No Big Bang? Quantum equation predicts universe has no beginning

[Weird]

Sticky sweetheart I know what polarity is...I want to know from whence it came...

is it a result of temperature gradient? if so, where did the difference come from?

religion would have it come from myth. science should know by now what causes electricity, yet it is nowhere explained.

where did hot and cold come from?

Spin projection quantum number and multiplicity

In classical mechanics, the angular momentum of a particle possesses not only a magnitude (how fast the body is rotating), but also a direction (either up or down on the axis of rotation of the particle). Quantum mechanical spin also contains information about direction, but in a more subtle form. Quantum mechanics states that the component of angular momentum measured along any direction can only take on the values [14]
S_i = \hbar s_i, \quad s_i \in \{ - s, -(s-1), \dots, s-1, s \} \,\!
where Si is the spin component along the i-axis (either x, y, or z), si is the spin projection quantum number along the i-axis, and s is the principal spin quantum number (discussed in the previous section). Conventionally the direction chosen is the z-axis:
S_z = \hbar s_z, \quad s_z \in \{ - s, -(s-1), \dots, s - 1, s \} \,\!
where Sz is the spin component along the z-axis, sz is the spin projection quantum number along the z-axis.

One can see that there are 2s+1 possible values of sz. The number "2s + 1" is the multiplicity of the spin system. For example, there are only two possible values for a spin-1/2 particle: sz = +1/2 and sz = −1/2. These correspond to quantum states in which the spin is pointing in the +z or −z directions respectively, and are often referred to as "spin up" and "spin down". For a spin-3/2 particle, like a delta baryon, the possible values are +3/2, +1/2, −1/2, −3/2.

Vector





A single point in space can spin continuously without becoming tangled. Notice that after a 360 degree rotation, the spiral flips between clockwise and counterclockwise orientations. It returns to its original configuration after spinning a full 720 degrees.
For a given quantum state, one could think of a spin vector \lang S \rang whose components are the expectation values of the spin components along each axis, i.e., \lang S \rang = [\lang S_x \rang, \lang S_y \rang, \lang S_z \rang]. This vector then would describe the "direction" in which the spin is pointing, corresponding to the classical concept of the axis of rotation. It turns out that the spin vector is not very useful in actual quantum mechanical calculations, because it cannot be measured directly: sx, sy and sz cannot possess simultaneous definite values, because of a quantum uncertainty relation between them. However, for statistically large collections of particles that have been placed in the same pure quantum state, such as through the use of a Stern–Gerlach apparatus, the spin vector does have a well-defined experimental meaning: It specifies the direction in ordinary space in which a subsequent detector must be oriented in order to achieve the maximum possible probability (100%) of detecting every particle in the collection. For spin-1/2 particles, this maximum probability drops off smoothly as the angle between the spin vector and the detector increases, until at an angle of 180 degrees—that is, for detectors oriented in the opposite direction to the spin vector—the expectation of detecting particles from the collection reaches a minimum of 0%.

As a qualitative concept, the spin vector is often handy because it is easy to picture classically. For instance, quantum mechanical spin can exhibit phenomena analogous to classical gyroscopic effects. For example, one can exert a kind of "torque" on an electron by putting it in a magnetic field (the field acts upon the electron's intrinsic magnetic dipole moment—see the following section). The result is that the spin vector undergoes precession, just like a classical gyroscope. This phenomenon is known as electron spin resonance (ESR). The equivalent behaviour of protons in atomic nuclei is used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging.

Mathematically, quantum mechanical spin states are described by vector-like objects known as spinors. There are subtle differences between the behavior of spinors and vectors under coordinate rotations. For example, rotating a spin-1/2 particle by 360 degrees does not bring it back to the same quantum state, but to the state with the opposite quantum phase; this is detectable, in principle, with interference experiments. To return the particle to its exact original state, one needs a 720 degree rotation. A spin-zero particle can only have a single quantum state, even after torque is applied. Rotating a spin-2 particle 180 degrees can bring it back to the same quantum state and a spin-4 particle should be rotated 90 degrees to bring it back to the same quantum state. The spin 2 particle can be analogous to a straight stick that looks the same even after it is rotated 180 degrees and a spin 0 particle can be imagined as sphere which looks the same after whatever angle it is turned through.

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

Some very interesting new experiments coming out now testing quantum theory and I predict soon we will be capable of testing for proof of brane theory.

The quantum mechanics of our universe seem to work out according to it, but finding proof of what happened before the big bang is going to be difficult.

 

[DrFever]

i do not think we will ever know exactly how the universe works but putting it into perspective the amount of other galaxies is is just mind boggling here look at this vid
Seriously this is much greater then any god could ever conceive and much more powerful

https://www.khanacademy.org/science...th-galaxy-tutorial/v/hubble-image-of-galaxies

the problem i see is not one scientist could ever figure it out as well Humans will be long gone before we ever come to a answer

 

[Weird]

lol you don't even have faith in science?

It is closer than you think. When these theories were created these test were not even gleams in physicists eyes.

http://www.newscientist.com/article...RSS|NSNS|2012-GLOBAL|online-news#.VQCnz-GaVwg

Ultra-cold mirrors could reveal gravity's quantum side

An experiment not much bigger than a tabletop, using ultra-cold metal plates, could serve up a cosmic feast. It could give us a glimpse of quantum gravity and so lead to a "theory of everything": one that unites the laws of quantum mechanics, governing the very small, and those of general relativity, concerning the monstrously huge.

Such theories are difficult to test in the lab because they probe such extreme scales. But quantum effects have a way of showing up unexpectedly. In a strange quantum phenomenon known as the Casimir effect, two sheets of metal held very close together in a vacuum will attract each other.

The effect occurs because, even in empty space, there is an electromagnetic field that fluctuates slightly all the time. Placing two metal sheets very close to one another limits the fluctuations between them, because the sheets reflect electromagnetic waves. But elsewhere the fluctuations are unrestricted, and this pushes the plates together.

James Quach at the University of Tokyo suggests that we might be able to observe the equivalent effect for gravity. That would, in turn, be direct evidence of the quantum nature of gravity: the Casimir effect depends on vacuum fluctuations, which are only predicted by quantum physics.

But in order to detect it, you would need something that reflects gravitational waves – the ripples in space-time predicted by general relativity. Earlier research suggested that superconductors (for example, metals cooled to close to absolute zero such that they lose all electrical resistance) might act as mirrors in this way.

"The quantum properties of superconductors may reflect gravitational waves. If this is correct, then the gravitational Casimir effect for superconductors should be large," says Quach. "The experiment I propose is feasible with current technology."

It's still unclear if superconductors actually reflect gravitational waves, however. "The exciting part of this paper has to do with a speculative idea about gravitational waves and superconductors," says Dimitra Karabali at Lehman College in New York. "But if it's right, it's wonderful."

 

[genedigger]

dr fever what you want to happen to religion is prophecied in the bible.the governments are about to attack religion and being part of a religious group is going to get you in trouble.this is very clearly stated in the bible but you propably never read it.

 

[Wö£fëñxXx]

Except that "he" doesn't exist, and there is no such thing as creation.

You're so wrong and blind, Creation is the real deal. lol

For no one can come to me unless the Father who sent me draws them to me. John 6:44

He came to give sight to the blind, you may want to look into that.

The quantum mechanics of our universe seem to work out according to it, but finding proof of what happened before the big bang is going to be difficult.

If I may.
Here is five minutes with Gerald Schroeder.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQVm8RokoBA

http://science.nasa.gov/missions/wmap/

 

[DrFever]

Weird its not that its if you looked at the link i provided shows how crazy big the universe really is and how small we really are to think a person / scientist will solve this issue any time soon is absurd we need to reach the stars to get the answers even thou there are satellites are just reaching the edge of our solar system its nothing compared to actual universe as a whole which has took almost 50 years half a humans life so this also tell me its going to be a hell of a long time and many scientists later before we even understand anything other then theories

http://www.space.com/17688-voyager-1.html

 

[HempKat]

Anything and everything That's what makes the gods real. We all live in our own realities created by us.

How many times have you reacted or overreacted to a certain situation and later you realized " wow, that was silly of me, but the feeling was intense. Too bad I didn't have all the information before I flipped out!" In the moment, the feeling was real, but later with a new perspective, it's easy to look back and see that the reality was in fact temporary and now a completely new and different reality exists in our minds. Anything outside of our mind cannot consciously be perceived by us therefore what resides in ones mind is in fact reality. If one believes in God, God is real. Yes, everyone is correct Namaste

Exactly, and especially since an infinite universe makes it all possible.

 

[RetroGrow]

science already is a religion.everybody blames religions for war but if you ask me we couldnt have the wars we wage without science making weapons for the wars first.so is it all religions fault?

Another non-sensical post. They were using swords, battle axes, and spears to kill in the name of god long before science came along. They still use stoning today in Muslim countries, along with beheadings and hangings. No science there, just barbarism. Yes, religious wars are religion's fault.

 

[RetroGrow]

Weird its not that its if you looked at the link i provided shows how crazy big the universe really is and how small we really are to think a person / scientist will solve this issue any time soon is absurd we need to reach the stars to get the answers even thou there are satellites are just reaching the edge of our solar system its nothing compared to actual universe as a whole which has took almost 50 years half a humans life so this also tell me its going to be a hell of a long time and many scientists later before we even understand anything other then theories

http://www.space.com/17688-voyager-1.html

Not if "they" come down and teach us. Many believe they have already landed, and the number of sightings continues to increase. They have to watch out for creationists with pitchforks, though....

 

[RetroGrow]

You're so wrong and blind, Creation is the real deal. lol

For no one can come to me unless the Father who sent me draws them to me. John 6:44

He came to give sight to the blind, you may want to look into that.


If I may.
Here is five minutes with Gerald Schroeder.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQVm8RokoBA

http://science.nasa.gov/missions/wmap/

And your proof is nonsense written by idiots thousands of years ago? Sorry. Doesn't fly. Try thinking outside the tiny bible box.

 

[RetroGrow]

dr fever what you want to happen to religion is prophecied in the bible.the governments are about to attack religion and being part of a religious group is going to get you in trouble.this is very clearly stated in the bible but you propably never read it.

Have you been paying attention at all??? Apparently not! Religion is attacking governments, worldwide. See: Muslim fanatics, the World Trade Center bombing, the Boston Marathon bombing, The bombings/massacres in France, Denmark, Russia, Africa, the war in Palestine, and on and on and on...same as it ever was. Religious nutjobs killing in the name of their gods.
Prophesied? You make me laugh! Complete rubbish!
You want a prophesy? If the world population isn't stopped/reversed, we are all in a world of shit. It's simple math.

 

[RetroGrow]

i do not think we will ever know exactly how the universe works but putting it into perspective the amount of other galaxies is is just mind boggling here look at this vid
Seriously this is much greater then any god could ever conceive and much more powerful

https://www.khanacademy.org/science...th-galaxy-tutorial/v/hubble-image-of-galaxies

the problem i see is not one scientist could ever figure it out as well Humans will be long gone before we ever come to a answer

Thankfully, there are more galaxies than bible thumpers!

 

[SPG.]

^Too much Attention on "WORDS" alone..mann.....Bigger the Shock!..
wonky Perceptions behind "comfortable" Keyboards..!?

Your Description^ is Totally Inaccurate..... ,OR/AND, What is,IS.

Adios Thread.


*NO*^^ Dont blame religion... WHAT MAN DOES WITH RELIGION is the Issue... "*

Damm ,i hope i can scroll....."

 

[StudenTeacher]

Who is to be blamed for earthquakes, hurricanes, or tsunamis that terrorize peoples lives and turn their world upside down? Or even just a sunny day, or a nice cool breeze? Whatever this force is, it's generally referred to as 'nature'. For the most part nature cannot be controlled on a grande scale. A personal sanctuary can be built in the way of a home, etc, but outside of that, (and sometimes inside), we succumb to the elements. Humans are a phenomenon of nature as well. There has always been a struggle. Humans vs Humans, Humans vs elements, Humans vs themselves. Aquarius is upon us, and will be for roughly the next 26,000 years and especially the next 2,160. Maybe things will get easier as our mental capacity increases and people will shed their fears. I suppose only time can tell what nature will bring to humanity I for one, am very excited!

 

[Weird]

And your proof is nonsense written by idiots thousands of years ago? Sorry. Doesn't fly. Try thinking outside the tiny bible box.

Your letting your lack of intelligence show

His links aren't biblical but the reality of physics, something you can't grasp or argue.

In fact all you do is spew your opinion, you never counter any fact with fact.

The energy you are expressing here is and the manner you are doing it in is pathetic

Argue the implications of F = T ∇ Sτ

 

[Jericho Mile]

Sunshine on my shoulders makes me happy.....

John Denver

tic tic tic tic tic tic....another day going by

soon you will be dead....and you can really find out all your answers or...not

 

[genedigger]

im not talking about islam im taliking about chritianity its going to be illegal.most christian religions are already on a watch list by big brother.wether someone exocutes a kill with a sniper rifle or a beheading it still took some dgree of science to make both of those events happen. oh i forgot science is a new thing and only now in the last 100 years have we understood science.everyone before that is a barbarian.everyday i luagh my ass off when i see the gunk on all yall eyes .well not all of ya

 

[genedigger]

aliens are demons .talk to people into spirituality heavily and i dont mean some bible thumper.aliens come with red light and if you see red thats a demon.read please people and open your eyes.the government would love you to believe there aliens but there demons and there is a war going on that most of you apparently cant see.

 

[DrFever]

aliens are demons .talk to people into spirituality heavily and i dont mean some bible thumper.aliens come with red light and if you see red thats a demon.read please people and open your eyes.the government would love you to believe there aliens but there demons and there is a war going on that most of you apparently cant see.

lol dam man

 

[trichrider]

The Start of the Universe with String Theory

By Andrew Zimmerman Jones and Daniel Robbins from String Theory For Dummies


The big bang theory doesn’t offer any explanation for what started the original expansion of the universe. This is a major theoretical question for cosmologists, and many are applying the concepts of string theory in attempts to answer it. One controversial conjecture is a cyclic universe model called the ekpyrotic universe theory, which suggests that our own universe is the result of branes colliding with each other.

The banging of strings

Well before the introduction of M-theory or brane world scenarios, there was a string theory conjecture of why the universe had the number of dimensions we see: A compact space of nine symmetrical space dimensions began expanding in three of those dimensions. Under this analysis, a universe with three space dimensions (like ours) is the most likely space-time geometry.

In this idea, initially posed in the 1980s by Robert Brandenberger and Cumrun Vafa, the universe began as a tightly wound string with all dimensions symmetrically confined to the Planck length. The strings, in effect, bound the dimensions up to that size.

Brandenberger and Vafa argued that in three or fewer dimensions, it would be likely for the strings to collide with anti-strings. (An anti-string is essentially a string that winds in a direction opposite the string.) The collision annihilates the string which, in turn, unleashes the dimensions it was confining. They thus begin expanding, as in the inflationary and big bang theories.

Instead of thinking about strings and anti-strings, picture a room that has a bunch of cables attached to random points on the walls. Imagine that the room wants to expand with the walls and floor and ceiling trying to move away from each other — but they can’t because of the cables. Now imagine that the cables can move, and every time they intersect, they can recombine. Picture two taut cables stretching from the floor to the ceiling that intersect to form a tall, skinny X. They can recombine to become two loose cables — one attached to the floor and one attached to the ceiling. If these had been the only two cables stretching from floor to ceiling, then after this interaction, the floor and ceiling are free to move apart from each other.

In the Brandenberger and Vafa scenario, this dimension (up-down), as well as two others, are free to grow large. The final step is that in four or more space dimensions, the moving strings will typically never meet. (Think about how points moving in two space dimensions will probably never meet, and the rationale gets extended to higher dimensions.) So this mechanism only works to free three space dimensions from their cables.

In other words, the very geometry of string theory implies that this scenario would lead to us seeing fewer than four space dimensions — dimensions of four or more are less likely to go through the string/anti-string collisions required to “liberate” them from the tightly bound configuration. The higher dimensions continue to be bound up by the strings at the Planck length and are therefore unseen.

With the inclusion of branes, this picture gets more elaborate and harder to interpret. Research into this approach in recent years hasn’t been reassuring. Many problems arise when scientists try to embed this idea more rigorously into the mathematics of string theory. Still, this is one of the few explanations of why there are four dimensions that make any sense, so string theorists haven’t completely abandoned it as a possible reason for the big bang.

The ekpyrotic universe

In the ekpyrotic universe scenario, our universe is created from the collision of branes. The matter and radiation of our universe comes from the kinetic energy created by the collision of these two branes.

The theory builds on the ideas that some M-theory brane world scenarios show that the extra dimensions of string theory may be extended, perhaps even infinite in size. They are also probably not expanding (or at least string theorists have no reason to think they are) the way that our own three space dimensions are. When you play the video of the universe backward in time, these dimensions don’t contract.

Now imagine that within these dimensions you have two infinite 3-branes. Some mechanism (such as gravity) draws the branes together through the infinite extra dimensions, and they collide with each other. Energy is generated, creating the matter for our universe and pushing the two branes apart. Eventually, the energy from the collision dissipates and the branes are drawn back together to collide yet again.

The ekpyrotic model is divided into various epochs (periods of time), based upon what influences dominate:
•
The big bang

•
The radiation-dominated epoch

•
The matter-dominated epoch

•
The dark energy–dominated epoch

•
The contraction epoch

•
The big crunch


The story up until the contraction epoch is essentially identical to that made by regular big bang cosmology. The radiation that is spawned by the brane collision (the big bang) means the radiation-dominated epoch is fairly uniform (save for quantum fluctuations), so inflation may be unnecessary. After about 75,000 years, the universe becomes a particle soup during the matter-dominated epoch. Today and for many years, we are in the dark energy–dominated epoch, until the dark energy decays and the universe begins contracting once again.

Because the theory involves two branes colliding, some called this the “big splat” theory or the “brane smash” theory, which is certainly easier to pronounce than ekpyrotic. The word “ekpyrotic” comes from the Greek word “ekpyrosis,” which was an ancient Greek belief that the world was born out of fire.

Some feel that the ekpyrotic universe model has a lot going for it — it solves the flatness and horizon problems like inflationary theory does, while also providing an explanation for why the universe started in the first place — but the creators are still far from proving it. Stephen Hawking has bet Neil Turok that findings from the European Space Agency’s Planck satellite will verify the inflationary model and rule out the ekpyrotic model, but Hawking has been known to have to pay out on these sorts of bets in the past.

http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/the-start-of-the-universe-with-string-theory.html