Haystack

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SC Labs First to Offer DCC-Approved Expanded Potency Compliance Testing for Cannabis Flower and Non-Infused Prerolls

SC Labs first to offer expanded list of DCC-approved analytes (including THCVa, CBDV, CBDVa, CBCa, CBGa, and CBL)—giving cultivators and manufacturers a powerful tool for product differentiation, and allowing consumers to make more informed purchasing decisions.

www.sclabs.com

Comprehensive and compliant​

Launching Tuesday, Feb. 27, this strategic expansion reintroduces pivotal compounds to the DCC compliance panel—specifically THCVa, CBDV, CBDVa, CBCa, CBGa, and CBL—amplifying our collective understanding of cannabis profiles. By pushing the boundaries of cannabinoid analysis, SC Labs remains steadfast at the vanguard of innovation, delivering priceless insights for consumers, producers, and researchers alike.

We’ve always championed the advancement of cannabis testing science. This expanded compliance panel reaffirms our unwavering commitment to furnishing precise and comprehensive information, empowering the industry with state-of-the-art insights.

– Jeff Gray, CEO, SC Labs

 

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UniProt

www.uniprot.org

Taxonomy - Cannabis (genus)​

UniProt

www.uniprot.org

THCAS_CANSA​

UniProt

www.uniprot.org

CBCAS_CANSA​

Purification and characterization of cannabidiolic-acid synthase from Cannabis sativa L. Biochemical analysis of a novel enzyme that catalyzes the oxidocyclization of cannabigerolic acid to cannabidiolic acid.​

UniProt

www.uniprot.org

CBDAS_CANSA​

Cannabis and Natural Cannabis Medicines

6. CANNABINOID AND TERPENOID BIOSYNTHESIS

It is not surprising that cannabinoids are produced along with terpenoid com-
pounds. Terpenes comprise a large group of compounds synthesized from C10 isoprene

subunits. Monoterpenes (C10) and sesquiterpenes (C15) are the classes most commonly
found in Cannabis. Terpenoids are the primary aromatic constituents of Cannabis
resin, although they constitute only a small percentage of organic solvent extracts.

Cannabinoids are terpenophenolic compounds chemically related to the terpenoid com-
pounds as the ring structure is derived from a geranyl pyrophosphate C10 terpenoid

subunit. Cannabinoids make up a large portion of the resin and can make up as much
as 30% by weight of dried flowering tops. Cannabinoids are not significantly present
in extracts prepared by steam distillation (15).
Our basic understanding of the biosynthesis of the major cannabinoids comes
largely from the research of Yukihiro Shoyama and colleagues at Kyushu University
in Japan (16,17). Cannabinoid biosynthesis begins with the incorporation of geranyl
pyrophosphate (a terpenoid compound) with either a C10 polyketide for the propyl (C3
side chain) or a C12 polyketide for the pentyl (C5 side chain) cannabinoid series into
either cannabigerovarin (CBGV) or cannabigerol (CBG), respectively. Research by
Etienne de Meijer at HortaPharm B.V. in the Netherlands shows that there is a single
allele (Pr) controlling the propyl pathway to CBGV and another allele (Pe) controlling
the pentyl pathway to CBG. The biosyntheses of THC, cannabidiol (CBD), and
cannabichromene (CBC) (or tetrahydrocannabivarin [THCV], cannabidivarin [CBDV],

or cannabichromavarin [CBCV]) are controlled by a suite of three enzymes, each con-
trolled by a single allele: T, D, and C, respectively. The three enzymes can likely use

either propyl CBGV or pentyl CBG for the propyl and pentyl pathways, depending on
which substrate is available. This hypothesis was verified by Flachowsky et al. (18).
Continued research by de Meijer et al. (19) (see Fig. 3) has shown that CBD and THC
biosynthesis are controlled by a pair of co-dominant alleles, which code for isoforms
of the same synthase, each with a different specificity for converting the common

precursor CBG into either CBD or THC. The group also identified by random ampli-
fied polymorphic DNA analysis three chemotype-associated DNA markers that show

tight linkage to chemotype and co-dominance.

UniProt

www.uniprot.org

Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, chloroplastic

Cannabis sativa genome - Nucleotide - NCBI

Items: 1 to 20 of 88908​

Geranylgeraniol - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Geranylgeraniol is a diterpenoid alcohol. It is a colorless waxy solid.[1]

Geranylgeraniol is an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of other diterpenes, of vitamins E, and of K.[2] It also used in the post-translational modification known as geranylgeranylation. Geranylgeraniol is a pheromone for bumblebees and a variety of other insects.[3]

Geranylgeraniol is a potent inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro.[4]

Diterpene - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Diterpenes are a class of terpenes composed of four isoprene units, often with the molecular formula C20H32. They are biosynthesized by plants, animals and fungi via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway, with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate being a primary intermediate. Diterpenes form the basis for biologically important compounds such as retinol, retinal, and phytol. They are known to be antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory.[1][2]

Terpene - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

 

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A physical and genetic map of Cannabis sativa identifies extensive rearrangements at the THC/CBD acid synthase loci​

• DOI: 10.1101/gr.242594.118

Published online 2020 Dec 8. doi: 10.3390/molecules25245792

The Cannabis Terpenes​

Published online 2021 Mar 15. doi: 10.1186/s42238-021-00062-4

The biosynthesis of the cannabinoids​

Tandem Mass Spectrometric Quantification of 93 Terpenoids in Cannabis Using Static Headspace Injections​

Publication Date:August 1, 2019
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02844

 

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Mass chromatogram - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

total ion current (TIC)
A mass spectrum is a histogram plot of intensity vs. mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) in a chemical sample,[1]

Figure 2. TIC chromatogram of the identified terpenoids in (A) the standard mix and (B) a representative Cannabis sample. Compounds in the Cannabis sample were identified by comparison of RTs, masses, and MS/MS fragmentations as observed for the standards.
As shown, several additional unidentified peaks were observed in the TIC chromatogram of the Cannabis sample (Figure 2B) for which there were no analytical standards commercially available. These compounds and several others, which also appeared in numerous other Cannabis chemovars, were putatively identified by spectral searching against the NIST library and by the closest RIcalc value as shown in Table S3. Some of these are noticeably large peaks, including selina-3,7-diene, α- and γ-eudesmol, β- and γ-selinene, β-bisabolene, and others. However, since there were no analytical standards available for these compounds, we could not validate their extraction and quantification, and therefore, they were not included as part of this research.
According to the presented TIC, several peaks overlap (also for peaks for which there were no analytical standards commercially available). This emphasizes the uncertainty and inaccuracy in reported results when using FID and/or single quad MS detection. Therefore, in order to improve the selectivity for quantification of overlapping compounds and increase sensitivity by reducing the limits of detection and quantification, we chose to quantify terpenoids using the SRM mode. This mode enables one to quantify compounds by choosing product ions from specific precursors; hence, two overlapping compounds with identical masses can be separated using dissimilar product ions.
For optimization of the SRM parameters, 1 μL from each of five different terpenoid standard mixtures were injected into the liquid inlet. The mixtures were created after finding the RT of each of the terpenoids separately to avoid peaks overlapping, which can interfere with the selection of product ions. Optimization of the chromatographic peak resolution was performed by injecting a single mixture of all the terpenoid standards through the HS injection port (Table S4; values are reported only for pairs of compounds with similar parent and product ions, which elute in the same RT window, and that exhibited resolutions below 3). The total runtime of the established method was 74 min.
The peak assignments, chemical formulas, molecular weights (MWs), RTs, and optimized parameters for the SRM transitions of each of the identified terpenoids are listed in Table S5. Terpenoids in this table are ordered by increasing RT. Optimal precursor (Q1) and product ions (Q2) and collision energies (CEs) for the SRM detection mode were determined in the 10–30 eV range in order to find the most intense product ions for each precursor. Three different transitions were selected accordingly; one used for quantification and the two others, for qualification (see Table S5).

 

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Terpenes, although have psychoactive properties, do not get you high. Instead, they provide a relaxing effect and relieve pain. Terpenes are not cannabinoids. However, they come from the same section of the medicinal cannabis plant as cannabinoids and have the same effect on your endocannabinoid system.

Endocannabinoid system - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

The endocannabinoid system remains under preliminary research, but may be involved in regulating physiological and cognitive processes,

and in mediating the pharmacological effects of cannabis.[9][10] The ECS plays an important role in multiple aspects of neural functions, including the control of movement and motor coordination, learning and memory, emotion and motivation, addictive-like behavior and pain modulation, among others.[11]

The endocannabinoid system is by molecular phylogenetic distribution of apparently ancient lipids in the plant kingdom, indicative of biosynthetic plasticity and potential physiological roles of endocannabinoid-like lipids in plants,[81]

 

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phylogenetic inference methods that focus on observed heritable traits, such as DNA sequences, protein amino acid sequences, or morphology. The result of such an analysis is a phylogenetic tree—a diagram containing a hypothesis of relationships that reflects the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.[4]

 

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Published online 2021 Mar 15. doi: 10.1186/s42238-021-00062-4

The biosynthesis of the cannabinoids​

 

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Definition of missense variant​

G/C 0.182 ​

A genetic alteration in which a single base pair substitution alters the genetic code in a way that produces an amino acid that is different from the usual .

Analysis of Sequence Variability and Transcriptional Profile of Cannabinoid synthase Genes in Cannabis sativa L. Chemotypes with a Focus on Cannabichromenic acid synthase - PMC

Cannabis sativa L. has been long cultivated for its narcotic potential due to the accumulation of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) in female inflorescences, but nowadays its production for fiber, seeds, edible oil and bioactive compounds has ...

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

 

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"Mixed ploidy cereal grain crop breeding" refers to the practice of intentionally crossing cereal crops with different ploidy levels (chromosome numbers) to combine desirable traits from each, often utilizing techniques like induced polyploidy to create new, improved varieties with enhanced characteristics like higher yield, stress tolerance, or improved nutritional value; a prominent example of this is the creation of triticale, which is a hybrid of wheat (a hexaploid) and rye (a diploid).

Key points about mixed ploidy cereal grain breeding:

• Polyploidy:
  This is the condition of having multiple sets of chromosomes, which can be induced artificially using chemicals like colchicine to create polyploid plants from diploid ones.
  
  
• Advantages of mixed ploidy breeding:
  • Hybrid vigor: Crossing plants with different ploidy levels can sometimes lead to increased vigor and yield in the offspring due to heterosis.
    
    
  • Broader genetic diversity: Combining different genomes can introduce new traits that may not be present in either parent species.
    
    
  • Improved stress tolerance: Polyploid plants can sometimes exhibit enhanced resistance to environmental stresses like drought or disease.
    
• Challenges of mixed ploidy breeding:
  • Fertility issues: Crossing plants with different ploidy levels can result in sterility in the offspring due to difficulties in chromosome pairing during meiosis.
    
    
  • Genetic complexity: Managing the complex genetic interactions within a polyploid genome can be challenging.
    
    
  • Limited genetic diversity: Depending on the available germplasm, options for creating new polyploid varieties may be restricted.
    

Examples of mixed ploidy cereal breeding:

• Triticale:
  A well-known example where wheat (hexaploid) is crossed with rye (diploid) to produce a new crop with improved protein content and adaptability to different environments.

 

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Imagine a triploid cannabis regular seedline a elite clone in every female seed of the strain
Forget the 1:100 or 1:1000

Evolution of Wheat Under Cultivation

The chapter deals with the various steps, periods, and processes that led to the domestication of the wheat as well as with the archaeological sites where domestication took place. Additionally, the chapter describes the ecogeographical characteristics of the area of...

link.springer.com

 

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Imagine a triploid cannabis regular seedline a elite clone in every female seed of the strain
Forget the 1:100 or 1:1000
View attachment 19124976

Evolution of Wheat Under Cultivation

The chapter deals with the various steps, periods, and processes that led to the domestication of the wheat as well as with the archaeological sites where domestication took place. Additionally, the chapter describes the ecogeographical characteristics of the area of...

link.springer.com

I’m not so sure it’s a good idea..

‘9% increase in CBD that was significant in buds. No significant increase in yield of dried bud or THC’

Frontiers | Polyploidization for the Genetic Improvement of Cannabis sativa

Cannabis sativa L. is a diploid species, cultivated throughout the ages as a source of fiber, food, and secondary metabolites with therapeutic and recreation...

www.frontiersin.org

Interesting to see the posts from Sam talking about his experience using colchicine, this might explain why exodus wouldn’t make seeds.

 

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS05359-23

jashs-article-p75.pdf

drive.google.com

 

[acespicoli]

I’m not so sure it’s a good idea..

‘9% increase in CBD that was significant in buds. No significant increase in yield of dried bud or THC’

Frontiers | Polyploidization for the Genetic Improvement of Cannabis sativa

Cannabis sativa L. is a diploid species, cultivated throughout the ages as a source of fiber, food, and secondary metabolites with therapeutic and recreation...

www.frontiersin.org

Interesting to see the posts from Sam talking about his experience using colchicine, this might explain why exodus wouldn’t make seeds.

The direction of pollination from 2n-4n or 4n-2n ?

 

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The direction of pollination from 2n-4n or 4n-2n ?

Morning acepicoli, I’m only just up and my eye that usually works isn’t doing so well today, it’s difficult to read.

I like reading your posts but this subject just scares me a bit, I looked up 4n 2n and found this..

‘Aneuploidy, or an incorrect chromosome number, is ubiquitous among cancers. Whole- genome duplication, resulting in tetraploidy, often occurs during the evolution of aneuploid tumors. Cancers that evolve through a tetraploid intermediate tend to be highly aneuploid and are associated with poor patient prognosis.’

It’s not a subject I’ve looked much into having quite a strong aversion to anything that resembles modification. I can barely see anything this morning so probably not the best time to start researching it but reading this reminded me of HeLa cells, I wonder if colchicine was being used at the tobacco company she worked for?

Debt of gratitude: Revisiting the immortal life of tobacco farmer Henrietta Lacks

Dr. Rebecca Skloot has devoted 10 years telling Mrs. Lacks’ story. It culminated in Skloot’s best-selling book, "The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks."

www.tallahassee.com

Do you mean did we try to pollinate or reverse exodus? Neither worked, it was sent to Holland and I think someone managed to reverse it there, I wonder if it was triploid and that’s why we couldn’t pollinate it?

 

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Evolution of Wheat Under Cultivation

The chapter deals with the various steps, periods, and processes that led to the domestication of the wheat as well as with the archaeological sites where domestication took place. Additionally, the chapter describes the ecogeographical characteristics of the area of...

link.springer.com

If it’s true that polyploidy had already occurred naturally in wheat as this suggests then I wonder why they were using colchicine on it in the 1940s?
And what is the current level of duplication?