Haystack

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SC Labs First to Offer DCC-Approved Expanded Potency Compliance Testing for Cannabis Flower and Non-Infused Prerolls

SC Labs first to offer expanded list of DCC-approved analytes (including THCVa, CBDV, CBDVa, CBCa, CBGa, and CBL)—giving cultivators and manufacturers a powerful tool for product differentiation, and allowing consumers to make more informed purchasing decisions.

www.sclabs.com

Comprehensive and compliant​

Launching Tuesday, Feb. 27, this strategic expansion reintroduces pivotal compounds to the DCC compliance panel—specifically THCVa, CBDV, CBDVa, CBCa, CBGa, and CBL—amplifying our collective understanding of cannabis profiles. By pushing the boundaries of cannabinoid analysis, SC Labs remains steadfast at the vanguard of innovation, delivering priceless insights for consumers, producers, and researchers alike.

We’ve always championed the advancement of cannabis testing science. This expanded compliance panel reaffirms our unwavering commitment to furnishing precise and comprehensive information, empowering the industry with state-of-the-art insights.

– Jeff Gray, CEO, SC Labs

 

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UniProt

www.uniprot.org

Taxonomy - Cannabis (genus)​

UniProt

www.uniprot.org

THCAS_CANSA​

UniProt

www.uniprot.org

CBCAS_CANSA​

Purification and characterization of cannabidiolic-acid synthase from Cannabis sativa L. Biochemical analysis of a novel enzyme that catalyzes the oxidocyclization of cannabigerolic acid to cannabidiolic acid.​

UniProt

www.uniprot.org

CBDAS_CANSA​

Cannabis and Natural Cannabis Medicines

6. CANNABINOID AND TERPENOID BIOSYNTHESIS

It is not surprising that cannabinoids are produced along with terpenoid com-
pounds. Terpenes comprise a large group of compounds synthesized from C10 isoprene

subunits. Monoterpenes (C10) and sesquiterpenes (C15) are the classes most commonly
found in Cannabis. Terpenoids are the primary aromatic constituents of Cannabis
resin, although they constitute only a small percentage of organic solvent extracts.

Cannabinoids are terpenophenolic compounds chemically related to the terpenoid com-
pounds as the ring structure is derived from a geranyl pyrophosphate C10 terpenoid

subunit. Cannabinoids make up a large portion of the resin and can make up as much
as 30% by weight of dried flowering tops. Cannabinoids are not significantly present
in extracts prepared by steam distillation (15).
Our basic understanding of the biosynthesis of the major cannabinoids comes
largely from the research of Yukihiro Shoyama and colleagues at Kyushu University
in Japan (16,17). Cannabinoid biosynthesis begins with the incorporation of geranyl
pyrophosphate (a terpenoid compound) with either a C10 polyketide for the propyl (C3
side chain) or a C12 polyketide for the pentyl (C5 side chain) cannabinoid series into
either cannabigerovarin (CBGV) or cannabigerol (CBG), respectively. Research by
Etienne de Meijer at HortaPharm B.V. in the Netherlands shows that there is a single
allele (Pr) controlling the propyl pathway to CBGV and another allele (Pe) controlling
the pentyl pathway to CBG. The biosyntheses of THC, cannabidiol (CBD), and
cannabichromene (CBC) (or tetrahydrocannabivarin [THCV], cannabidivarin [CBDV],

or cannabichromavarin [CBCV]) are controlled by a suite of three enzymes, each con-
trolled by a single allele: T, D, and C, respectively. The three enzymes can likely use

either propyl CBGV or pentyl CBG for the propyl and pentyl pathways, depending on
which substrate is available. This hypothesis was verified by Flachowsky et al. (18).
Continued research by de Meijer et al. (19) (see Fig. 3) has shown that CBD and THC
biosynthesis are controlled by a pair of co-dominant alleles, which code for isoforms
of the same synthase, each with a different specificity for converting the common

precursor CBG into either CBD or THC. The group also identified by random ampli-
fied polymorphic DNA analysis three chemotype-associated DNA markers that show

tight linkage to chemotype and co-dominance.

UniProt

www.uniprot.org

Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, chloroplastic

Cannabis sativa genome - Nucleotide - NCBI

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Items: 1 to 20 of 88908​

Geranylgeraniol - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Geranylgeraniol is a diterpenoid alcohol. It is a colorless waxy solid.[1]

Geranylgeraniol is an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of other diterpenes, of vitamins E, and of K.[2] It also used in the post-translational modification known as geranylgeranylation. Geranylgeraniol is a pheromone for bumblebees and a variety of other insects.[3]

Geranylgeraniol is a potent inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro.[4]

Diterpene - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Diterpenes are a class of terpenes composed of four isoprene units, often with the molecular formula C20H32. They are biosynthesized by plants, animals and fungi via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway, with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate being a primary intermediate. Diterpenes form the basis for biologically important compounds such as retinol, retinal, and phytol. They are known to be antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory.[1][2]

Terpene - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

 

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A physical and genetic map of Cannabis sativa identifies extensive rearrangements at the THC/CBD acid synthase loci​

• DOI: 10.1101/gr.242594.118

Published online 2020 Dec 8. doi: 10.3390/molecules25245792

The Cannabis Terpenes​

Published online 2021 Mar 15. doi: 10.1186/s42238-021-00062-4

The biosynthesis of the cannabinoids​

Tandem Mass Spectrometric Quantification of 93 Terpenoids in Cannabis Using Static Headspace Injections​

Publication Date:August 1, 2019
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02844

 

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Mass chromatogram - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

total ion current (TIC)
A mass spectrum is a histogram plot of intensity vs. mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) in a chemical sample,[1]

Figure 2. TIC chromatogram of the identified terpenoids in (A) the standard mix and (B) a representative Cannabis sample. Compounds in the Cannabis sample were identified by comparison of RTs, masses, and MS/MS fragmentations as observed for the standards.
As shown, several additional unidentified peaks were observed in the TIC chromatogram of the Cannabis sample (Figure 2B) for which there were no analytical standards commercially available. These compounds and several others, which also appeared in numerous other Cannabis chemovars, were putatively identified by spectral searching against the NIST library and by the closest RIcalc value as shown in Table S3. Some of these are noticeably large peaks, including selina-3,7-diene, α- and γ-eudesmol, β- and γ-selinene, β-bisabolene, and others. However, since there were no analytical standards available for these compounds, we could not validate their extraction and quantification, and therefore, they were not included as part of this research.
According to the presented TIC, several peaks overlap (also for peaks for which there were no analytical standards commercially available). This emphasizes the uncertainty and inaccuracy in reported results when using FID and/or single quad MS detection. Therefore, in order to improve the selectivity for quantification of overlapping compounds and increase sensitivity by reducing the limits of detection and quantification, we chose to quantify terpenoids using the SRM mode. This mode enables one to quantify compounds by choosing product ions from specific precursors; hence, two overlapping compounds with identical masses can be separated using dissimilar product ions.
For optimization of the SRM parameters, 1 μL from each of five different terpenoid standard mixtures were injected into the liquid inlet. The mixtures were created after finding the RT of each of the terpenoids separately to avoid peaks overlapping, which can interfere with the selection of product ions. Optimization of the chromatographic peak resolution was performed by injecting a single mixture of all the terpenoid standards through the HS injection port (Table S4; values are reported only for pairs of compounds with similar parent and product ions, which elute in the same RT window, and that exhibited resolutions below 3). The total runtime of the established method was 74 min.
The peak assignments, chemical formulas, molecular weights (MWs), RTs, and optimized parameters for the SRM transitions of each of the identified terpenoids are listed in Table S5. Terpenoids in this table are ordered by increasing RT. Optimal precursor (Q1) and product ions (Q2) and collision energies (CEs) for the SRM detection mode were determined in the 10–30 eV range in order to find the most intense product ions for each precursor. Three different transitions were selected accordingly; one used for quantification and the two others, for qualification (see Table S5).

 

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Terpenes, although have psychoactive properties, do not get you high. Instead, they provide a relaxing effect and relieve pain. Terpenes are not cannabinoids. However, they come from the same section of the medicinal cannabis plant as cannabinoids and have the same effect on your endocannabinoid system.

Endocannabinoid system - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

The endocannabinoid system remains under preliminary research, but may be involved in regulating physiological and cognitive processes,

and in mediating the pharmacological effects of cannabis.[9][10] The ECS plays an important role in multiple aspects of neural functions, including the control of movement and motor coordination, learning and memory, emotion and motivation, addictive-like behavior and pain modulation, among others.[11]

The endocannabinoid system is by molecular phylogenetic distribution of apparently ancient lipids in the plant kingdom, indicative of biosynthetic plasticity and potential physiological roles of endocannabinoid-like lipids in plants,[81]

 

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phylogenetic inference methods that focus on observed heritable traits, such as DNA sequences, protein amino acid sequences, or morphology. The result of such an analysis is a phylogenetic tree—a diagram containing a hypothesis of relationships that reflects the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.[4]

 

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Published online 2021 Mar 15. doi: 10.1186/s42238-021-00062-4

The biosynthesis of the cannabinoids​

 

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Definition of missense variant​

G/C 0.182 ​

A genetic alteration in which a single base pair substitution alters the genetic code in a way that produces an amino acid that is different from the usual .

Analysis of Sequence Variability and Transcriptional Profile of Cannabinoid synthase Genes in Cannabis sativa L. Chemotypes with a Focus on Cannabichromenic acid synthase

Cannabis sativa L. has been long cultivated for its narcotic potential due to the accumulation of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) in female inflorescences, but nowadays its production for fiber, seeds, edible oil and bioactive compounds has spread ...

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

 

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