Haystack

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"monoecious plants bear male and female flowers at different locations on the same plant.)"

I wonder if a person cloned the seperate branches if those clones would remain either male or female

It may be possible have never tried it by a sport it may become, worth a try
especially if you find a very desirable individual branch, the whole concept seems very basal on a a evolutionary level

Front. Plant Sci. , 05 June 2024
Sec. Plant Breeding
Volume 15 - 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1412079

Why not XY? Male monoecious sexual phenotypes challenge the female monoecious paradigm in Cannabis sativa L.​

 

[H e d g e]

It may be possible have never tried it by a sport it may become, worth a try
especially if you find a very desirable individual branch, the whole concept seems very basal on a a evolutionary level

Front. Plant Sci. , 05 June 2024
Sec. Plant Breeding
Volume 15 - 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1412079

Why not XY? Male monoecious sexual phenotypes challenge the female monoecious paradigm in Cannabis sativa L.​

View attachment 19150596

I’m trying to understand this, could it be x to autosome genes causing monoecious xy males?
An x to autosome Thai herm crossed with an xy Afghani for example and it’s been copied over to the y in the xy offspring?
Complicated enough with xx to xy or x to autosome but I guess many poly hybrids use both sex determination systems.

I think the level of autosome must be unevenly distributed within individual plants or you wouldn’t get whole alternating male and female branches, I’ve never seen this trait with xx to xy plants, only on x to autosome Thai.

Probably if you took a cut from a female branch on a monoecious x to autosome plant it would have near the level of autosome genes as the original so would grow the same mixed gender branches, might be worth waiting until they flower to take cuts though if there’s a significant variation between branches.

I was always against the idea of fems but it seems madness to me now using xx to autosome ‘males’ as pollen donors, it’s apparently common practice which would explain why I can’t find a Thai female.

 

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Ow, she's a brick house
Yeah, she's the one, the only one, built like an amazon
The clothes she wears, her sexy ways
Make an old man wish for younger days, yeah, yeah
She knows she's built and knows how to please
Sure enough to knock a strong man to his knees

 

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Triploid cannabis plants, which have three sets of chromosomes, occur naturally in cannabis populations at an average of about 0.5%, or 1 in 200 plants. This research indicates that polyploidy is a natural occurrence in cannabis, and triploid plants have been identified in various populations. [1, 2, 3]
Elaboration: [1, 1, 2, 2]

• Frequency of Triploidy: Studies have shown that triploid cannabis plants can be found in cannabis populations at a low rate, with an average of 0.5%. In some populations, especially those where self-pollination occurs, the frequency can be slightly higher, reaching up to 2.3%, as observed in one study. [1, 1, 2, 2]
• Natural Occurrence: The presence of triploids in cannabis suggests that polyploidy is not just an artificial phenomenon created through breeding techniques but can also arise naturally in cannabis populations. [1, 1, 3, 3]
• Examples of Natural Triploids: Some well-known cannabis strains like "Hades OG" and "Mac1" have been identified as naturally occurring triploids, according to a Dark Heart Labs interview. This further supports the idea that triploids are part of the natural variation within cannabis. [3, 3]
• Impact of Triploidy: Triploid cannabis plants are typically sterile, meaning they don't produce viable seeds. This lack of seed production can lead to a greater focus on flower and cannabinoid production, according to research from the journal ASHS. [2, 2, 4, 4, 5, 5]
• Breeding Triploids: While triploids can occur naturally, they can also be created through breeding techniques, such as crossing diploids with tetraploids. This method allows breeders to intentionally produce triploid plants with desired traits. [3, 3]

Generative AI is experimental.
[1] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10708021/
[2] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8234880/
[3] https://www.cannabiscactus.com/post/interview-richard-philbrook-molecular-biologist-dark-heart-labs
[4] https://journals.ashs.org/jashs/view/journals/jashs/149/2/article-p75.xml
[5] https://www.cannavigia.com/blog-posts/unlocking-the-future-of-cannabis-cultivation-the-rise-of-triploid-and-haploid-cannabis
Not all images can be exported from Search.

AI - Did this just shave hours of my topic surfing ?

 

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Yes, acetocarmine staining of root tips is a commonly used and effective procedure for chromosome counting in plants. This method allows for clear visualization of chromosomes under a microscope by staining them a distinctive red color, while the cytoplasm remains unstained. [1, 2, 3, 4]
Here's why it's a good procedure: [1, 1, 3, 3, 5, 5]

• Specificity: Acetocarmine stains specifically binds to DNA, which makes it well-suited for visualizing chromosomes, which are composed of DNA. [1, 1, 3, 3, 5, 5]
• Ease of Use: The procedure is relatively simple and can be performed with basic laboratory equipment. [6, 6, 7]
• Good Contrast: The deep red color of the stained chromosomes provides good contrast against the unstained cytoplasm, making it easy to identify and count individual chromosomes. [3, 3, 4, 4, 8]
• Reliable Results: When performed correctly, acetocarmine staining can yield reliable and accurate chromosome counts. [1, 1, 4, 4]

However, there are a few points to consider: [1, 2]

• Iron Salts: Some studies suggest adding a small amount of iron acetate to the acetocarmine solution to enhance staining and contrast. [1, 2]
• Proper Squashing: The squashing of the root tip material on a slide requires careful technique to spread the cells and chromosomes without damaging them. [1, 2]
• Species-Specific Considerations: Some plant species may require slight modifications to the staining protocol for optimal results. [9, 10]

Generative AI is experimental.
[1] https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/274/Bamberg lab procedures/chrom.pdf
[2] https://forages.oregonstate.edu/tallfescuemonograph/Morphology/appendix
[3] https://byjus.com/biology/study-of-mitosis-in-onion-root-tip-cells/
[4] https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/name-the-stain-which-is-commonly-used-to-study-class-9-biology-cbse-5f6a9b3c59615964763c2415
[5] https://www.vedantu.com/question-an...lass-11-biology-cbse-5fcb7d7a15a78672d1c6284d
[6] https://www.olabs.edu.in/?sub=79&brch=18&sim=476&cnt=1
[7] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9221448/
[8] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304383575975060/pdf?md5=fe0a0ddca9df97ac5932876e27d2521c&pid=1-s2.0-S0304383575975060-main.pdf
[9] https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/10520295109113215
[10] https://www.researchgate.net/post/W...or_chromosome_counting_of_a_root_tip_meristem

 

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Chromosome count in somatic cells. (A, C) Acetocarmine-stained leaf cells in wild-type (A) and MEZ1-silenced T 1 (C, line 9) plants. (B, D) Same as (A) and (C) after marking of individual chromosomes to facilitate counting. Twenty cells were counted in each T 1 plants of the three lines and all of them had increased chromosome numbers.​

Silencing of an Anther-specific Zinc-finger Gene, MEZ1, Causes Aberrant Meiosis and Pollen Abortion in Petunia​

• July 2006
• Plant Molecular Biology 61(3):415-30

DOI:10.1007/s11103-006-0020-0

 

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ACETOCARMINE STAINING​

Acetocarmine preparation (1% solution)​

Carmine is a basic dye that is prepared from the insect Coccus cacti. Dissolve 10 g carmine (Fisher C579-25) in 1 L of 45% glacial acetic acid, add boileezers, and reflux for 24 h. Filter into dark bottles and store at 4°C. This solution can be stored for a long time. Staining can be intensified by adding ferric chloride (FeCl2·6H2O); add 5 mL of a 10 % ferric chloride solution per 100 mL of % acetocarmine.

Acetocarmine staining​

To stain plant chromosomes, a 1% solution of carmine in 45% acetic acid is used. Freshly fixed material is transferred into 1% acetocarmine for at least 30 min and then analyzed by the squash method. If the material was fixed for a longer time, it requires a longer staining time (up to several days) to reach good contrast. If the material is to be analyzed immediately, fix and stain the tissue in one step using the 1% acetocarmine solution.

Chromosome squash technique​

Drain off the fixative and place the roots in 1% acetocarmine for 1 to 3 h. Heat until the acetocarmine begins to boil. Cut off the root cap with a razor blade and squeeze the meristematic tissue out with a lancet needle. Add a drop of acetocarmine or 45% acetic acid. Place a razor blade (double-edged) to one side and add a cover slip. Tap the cover slip gently with the needle end of a probe. Slide the razor blade out and heat to a point just below boiling (steam will form beneath the slide). Then, quickly squash with thumb or forefinger between two layers of filter paper. Be careful to not move the cover slip at this point.

 

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The Evolution of the Genome​

2005, Pages 371-426

CHAPTER 7 - Polyploidy in Plants​

Author links open overlay panelJENNIFER A. TATE, DOUGLAS E. SOLTIS, PAMELA S. SOLTIS
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Publisher Summary​

This chapter provides a discussion of recent advancements, in context to plant polyploidy. Polyploidy plays a very important role in plant evolution. Major recent advances in genomic analysis have made it possible to reexamine some of these issues in a new light. Plant polyploidy represents the genetic work of Hugo de Vries on Oenothera lamarckiana mut. Gigas (Onagraceae) that was discovered to be a tetraploid , and from Kuwada's hypothesis regarding an ancient chromosome duplication in maize (Zea mays). Two general types of polyploids have long been recognized: those involving the multiplication of one chromosome set and those resulting from the merger of structurally different chromosome sets. Plant polyploidy is also of substantial importance to humans, given that many of the world's chief agricultural crops have a polyploid origin. Recent genomic studies suggest that even species that were previously assumed to be diploid (small-genomed Arabidopsis thaliana) experienced one or more ancient rounds of genome duplication such as vertebrates, yeast, and other eukaryotic lineages. In this sense, elucidating the causes and consequences of polyploidy appears fundamental to the study of eukaryotic life forms. Whatever the future directions of plant polyploidy research, it is evident that an improved appreciation of the diversity of genetic and higher-level consequences of polyploidy will greatly advance the understanding of the processes that generate, maintain, and alter polyploid lineages in nature—and, by extension, influence the evolution of the global flora as a whole.

 

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Somatic doubling in a zygote refers to a polyploidy event where the chromosome number of the zygote (the first cell of a new individual) doubles, resulting in a cell with twice the normal number of chromosomes (tetraploid). This can occur spontaneously or be induced, and it's a mechanism for creating polyploid plants. [1, 2, 3]
Elaboration: [4, 4, 5, 5]

• Zygote: A zygote is the single cell formed by the fusion of sperm and egg cells during fertilization. It contains the complete set of chromosomes, one from each parent. [4, 4, 5, 5]
• Somatic doubling: This refers to a doubling of the chromosome number in somatic cells, which are all the body cells except for germ cells (sperm and egg). [2, 2, 6, 6, 7]
• Polyploidy: Polyploidy is a condition where an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes. In somatic doubling, a diploid zygote becomes tetraploid (4n), which is a type of polyploidy. [1, 2, 8, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]
• Mechanisms: [1, 1, 6, 6]
  • Spontaneous doubling: This can happen during mitosis, the process of cell division, when the chromosomes fail to divide properly. [1, 1, 2, 6, 6]
  • Induced doubling: Researchers can induce somatic doubling using chemicals like colchicine, which disrupt spindle formation during mitosis, preventing chromosome separation. [3, 3, 14, 14]
• Significance: [3, 3, 8, 8]
  • Polyploidization: Somatic doubling is a significant mechanism in the evolution of polyploidy in plants and animals. [3, 3, 8, 8]
  • Plant breeding: It's used in plant breeding to create polyploid plants that can be sterile or less fertile, but can be made fertile through chromosome doubling. [3, 3, 13, 15, 15]
  • Doubled haploids (DHs): In plant breeding, somatic doubling is used to create DHs, which are plants with homozygous chromosomes, allowing for rapid breeding of pure lines. [15, 15]
• Timing: Somatic doubling can occur in the zygote or in developing tissues. [16, 16, 17, 17]
• Examples: Somatic doubling has been observed in various plant species, including apples and other fruits, according to research and studies. [3, 3, 17, 17]

AI responses may include mistakes.
[1] http://www.indriid.com/goteborg/allopolyploids.html
[2] https://pbea.agron.iastate.edu/files/2021/11/Ploidy-Polyploidy-Aneuploidy-Haploidy.pdf
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploidy
[4] https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/germ-cells-and-epigenetics-14426688/
[5] https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/heredity/meiosis-and-genetic-diversity/v/fertilization-haploid-diploid-gamete-zygote-homologous
[6] https://groups.molbiosci.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-S/somatic_doubling.html
[7] https://www.csus.edu/indiv/m/merlinos/clonetalk.html
[8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_duplication
[9] https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg.2017.26
[10] https://brc.ncsu.edu/blog/measuring-conflict-in-polyploid-genomes
[11] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploidy
[12] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4033620/
[13] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/chromosome-doubling
[14] https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshel...0:_Ploidy-_Polyploidy_Aneuploidy_and_Haploidy
[15] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/chromosome-doubling
[16] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/chromosome-doubling
[17] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7332690/

 

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let them grow like they are born

DP


What Are “Twin” Cannabis Seedlings? Twin tap roots can sometimes emerge from one cannabis seed.
This is sort of like your seed having twins, because each new root has the potential to form into a separate plant!
It's not incredibly rare to get twins, but it is pretty neat to see it happen in person!

 

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Ways in which new species can form​

New species are generated by various processes. One way of classifying these processes is by whether they involve hybridization or genome doubling.

A genome can become doubled when a zygote replicates its DNA in preparation for the first cell division, but then fails to divide into two cells. This is is an example of somatic doubling. There are other two mechanisms: nonreduction during meiosis, and polyspermy. The result is an individual with double the usual number of chromosomes.

​	No change in genome size​	Genome is doubled​
One parental species​	Ordinary speciation​	Autopolyploidy​
Two parental species​	Homoploid hybridization​	Allopolyploidy​

Ordinary speciation involves neither hybridization nor genome doubling. This is the most common process and the most studied. When it occurs repeatedly it forms a branching process, and the result is a binary tree which grows as branches at the tips split into two.

Autopolyploidy is the process where an individual belonging to some species doubles its genome. The individual is incompatible with its 'parent' species and can go on to form a new species. There is no hybridization, and the process can still be seen as part of a branching process.

Homoploid hybridization is the process where two individuals belonging to two different species which (by definition) do not normally interbreed, nonetheless do produce a hybrid which does not backcross with either parental species, but establishes a new population. There is no change in genome size. The genome of the new species is a 'mixture' or 'mosaic' of the genomes of the two parental species. Homoploid hybridization is also known as recombinational speciation.

Allopolyploidy is the process where two individuals belonging to two different species produce a hybrid individual and this hybrid then undergoes genome doubling and forms a new species. The hybrid individual would (at least in most cases) be infertile without this genome doubling, because the chromosomes of the two parental species are too different to recombine during meiosis. In this case the genome of the new species is the 'sum' of the genomes of the two parental species.

There are different definitions of allopolyploidy. It can be defined in terms of the evolutionary process (first sentence above) or in terms of the behaviour of the chromosomes (along the lines of the second sentence). The definitions usually coincide, but not always.

In the descriptions above, the processes are described in terms of a single individual producing a new species all by itself. That can happen in some species. Plants often reproduce vegetatively, and some flowers can self-fertilize. However the processes may also happen many times, involving many individuals, and possibly over a long time.

Incidence​

In general, autopolyploidy, homoploid hybridization, and allopolyploidy are rare in comparison to ordinary speciation. However polyploids (species with doubled or other multiples of genomes compared to close relatives) are common in plants, and also occur in animals and fungi. Around half of flowers and 95% of ferns are polyploids. Polyploids are relatively easy to detect, but it is harder to determine whether their origin was autopolyploidy or allopolyploidy, or to determine how much ordinary speciation has occurred since their origin. The relative incidences of autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy is a matter for current research and debate. Most biologists think that allopolyploidy is much more common. Homoploid hybridization is hard to detect but has been found in a few cases.

Within plants at least, allopolyploidy is very probably the second most important mechanism for generating new species.

References​

Most of the information here comes from the book Speciation, by Jerry A. Coyne and H. Allen Orr.

Information about incidence comes from

Tate, Soltis, and Soltis (2005) Polyploidy in plants. In The Evolution of the Genome (T. R. Gregory, ed.)

and

Wood, Takebayashi, Barker, Mayrose, Greenspoon, et al. (2009) The frequency of polyploid speciation in vascular plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106.

 

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Within plants at least, allopolyploidy is very probably the second most important mechanism for generating new species.

Allopolyploidy is a type of polyploidy where an individual's genome consists of two or more complete sets of chromosomes derived from different species. This usually happens through hybridization between two species followed by doubling of the chromosomes. Allopolyploids are common in plants, particularly in flowering plants, and can play a significant role in speciation and diversification. [1, 2, 3, 4]
Here's a more detailed explanation:

• Hybridization: Allopolyploidy often begins with the interbreeding (hybridization) of two different species. [1, 3]
• Chromosomal Doubling: If the hybrid's chromosomes double after fertilization, the resulting offspring will have two or more complete sets of chromosomes from different parental species. [1, 3]
• Fertility: Allopolyploidy can lead to a new, fertile species with a combined genetic makeup of both parent species. [1, 3, 5]
• Examples: Common examples of allopolyploids include bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and cotton (Gossypium species). [6, 7]
• Speciation: Allopolyploidy is a significant driver of speciation in plants, leading to the evolution of new plant species and the diversification of plant life. [3, 4]
• Difference from Autopolyploidy: Autopolyploidy, on the other hand, involves the doubling of chromosome sets within a single species. [8, 9]

AI responses may include mistakes.
[1] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22942729/
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploidy
[3] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10381917/
[4] https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1404177111
[5] https://old-ib.bioninja.com.au/high...3-gene-pools-and-speciati/allopolyploidy.html
[6] https://study.com/learn/lesson/allopolyploidy-autopolyploidy-speciation-examples.html
[7] https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/allopolyploid
[8] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/autopolyploidy
[9] https://www.albert.io/blog/differences-between-autopolyploidy-and-allopolyploidy/

 

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Free Online Pedigree Tool - Progeny

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online.visual-paradigm.com

https://magnusdv.shinyapps.io/quickped/

 

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Front. Plant Sci., 20 December 2018
Sec. Crop and Product Physiology
Volume 9 - 2018 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01876

Latitudinal Adaptation and Genetic Insights Into the Origins of Cannabis sativaL.
Qinghai Lake head waters of the yellow river


H9 a.k.a. (Item 9)... NW China Tibet,

Qinghai Lake

Qinghai Lake - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Yellow River civilization - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Prehistory of China - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Miao people - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org