Roman gods; he made many offers, but George never accepted[20]. However, as Diocletian zealously persecuted Christians in the Eastern part of the empire, his co-emperors in the West did not follow the edicts and so Christians in Gaul, Spain, and Britannia were virtually unmolested.
This persecution lasted, until Constantine I came to power in 313 and legalized Christianity. It was not until Theodosius I in the later 4th century that Christianity would become the official religion of the Empire. Between these two events Julian II temporarily restored the traditional Roman religion and established broad religious tolerance renewing Pagan and Christian hostilities.
Martyrs were considered uniquely exemplary of the Christian faith, and few early saints were not also martyrs.
The New Catholic Encyclopedia states that "Ancient, medieval and early modern hagiographers were inclined to exaggerate the number of martyrs. Since the title of martyr is the highest title to which a Christian can aspire, this tendency is natural". Estimates of Christians killed for religious reasons before the year 313 vary greatly, depending on the scholar quoted, from a high of almost 100,000 to a low of 10,000.
Einstein agrees with you!
Sheeple.
Devoid of critical thinking ability.
Cognitive dissonance.
People who think they speak to/know gods, believe it gives them the right to slaughter anyone who thinks differently. Look at what is going on in the muslim world. Daily slaughter, stoning, burning people alive, lashing people, suicide bombings, misogyny. Women treated like animals (worse, really) by this so called religion, which is really a fascist system of population control, and a war on other religions. Madness & barbarism in the name of god. And Christians did the same thing in the middle ages. Believe, or die. One inquisitor personally burned alive over 2000 people @ the stake.There is no way to sugar coat mass insanity/barbarism.
NASA Satellites Catch 'Growth Spurt' from Newborn Protostar March 23, 2015
Using data from orbiting observatories, including NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, and ground-based facilities, an international team of astronomers has discovered an outburst from a star thought to be in the earliest phase of its development. The eruption, scientists say, reveals a sudden accumulation of gas and dust by an exceptionally young protostar known as HOPS 383.
Stars form within collapsing fragments of cold gas clouds. As the cloud contracts under its own gravity, its central region becomes denser and hotter. By the end of this process, the collapsing fragment has transformed into a hot central protostar surrounded by a dusty disk roughly equal in mass, embedded in a dense envelope of gas and dust. Astronomers call this a "Class 0" protostar.
"HOPS 383 is the first outburst we've ever seen from a Class 0 object, and it appears to be the youngest protostellar eruption ever recorded," said William Fischer, a NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
mosaic of images of HOPS 383, a young protostar in the Orion star-formation complex
Infrared images from instruments at Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO, left) and NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope document the outburst of HOPS 383, a young protostar in the Orion star-formation complex. Background: A wide view of the region taken from a Spitzer four-color infrared mosaic.
Image Credit: E. Safron et al.; Background: NASA/JPL/T. Megeath (U-Toledo)
Feature Link:
Unlabeled image..
The Class 0 phase is short-lived, lasting roughly 150,000 years, and is considered the earliest developmental stage for stars like the sun.
A protostar has not yet developed the energy-generating capabilities of a sun-like star, which fuses hydrogen into helium in its core. Instead, a protostar shines from the heat energy released by its contraction and by the accumulation of material from the disk of gas and dust surrounding it. The disk may one day develop asteroids, comets and planets.
Because these infant suns are thickly swaddled in gas and dust, their visible light cannot escape. But the light warms dust around the protostar, which reradiates the energy in the form of heat detectable by infrared-sensitive instruments on ground-based telescopes and orbiting satellites.
HOPS 383 is located near NGC 1977, a nebula in the constellation Orion and a part of its sprawling star-formation complex. Located about 1,400 light-years away, the region constitutes the most active nearby "star factory" and hosts a treasure trove of young stellar objects still embedded in their natal clouds.
A team led by Thomas Megeath at the University of Toledo in Ohio used Spitzer to identify more than 300 protostars in the Orion complex. A follow-on project using the European Space Agency's Herschel Space Observatory, called the Herschel Orion Protostar Survey (HOPS), studied many of these objects in greater detail.
The eruption of HOPS 383 was first recognized in 2014 by astronomer Emily Safron shortly after her graduation from the University of Toledo. Under the supervision of Megeath and Fischer, she had just completed her senior thesis comparing the decade-old Spitzer Orion survey with 2010 observations from NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) satellite. Using software to analyze the data, Safron had already run through it several times without finding anything new. But with her thesis completed and graduation behind her, she decided to take the extra time to compare images of the "funny objects" by eye.
That's when she noticed HOPS 383's dramatic change. "This beautiful outburst was lurking in our sample the whole time," Safron said.
Safron's catalog of observations included Spitzer data at wavelengths of 3.6, 4.5 and 24 microns and WISE data at 3.4, 4.6 and 22 microns. HOPS 383 is so deeply enshrouded in dust that it wasn't seen at all before the outburst at the shortest Spitzer wavelength, and an oversight in a version of the catalog produced before Safron's involvement masked the increase at the longest wavelengths. As a result, her software saw a rise in brightness in only one wavelength out of three, which failed to meet her criteria for the changes she was hoping to find.
Once they realized what had happened, Safron, Fischer and their colleagues gathered additional Spitzer data, Herschel observations, and images from ground-based infrared telescopes at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona and the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment in northern Chile. Their findings were published in the Feb. 10 edition of The Astrophysical Journal.
The first hint of brightening appears in Spitzer data from 2006. By 2008, they write, HOPS 383's brightness at a wavelength of 24 microns had increased by 35 times. According to the most recent data available, from 2012, the eruption shows no sign of abating.
"An outburst lasting this long rules out many possibilities, and we think HOPS 383 is best explained by a sudden increase in the amount of gas the protostar is accreting from the disk around it," explained Fischer.
Scientists suspect that instabilities in the disk lead to episodes where large quantities of material flow onto the central protostar. The star develops an extreme hot spot at the impact point, which in turn heats up the disk, and both brighten dramatically.
The team continues to monitor HOPS 383 and has proposed new observations using NASA's Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), the world's largest flying telescope.
http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard...th-spurt-from-newborn-protostar/#.VREU_xZ1tV4
Using data from orbiting observatories, including NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, and ground-based facilities, an international team of astronomers has discovered an outburst from a star thought to be in the earliest phase of its development. The eruption, scientists say, reveals a sudden accumulation of gas and dust by an exceptionally young protostar known as HOPS 383.
Stars form within collapsing fragments of cold gas clouds. As the cloud contracts under its own gravity, its central region becomes denser and hotter. By the end of this process, the collapsing fragment has transformed into a hot central protostar surrounded by a dusty disk roughly equal in mass, embedded in a dense envelope of gas and dust. Astronomers call this a "Class 0" protostar.
"HOPS 383 is the first outburst we've ever seen from a Class 0 object, and it appears to be the youngest protostellar eruption ever recorded," said William Fischer, a NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
mosaic of images of HOPS 383, a young protostar in the Orion star-formation complex
Infrared images from instruments at Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO, left) and NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope document the outburst of HOPS 383, a young protostar in the Orion star-formation complex. Background: A wide view of the region taken from a Spitzer four-color infrared mosaic.
Image Credit: E. Safron et al.; Background: NASA/JPL/T. Megeath (U-Toledo)
Feature Link:
Unlabeled image..
The Class 0 phase is short-lived, lasting roughly 150,000 years, and is considered the earliest developmental stage for stars like the sun.
A protostar has not yet developed the energy-generating capabilities of a sun-like star, which fuses hydrogen into helium in its core. Instead, a protostar shines from the heat energy released by its contraction and by the accumulation of material from the disk of gas and dust surrounding it. The disk may one day develop asteroids, comets and planets.
Because these infant suns are thickly swaddled in gas and dust, their visible light cannot escape. But the light warms dust around the protostar, which reradiates the energy in the form of heat detectable by infrared-sensitive instruments on ground-based telescopes and orbiting satellites.
HOPS 383 is located near NGC 1977, a nebula in the constellation Orion and a part of its sprawling star-formation complex. Located about 1,400 light-years away, the region constitutes the most active nearby "star factory" and hosts a treasure trove of young stellar objects still embedded in their natal clouds.
A team led by Thomas Megeath at the University of Toledo in Ohio used Spitzer to identify more than 300 protostars in the Orion complex. A follow-on project using the European Space Agency's Herschel Space Observatory, called the Herschel Orion Protostar Survey (HOPS), studied many of these objects in greater detail.
The eruption of HOPS 383 was first recognized in 2014 by astronomer Emily Safron shortly after her graduation from the University of Toledo. Under the supervision of Megeath and Fischer, she had just completed her senior thesis comparing the decade-old Spitzer Orion survey with 2010 observations from NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) satellite. Using software to analyze the data, Safron had already run through it several times without finding anything new. But with her thesis completed and graduation behind her, she decided to take the extra time to compare images of the "funny objects" by eye.
That's when she noticed HOPS 383's dramatic change. "This beautiful outburst was lurking in our sample the whole time," Safron said.
Safron's catalog of observations included Spitzer data at wavelengths of 3.6, 4.5 and 24 microns and WISE data at 3.4, 4.6 and 22 microns. HOPS 383 is so deeply enshrouded in dust that it wasn't seen at all before the outburst at the shortest Spitzer wavelength, and an oversight in a version of the catalog produced before Safron's involvement masked the increase at the longest wavelengths. As a result, her software saw a rise in brightness in only one wavelength out of three, which failed to meet her criteria for the changes she was hoping to find.
Once they realized what had happened, Safron, Fischer and their colleagues gathered additional Spitzer data, Herschel observations, and images from ground-based infrared telescopes at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona and the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment in northern Chile. Their findings were published in the Feb. 10 edition of The Astrophysical Journal.
The first hint of brightening appears in Spitzer data from 2006. By 2008, they write, HOPS 383's brightness at a wavelength of 24 microns had increased by 35 times. According to the most recent data available, from 2012, the eruption shows no sign of abating.
"An outburst lasting this long rules out many possibilities, and we think HOPS 383 is best explained by a sudden increase in the amount of gas the protostar is accreting from the disk around it," explained Fischer.
Scientists suspect that instabilities in the disk lead to episodes where large quantities of material flow onto the central protostar. The star develops an extreme hot spot at the impact point, which in turn heats up the disk, and both brighten dramatically.
The team continues to monitor HOPS 383 and has proposed new observations using NASA's Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), the world's largest flying telescope.
http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard...th-spurt-from-newborn-protostar/#.VREU_xZ1tV4
NYPD cop and pastor is charged with rape for having sex with 16-year-old girl
NYPD cop and pastor is charged with rape for having sex with 16-year-old girl
And the latest from the "holier than thou" crew. This pastor/cop loves the bible, but he raped a 16 year old girl.
" A 38-year-old Bronx cop and pastor was arrested Tuesday on charges of having sex with a 16-year-old girl he met at his church youth program, officials said.
Officer Vladimir Sosa, a seven-year NYPD veteran, was arraigned Tuesday night in Bronx Criminal Court on third-degree rape, sexual misconduct and child endangerment charges.
“He abused his two positions of authority, both public and vestal,” Bronx Assistant District Attorney Joelle Morabito said.
Sosa is an evangelist who studied theology at the United Christian College in North Carolina, according to his Facebook page.
He is affiliated with the Iglesia Metodista Libre El Remanente on E. 180th St. in Tremont, the Bronx, where he met the teen, but often travels to preach at other houses of worship, said colleague Fernando Gonzalez, who helped found the church in 2001.
Gonzalez couldn’t believe the charges the Bronx cop is facing.
“It’s not true,” he said, adding that he’s always trusted Sosa with his three daughters. “It’s being made up.”
“Vladimir might have been trying to help the female in question with her spiritual life,” he said. “It might have happened that because of her young age, she confused the situation.
But a family friend of the victim, who want to remain anonymous, described the girl as an “innocent” who was seduced by the older man.
“She’s doing very bad ... she used to be a top student, a virgin, a girl that was in love with God and this man seduced her,” said the woman, who also knew Sosa. “She is crying, very depressed ... I can say that he destroyed her life.”
“This man used to be a good man, but only God knows when he let the devil take control of his life,” she said.
The NYPD’s Internal Affairs Bureau took Sosa in for questioning at the apartment he shares with his mother at the Bronx River Houses on Tuesday morning, officials said.
“We don’t know what’s going on,” his mother, who asked not to be identified, said Tuesday evening. “We can’t say anything right now.”
It’s believed that Sosa, who works at the 46th Precinct in Fordham, and the girl were romantically involved for at least seven months last year. He had consensual sex with the minor at least three times, thesources said.
All of the illicit hookups took place at Sosa’s apartment, according to court papers.
The teen’s family learned of the relationship when the girl’s mother found some incriminating texts on her child’s cell phone last month.
The teen admitted the relationship to her mom, who alerted authorities, according to police.
Sosa’s attorney, Cary London, said there is no physical evidence to back up the girl’s claims.
“There has never been a situation where they have been alone in the same room together,” London said.
Sosa, who kept his head bowed during the arraignment, was released on his own recognizance, despite Morabito’s request for $25,000 bail.
A man who identified himself as Sosa’s brother refused to comment at the cop’s home.
“The truth will set everyone free, just like the Bible says,” he said.
http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/nypd-sex-16-year-old-girl-police-article-1.2161126
NYPD cop and pastor is charged with rape for having sex with 16-year-old girl
And the latest from the "holier than thou" crew. This pastor/cop loves the bible, but he raped a 16 year old girl.
" A 38-year-old Bronx cop and pastor was arrested Tuesday on charges of having sex with a 16-year-old girl he met at his church youth program, officials said.
Officer Vladimir Sosa, a seven-year NYPD veteran, was arraigned Tuesday night in Bronx Criminal Court on third-degree rape, sexual misconduct and child endangerment charges.
“He abused his two positions of authority, both public and vestal,” Bronx Assistant District Attorney Joelle Morabito said.
Sosa is an evangelist who studied theology at the United Christian College in North Carolina, according to his Facebook page.
He is affiliated with the Iglesia Metodista Libre El Remanente on E. 180th St. in Tremont, the Bronx, where he met the teen, but often travels to preach at other houses of worship, said colleague Fernando Gonzalez, who helped found the church in 2001.
Gonzalez couldn’t believe the charges the Bronx cop is facing.
“It’s not true,” he said, adding that he’s always trusted Sosa with his three daughters. “It’s being made up.”
“Vladimir might have been trying to help the female in question with her spiritual life,” he said. “It might have happened that because of her young age, she confused the situation.
But a family friend of the victim, who want to remain anonymous, described the girl as an “innocent” who was seduced by the older man.
“She’s doing very bad ... she used to be a top student, a virgin, a girl that was in love with God and this man seduced her,” said the woman, who also knew Sosa. “She is crying, very depressed ... I can say that he destroyed her life.”
“This man used to be a good man, but only God knows when he let the devil take control of his life,” she said.
The NYPD’s Internal Affairs Bureau took Sosa in for questioning at the apartment he shares with his mother at the Bronx River Houses on Tuesday morning, officials said.
“We don’t know what’s going on,” his mother, who asked not to be identified, said Tuesday evening. “We can’t say anything right now.”
It’s believed that Sosa, who works at the 46th Precinct in Fordham, and the girl were romantically involved for at least seven months last year. He had consensual sex with the minor at least three times, thesources said.
All of the illicit hookups took place at Sosa’s apartment, according to court papers.
The teen’s family learned of the relationship when the girl’s mother found some incriminating texts on her child’s cell phone last month.
The teen admitted the relationship to her mom, who alerted authorities, according to police.
Sosa’s attorney, Cary London, said there is no physical evidence to back up the girl’s claims.
“There has never been a situation where they have been alone in the same room together,” London said.
Sosa, who kept his head bowed during the arraignment, was released on his own recognizance, despite Morabito’s request for $25,000 bail.
A man who identified himself as Sosa’s brother refused to comment at the cop’s home.
“The truth will set everyone free, just like the Bible says,” he said.
http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/nypd-sex-16-year-old-girl-police-article-1.2161126
N
noyd666
A STANDING PRICK HAS NO CONSCIOUS.
Earth has exceeded four of the nine limits for hospitable life, scientist claims
Earth has exceeded four of the nine limits for hospitable life, scientist claims
Back to science:
"
Humanity has raced past four of the boundaries keeping it hospitable to life, and we're inching close to the remaining five, an Earth resilience strategist has found.
In a paper published in Science in January 2015, Johan Rockström argues that we've already screwed up with regards to climate change, extinction of species, addition of phosphorus and nitrogen to the world's ecosystems and deforestation.
We are well within the boundaries for ocean acidification and freshwater use meanwhile, but cutting it fine with regards to emission of poisonous aerosols and stratospheric ozone depletion.
"The planet has been our best friend by buffering our actions and showing its resilience," Rockström said. "But for the first time ever, we might shift the planet from friend to foe."
This table by Ted shows where we're at according to his scale:
Rockström came up with the boundaries in 2007, and since then the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has risen to around 400 parts per million (the 'safe' boundary being 350 parts per million), risking high temperatures and sea levels, droughts and floods and other catastrophic climate problems.
The research echoes a recent debate over whether the Earth has moved from the Holocene epoch to a new one scientists are calling the Anthropocene, named after the substantial effect mankind has had on the Earth's crust.
It's not all doom and gloom though.
"Ours is a positive, not a doomsday, message," Rockström insisted.
He is confident that we can step back within some of the boundaries, for example through slashing carbon emissions and boosting agricultural yields in Africa to soothe deforestation and biodiversity loss.
"For the first time, we have a framework for growth, for eradicating poverty and hunger, and for improving health," he said.
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/s...nine-limits-for-hospitable-life-10111582.html
Earth has exceeded four of the nine limits for hospitable life, scientist claims
Back to science:
"
Humanity has raced past four of the boundaries keeping it hospitable to life, and we're inching close to the remaining five, an Earth resilience strategist has found.
In a paper published in Science in January 2015, Johan Rockström argues that we've already screwed up with regards to climate change, extinction of species, addition of phosphorus and nitrogen to the world's ecosystems and deforestation.
We are well within the boundaries for ocean acidification and freshwater use meanwhile, but cutting it fine with regards to emission of poisonous aerosols and stratospheric ozone depletion.
"The planet has been our best friend by buffering our actions and showing its resilience," Rockström said. "But for the first time ever, we might shift the planet from friend to foe."
This table by Ted shows where we're at according to his scale:
Rockström came up with the boundaries in 2007, and since then the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has risen to around 400 parts per million (the 'safe' boundary being 350 parts per million), risking high temperatures and sea levels, droughts and floods and other catastrophic climate problems.
The research echoes a recent debate over whether the Earth has moved from the Holocene epoch to a new one scientists are calling the Anthropocene, named after the substantial effect mankind has had on the Earth's crust.
It's not all doom and gloom though.
"Ours is a positive, not a doomsday, message," Rockström insisted.
He is confident that we can step back within some of the boundaries, for example through slashing carbon emissions and boosting agricultural yields in Africa to soothe deforestation and biodiversity loss.
"For the first time, we have a framework for growth, for eradicating poverty and hunger, and for improving health," he said.
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/s...nine-limits-for-hospitable-life-10111582.html
S
StudenTeacher
Why so much negativity? Yes the big bang was violent, but it took place so long ago.Thing's are more mellow now and moving more slowly. While most move on , some people are left living in the past. For a person to have such anger or contempt for something it seems clear that there must have been some sort of trauma perpetrated upon them. Cheer up, it's a new day filled with new possibilities! Forget about the pain of yesterday and you will find it is easy to live happily in the moment
best thing in the thread so far
saw a preview for a movie "ghost tits" today, about a guy who wakes up one day and his wife is suddenly flat chested... all the pictures and bras changed... where'd the titties go? all his friends are in some conspiracy to deny the tits were big.
and that's the thing about trauma, StundenTeacher, to create your monarch candidate, trauma has to be constantly maintained.
an easy way to do that is control all the media and information in a culture so you can drive everyone crazy by giving them colleagues who only talk about total useless bullshit like ghost tits. "where'd the tits go?" (what a slogan, eh? like where's the beef except with more tits.)
it makes action based on observation and deduction quite improbable. ghost. tits.
^ now (student teacher) there's a good point in that there post....(along with other good points, don't get me wrong)
Everything has slowed and mellowed since the big bang (assuming there was one) so how do we know that things won't continue to slow, and eventually go into reverse and contract - most things in nature are cyclical after all.
There is so much we don't know - there was a recent report (also posted in this thread)of how our own Galaxy may be 50% bigger than previously thought, and that's right in our own back yard. If you multiply that with all the other galaxies that probably makes up most of the 'missing' matter they can't find
Everything has slowed and mellowed since the big bang (assuming there was one) so how do we know that things won't continue to slow, and eventually go into reverse and contract - most things in nature are cyclical after all.
There is so much we don't know - there was a recent report (also posted in this thread)of how our own Galaxy may be 50% bigger than previously thought, and that's right in our own back yard. If you multiply that with all the other galaxies that probably makes up most of the 'missing' matter they can't find
NASA-Funded Mission Studies the Sun in Soft X-Rays March 24, 2015
At any given moment, our sun emits a range of light waves far more expansive than what our eyes alone can see: from visible light to extreme ultraviolet to soft and hard X-rays. Different wavelengths can have different effects at Earth and, what's more, when observed and analyzed correctly, those wavelengths can provide scientists with information about events on the sun. In 2012 and 2013, a detector was launched on a sounding rocket for a 15 minute trip to look at a range of sunlight previously not well-observed: soft X-rays.
NASA-funded MinXSS CubeSat will launch in late 2015 to study soft X-rays from the sun.
The NASA-funded MinXSS CubeSat will launch in late 2015 to study soft X-rays from the sun. There have not yet been long term studies of these soft X-rays, but observations show they may be important clues to understanding what heats the sun's atmosphere to 1000 times the temperature of its surface.
Image Credit: NASA/U.Colorado
..
Each wavelength of light from the sun inherently carries information about the kind of process that emitted the light, so looking at soft X-rays provides a new way to figure out what is happening on our closest star. For example, the sun's atmosphere, the corona, is 1,000 times hotter than its surface, and scientists do not yet understand the details of why. The soft X-ray detector brought home data showing that a significant amount of soft X-rays – more than expected – were seen when there are even a small amount of magnetically complex sunspots. Identifying what process within these magnetically active regions contributes to the great increase in soft X-rays could hold clues for what's helping to heat the corona. A paper on these results appeared in the Astrophysical Journal Letters on March 18, 2015.
"Not only did we gather measurements that haven't been made routinely," said Amir Caspi, first author on the paper and a solar scientist at Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado, who worked at the University of Colorado in Boulder during the course of this study. "The detector we used also allowed us to gather the best measurements so far made in this energy range."
This soft X-ray detector hitched a ride into space on a NASA sounding rocket. During a 15 minute total flight, sounding rockets have about six minutes of time to gather data from space. The soft X-ray detector and its related components are only about the size of a pack of cards, so it could easily fly on board a rocket carrying another experiment – in this case, one that helps calibrate the Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment, or EVE, on NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory. Sounding rockets and combining missions on a single launch vehicle provide an opportunity to conduct world-class science with a lower price tag.
The soft X-ray detector flew first on June 23, 2012, and again on October 21, 2013.
During both flights, there were only a few complex active regions on the sun's surface – indeed, very few during the 2012 flight. Yet, in both flights the detector saw 1000 times more soft X-rays than had been seen by another experiment in 2009. Even a slight extra amount of solar activity in the form of these active regions, led to substantially more output in the soft X-ray wavelengths.
Wavelengths of light correlate to particular temperatures of material on the sun, and this abundance of soft X-rays points to clouds of hot – 5 to 10 million degrees – gases above the active regions that wasn't present during the 2009 measurements when there were no active regions on the sun. That kind of information makes it clear that different heating mechanisms occur on the quiet sun and active regions, opening the door to determining the differences. One theory for the source of this mysterious heating is that numerous tiny explosions called nanoflares are constantly erupting on the sun. Nanoflares are too small to be seen by our telescopes, but powerfully energetic nonetheless. The soft X-rays might well be a result of nanoflares, thus giving us a way of investigating them.
The new soft X-ray data differed from previous data studies in another respect as well. By parsing out the amounts of each individual wavelength of light gathered, the team could identify what elements were present in the corona. Typically, the abundance of some of these atoms in the corona is greater than at the sun's surface. But not so in these recent observations. The mix of material in the corona was more similar to the mix seen at the solar surface, suggesting that some material from the surface was somehow rising up higher into the atmosphere.
"The difference we see in the abundances of the elements compared to previous studies suggest there may be a link between the heating mechanism and the coronal composition," said Caspi.
Untangling the elements present on the sun's surface and in its atmosphere during different events on the sun could offer another set of tools for interpreting what heats the corona.
Discovering that the soft X-ray emission was brighter than supposed has effects for understanding space weather events near Earth as well. Different wavelengths of light from the sun penetrate to different layers of Earth's atmosphere, causing different effects.
"The solar soft X-rays are deposited lower in Earth's atmosphere than the sun's extreme ultraviolet radiation," says Tom Woods, a co-author on the paper and the principal investigator for this experiment at the University of Colorado in Boulder. "The soft X-rays cause almost instantaneous changes in the ionosphere that can disturb radio communications and the accuracy of GPS navigation systems."
Such changes in the ionosphere happen during large explosions on the sun called solar flares. As humans attempt to better understand – and predict – the sun's effects on the space through which our communication signals travel, it's crucial that we have accurate models to simulate what the sun is sending our way and when.
The soft X-ray results so far are based on what amounts to only 10 minutes worth of data. However, this early data clearly shows the value of observing the previously understudied soft X-ray emissions. In the hopes of getting a longer data record – and of observing soft X-rays from solar flares -- the team has been working to place the same kind of detector into the NASA-funded Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer, or MinXSS, CubeSat, currently scheduled to launch in late 2015. About the size of a loaf of bread, the MinXSS is part of NASA's CubeSat program, which started in October 2013. CubeSats are small satellites that ride along with larger missions to take advantage of yet another low cost way to perform experiments in space. MinXSS will provide 6-12 months of observations to advance our understanding of soft-X-ray emissions from the sun both from solar flares and during quiescent periods.
http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasa-funded-mission-studies-the-sun-in-soft-x-rays/#.VRJoahZ1tV4
At any given moment, our sun emits a range of light waves far more expansive than what our eyes alone can see: from visible light to extreme ultraviolet to soft and hard X-rays. Different wavelengths can have different effects at Earth and, what's more, when observed and analyzed correctly, those wavelengths can provide scientists with information about events on the sun. In 2012 and 2013, a detector was launched on a sounding rocket for a 15 minute trip to look at a range of sunlight previously not well-observed: soft X-rays.
NASA-funded MinXSS CubeSat will launch in late 2015 to study soft X-rays from the sun.
The NASA-funded MinXSS CubeSat will launch in late 2015 to study soft X-rays from the sun. There have not yet been long term studies of these soft X-rays, but observations show they may be important clues to understanding what heats the sun's atmosphere to 1000 times the temperature of its surface.
Image Credit: NASA/U.Colorado
..
Each wavelength of light from the sun inherently carries information about the kind of process that emitted the light, so looking at soft X-rays provides a new way to figure out what is happening on our closest star. For example, the sun's atmosphere, the corona, is 1,000 times hotter than its surface, and scientists do not yet understand the details of why. The soft X-ray detector brought home data showing that a significant amount of soft X-rays – more than expected – were seen when there are even a small amount of magnetically complex sunspots. Identifying what process within these magnetically active regions contributes to the great increase in soft X-rays could hold clues for what's helping to heat the corona. A paper on these results appeared in the Astrophysical Journal Letters on March 18, 2015.
"Not only did we gather measurements that haven't been made routinely," said Amir Caspi, first author on the paper and a solar scientist at Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado, who worked at the University of Colorado in Boulder during the course of this study. "The detector we used also allowed us to gather the best measurements so far made in this energy range."
This soft X-ray detector hitched a ride into space on a NASA sounding rocket. During a 15 minute total flight, sounding rockets have about six minutes of time to gather data from space. The soft X-ray detector and its related components are only about the size of a pack of cards, so it could easily fly on board a rocket carrying another experiment – in this case, one that helps calibrate the Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment, or EVE, on NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory. Sounding rockets and combining missions on a single launch vehicle provide an opportunity to conduct world-class science with a lower price tag.
The soft X-ray detector flew first on June 23, 2012, and again on October 21, 2013.
During both flights, there were only a few complex active regions on the sun's surface – indeed, very few during the 2012 flight. Yet, in both flights the detector saw 1000 times more soft X-rays than had been seen by another experiment in 2009. Even a slight extra amount of solar activity in the form of these active regions, led to substantially more output in the soft X-ray wavelengths.
Wavelengths of light correlate to particular temperatures of material on the sun, and this abundance of soft X-rays points to clouds of hot – 5 to 10 million degrees – gases above the active regions that wasn't present during the 2009 measurements when there were no active regions on the sun. That kind of information makes it clear that different heating mechanisms occur on the quiet sun and active regions, opening the door to determining the differences. One theory for the source of this mysterious heating is that numerous tiny explosions called nanoflares are constantly erupting on the sun. Nanoflares are too small to be seen by our telescopes, but powerfully energetic nonetheless. The soft X-rays might well be a result of nanoflares, thus giving us a way of investigating them.
The new soft X-ray data differed from previous data studies in another respect as well. By parsing out the amounts of each individual wavelength of light gathered, the team could identify what elements were present in the corona. Typically, the abundance of some of these atoms in the corona is greater than at the sun's surface. But not so in these recent observations. The mix of material in the corona was more similar to the mix seen at the solar surface, suggesting that some material from the surface was somehow rising up higher into the atmosphere.
"The difference we see in the abundances of the elements compared to previous studies suggest there may be a link between the heating mechanism and the coronal composition," said Caspi.
Untangling the elements present on the sun's surface and in its atmosphere during different events on the sun could offer another set of tools for interpreting what heats the corona.
Discovering that the soft X-ray emission was brighter than supposed has effects for understanding space weather events near Earth as well. Different wavelengths of light from the sun penetrate to different layers of Earth's atmosphere, causing different effects.
"The solar soft X-rays are deposited lower in Earth's atmosphere than the sun's extreme ultraviolet radiation," says Tom Woods, a co-author on the paper and the principal investigator for this experiment at the University of Colorado in Boulder. "The soft X-rays cause almost instantaneous changes in the ionosphere that can disturb radio communications and the accuracy of GPS navigation systems."
Such changes in the ionosphere happen during large explosions on the sun called solar flares. As humans attempt to better understand – and predict – the sun's effects on the space through which our communication signals travel, it's crucial that we have accurate models to simulate what the sun is sending our way and when.
The soft X-ray results so far are based on what amounts to only 10 minutes worth of data. However, this early data clearly shows the value of observing the previously understudied soft X-ray emissions. In the hopes of getting a longer data record – and of observing soft X-rays from solar flares -- the team has been working to place the same kind of detector into the NASA-funded Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer, or MinXSS, CubeSat, currently scheduled to launch in late 2015. About the size of a loaf of bread, the MinXSS is part of NASA's CubeSat program, which started in October 2013. CubeSats are small satellites that ride along with larger missions to take advantage of yet another low cost way to perform experiments in space. MinXSS will provide 6-12 months of observations to advance our understanding of soft-X-ray emissions from the sun both from solar flares and during quiescent periods.
http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasa-funded-mission-studies-the-sun-in-soft-x-rays/#.VRJoahZ1tV4
We sit here and wonder how man can cause so much issues on the earth that we are to blame for climate change higher c02 or what ever but in reality,,,, Yes we contribute to it but we must not forget earth is always changing and will change just like seasons
life broken down least i think so is cycle we are born , become adults age and die
stars are born and stars die
its a cycle that has been right from the beginning of when this all happened
Same thing applies today i mean global warming, oceans warming CO2 increases its a cycle
from more active volcano's under the sea to active ones on dry ground islands get swept into the sea and new islands form its just the process there is no GOD or heaven the heavens are what you see when you look into the skys the stars the gasses that made us
As for global warming Earth contains allot more carbon then what most people think
So i think Global warming is a complete Gimmic for the higher power to do what ever
The poles melt and new ice is formed its nature
But what we are really seeing is the earth changing in our time
life broken down least i think so is cycle we are born , become adults age and die
stars are born and stars die
its a cycle that has been right from the beginning of when this all happened
Same thing applies today i mean global warming, oceans warming CO2 increases its a cycle
from more active volcano's under the sea to active ones on dry ground islands get swept into the sea and new islands form its just the process there is no GOD or heaven the heavens are what you see when you look into the skys the stars the gasses that made us
As for global warming Earth contains allot more carbon then what most people think
So i think Global warming is a complete Gimmic for the higher power to do what ever
The poles melt and new ice is formed its nature
But what we are really seeing is the earth changing in our time
The real question though is should we be seeing the earth change? Dinosaurs existed on earth for approximately 165 Million years before being wiped out by a catastrophic event. Humanoids in all their evolutionary stages have existed at best for only 10 Million years. For the dinosaurs to have existed as long as they did meant the earth was relatively stable environmentally. So why now is man seeing such rapidly changing environmental conditions here now, at the height of our technological advancement? I'm not convinced climate change is solely due to man's influence but the fact we are seeing what we are seeing now makes it difficult to accept that it's all just natural cycles.
Setting limits on carbon emissions though is in my opinion, too little too late. If we want to have any chance on impacting climate change in our favor we have to drop petroleum based energy now and move much more aggressively into a cleaner, safer form of energy.
- Status
