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:D Genetic Preservation :D - Breeding

acespicoli

Well-known member
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When I asked him about the numbering system of Northern Lights #1 through #11, he told me that he made that up just before he sent the seeds to Nevil, along with the name “Northern Lites”, telling me that to him it meant that the plants were grown and bred up North under "lites" and that the spelling got changed by Nevil to the "lights" version after it arrived in the Netherlands.


The numbering system was #1 through #11, with #1 being the most Afghan and “Indica” as they called it back then, and as the varieties became more tropical/equatorial, or “sativa” as the numbers went up. Always honest, Greg said he does not remember all of the particular crosses because he did not make all of them. The Northern Lights seeds that Greg sent to Nevil and became famous was a collection of various crosses that Greg collected from his group of friends on the West Coast over the years that they had been breeding and sharing with one another.


Initially the relationship between Greg and Nevil started off smoothly with Greg gifting the first set of NL seeds to Nevil and then selling him the second set of seeds. Unfortunately, some time in 1986, Greg found out that Nevil had gone behind his back to buy so-called NL seeds from a different guy. That action got Nevil cut off from the true source of Northern Lights seeds, but Nevil just started to knock off the varieties he had and breed them with various other plants.


Greg also reported to me that he had not ever sent Northern Lights #1, the “Purest Indica” that he originally got from Steve Murphy to Nevil, and that instead Nevil “did what he wanted to” with the numbers and changed the history to suit his own narrative. Greg told me at some point he did send a NL#5 cutting to Nevil, but the #2 through #11 initially went to Nevil as seed varieties.


Unfortunately through various busts and “Operation Green Merchant” the original varieties of Northern lights seeds were all but lost, but as fate would have it, one of Greg’s relatives passed away and in an old freezer, his family found a collection of some of his old seeds from the early 80s including; Purest Indica, Northern Lights #2 and #5.


Greg sent me some of those old seeds so that I could do some germination testing and give him feedback on the viability of the genetics after all those years in storage and I was extremely surprised to get decent germination rates and some very vigorous plants. As a collector of old books about cannabis cultivation, I have copies of the Murphy Stevens grow books and I was astounded at the similarity of his photographs of “Purest Indica” to the plants I grew from the “Purest Indica” seed from his relative’s freezer given to me by Greg - they look practically identical.

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Greg told me at some point he did send a NL#5 cutting to Nevil,
but the #2 through #11 initially went to Nevil as seed varieties.
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acespicoli

Well-known member
Historically, as discussed in the text,
“Sativa” formerly represented landraces of South Asian heritage, and
“Indica” formerly represented Central Asian landraces.
This key is not intended for the identification of “Sativa” and “Indica” strains commercially available today
ATHC/CBD ratio always ≥7, often much more. Mature achenes usually ≥ 3.6 mm long (Fig. 3e, f); perianth mostly sloughed off, but often persistent in places (appearing as irregular spots or stripes); exposed exocarp exhibiting prominent venation; lacking a prominent protuberant base; not readily disarticulating from plantvar. indica (“Sativa” in the historical sense2)
BTHC/CBD ratio usually ≥7, sometimes less. Mature achenes usually <3.6 mm long (Fig. 3g, h); perianth persistent (covering exocarp and its venation), with strong pigmentation in a mottled or striped pattern; with a protuberant base; readily disarticulating from plantvar. himalayensis
ATHC/CBD ratio <7 (almost always >2). Mature achenes usually ≥ 3.6 mm long (Fig. 3a, b); perianth mostly sloughed off (appearing as irregular spots or stripes); exposed exocarp exhibiting prominent venation; lacking a prominent protuberant base; not disarticulating from plant, and often trapped in the dense inflorescencevar. afghanica (“Indica” in the historical sense2)
BTHC/CBD ratio often <2. Mature achenes usually < 3.6 mm long (Fig. 3c, d); perianth persistent (covering exocarp and its venation), with strong pigmentation in a mottled or striped pattern; with a protuberant base; readily disarticulating from plantvar. asperrima
o9VJ4cXdTHzStjo72q2MrOk2yOfC4nDcdK-567C2AJKy3E88ZXJzlC8RS80WoBF8VVtnGXOrgRqm2v1vv2ekEVlN7jD_NU-Q_Fh7oWdI0D3V2gBlQ1R8aR6d3CIhhAk977Z9GZ7Hs0jLIhrfLPJiBhM

Representative achenes of four varieties A indica, Rajshahi (Bangladesh), Clarke 1877 (BM) B indica, Coimbatore (India), Bircher 1893 (K) C indica, South Africa, Hillig 1996; (IND) D himalayensis neotype E himalayensis, Bareilly (India), Roxburgh 1796 (K). F himalayensis, East Bengal (Bangladesh) Griffith 1835 (GH) G afghanica neotype H afghanica epitype I afghanica Yarkant (Xīnjiāng), Henderson 1871 (LE) J asperrima lectotype K asperrima Nuristān (Afghanistan), Street 1965 (F) L Kailiyskiy Alatau (Kazakhstan), Semenov-Tyan-Shansky 1857 (LE).
 
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acespicoli

Well-known member

To be cont.
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Top Yields
Killer New Haven #1 x FreezelandSmoke-A-Lot9.6710
Masa CriticaBCN Seeds509.6710
MochalopeDynasty Seeds561010
Outdoor GrapefruitFemale Seeds568.2510
King KongDr. Underground57 (54 - 61)9.0710
The Third DimensionSubCool57 (53 - 62)10
S.A.D. Sweet Afgani Delicious S1Sweet Seeds58 (48 - 68)8.4410
Master KushNirvana59 (56 - 63)7.510
Northern Light AutomaticRoyal Queen62 (55 - 68)8.3410
White WidowWhite Label62 (59 - 65)8.710
Power FlowerRoyal Queen64 (61 - 68)8.2510
Cloud #9Dinafem658.510
Moby Dick #2Dinafem651010
Jack Flash #5Sensi Seeds65 (60 - 70)8.3310
Boss's SisterSin City Seeds67910
Royal MobyRoyal Queen69 (68 - 70)8.6310
ChemdogGreen House72 (65 - 78)8.2110
Critical Neville HazeDelicious Seeds73 (69 - 77)9.4610
Colombian DPisces Genetics741010
Sage n SourTH Seeds75 (71 - 78)9.310
Auto HazeFemale Seeds81910
Zamal ReunionSeeds of Africa919.6710
Malawi GoldSeeds of Africa1128.8310
Blue CheeseBarneys Farm59 (57 - 61)8.279.33
Jack 47 AutoSweet Seeds639.569.33
Skunk 1-Afghani 1 HybridS.S.S.C.9.339
Polm Gold OutdoorSpliff Seeds8.679
Northern Cali GooeyUnknown/Legendary9.679
True BlueberryDJ Short539.339
Kripple ShockDr. Krippling5399
CaramellaHG Fantaseeds54 (51 - 58)8.419
Super OG KushPyramid Seeds5599
Chem Valley KushCali Connection5679
Emerald JackEmerald Triangle56 (56 - 56)8.319
Critical LightsExpert Seeds569.59
Big BudHG Fantaseeds56 (51 - 61)7.889
Sweet TunisianJamaica Seeds567.679
Automatic Hindu KushLowlife Seeds568.59
Sweet Cheese F1 Fast VersionSweet Seeds569.59
Channel+Medical Seeds57 (46 - 68)8.559
CriticalRoyal Queen59 (56 - 62)7.899
BlueChemMarshall Seeds609.59
KayaNirvana609.679
Spliff Cheese AutomaticSpliff Seeds60 (55 - 65)99
Erdbeer x Deep ChunkAlpine-Seeds61 (59 - 63)8.429
Swiss CheeseNirvana61 (59 - 64)7.719
Critical Orange PunchDutch Passion62 (59 - 65)8.289
Jorge's Diamonds #1Dutch Passion62 (58 - 66)8.929
GalaxyPyramid Seeds62 (58 - 66)8.449
Critical Jack Herer AutoDelicious Seeds63 (59 - 67)8.739
EuforiaDutch Passion63 (59 - 66)8.469
Big BangGreen House63 (58 - 68)6.869
Blueberry HeadbandHumboldt Seed Org.63 (60 - 66)8.589
Romulan CheeseNext Generation637.679
AK-48Nirvana63 (59 - 66)7.989
Swiss BlissParadise Seeds638.339
Sticky FingersSeed Stockers638.679
Crystal CandySweet Seeds638.639
Chronic HazeWorld of Seeds637.589
Critical JackDinafem64 (60 - 69)8.659
Haze SpecialK.C. Brains64 (62 - 66)6.449
Haze BerryRoyal Queen64 (60 - 69)7.989
ChronicSerious Seeds64 (61 - 67)7.989
CBD NordleCBD Crew65 (65 - 65)6.759
OG KushHumboldt Seed Org.65 (62 - 68)7.989
UK CheeseShaman6599
Sweet Tooth AutoBarneys Farm67 (60 - 73)8.759
Blueberry HazeClone Only6799
Arctic FalloutHouse of Funk6799
Jack HererVision Seeds67 (65 - 70)7.839
MonasteriaNectar Seeds687.759
Auto KushFemale Seeds7089
SatoriMandala70 (67 - 74)8.739
Freddy's BestDutch Passion71 (63 - 79)8.189
Public EnemyShaman7199
Colombian GoldWorld of Seeds71 (68 - 75)8.949
Sleestack x Skunk #1Seedsman72 (72 - 72)8.59
ArmageddonHG Fantaseeds75 (73 - 77)8.139
New York CityPyramid Seeds759.339
Malawi GoldHoly Smoke Seeds778.339
Super Silver Sour Diesel HazeReservoir Seeds808.679
Santa Marta Haze AutoflowerSeed Stockers8399
AutoUltimateDutch Passion86 (78 - 94)7.039
SomauiSoma Seeds919.339
Amnesia XXL AutofloweringDinafem95 (95 - 95)8.889
Power PlantDutch Passion63 (60 - 67)7.998.75
White BerryParadise Seeds51 (48 - 53)8.118.5
ICEFemale Seeds60 (57 - 64)8.398.5
OpiumParadise Seeds61 (58 - 63)8.388.5
Fruity Chronic JuiceDelicious Seeds62 (56 - 69)8.338.5
White WidowSeedsman64 (60 - 68)7.238.5
Critical KushBarneys Farm67 (56 - 77)8.298.5

Maybe someone could tell me about the genetic basis of Big Bud wth did that cut come from ?
One thing I noticed about this list is critical comes up quite often :thinking:
Skunk
Big Bud
NL
White Widow
Haze

Also seem to be a reoccurring theme on this list
 
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acespicoli

Well-known member
Trends distinguishing the domesticated high-THC varieties C. sativa subsp. indica var. indica and C. sativa subsp. indica var. afghanica.1


Character C. s. var. indica C. s. var. afghanica
THC/CBD ratio≥7<7
THCV+CBDV contentOften presentOften absent
terpenoid profile“herbal” or “sweet” aroma, with no sesquiterpene alcoholsacrid or “skunky” aroma, with the presence of guaiol, γ-eudesmol, and β-eudesmol
height, branchingwell-grown plants usually ≥ 2 m; branching flexible (with upward-angled habitus)well-grown plants usually < 2 m; branching inflexible (with menorah-shaped habitus)
leaves at the base of inflorescenceslighter green, usually 7 leaflets, with gaps between leaflet marginsdarker green, usually 9 leaflets, with overlapping margins
central leaflets of multifoliolate leaveslong and narrow, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate in shape; margins finely serrate, biserrate margins sometimes seenlong and broad, often oblanceolate in shape; margins coarsely serrate, biserrate margins rarely seen
pistillate
inflorescences
relatively diffuse & open, sugar leaves relatively obscure (with a high perigonal bract-to-leaf index)compact and with prominent sugar leaves (with a low perigonal bract-to-leaf index)
stalked glandular trichome densityfew on the proximal end of floral leaves; moderately dense on perigonal bractsmany on the proximal end of floral leaves, extending at least half way down floral leaves; very dense on perigonal bracts
perianthperianth with mottled pigmentation, sometimes persistent over entire acheneperianth with mottled pigmentation, rarely persistent, limited to base of achene
acheneexocarp color green brown (darker than afghanica), lower range of size smaller than afghanica; loosely embedded in perigonal bract and sugar leavesexocarp color olive green to gray (lighter than indica), upper range of size larger than indica; tightly embedded in perigonal bract and sugar leaves
maturation timelater maturingearlier maturing
other characterssusceptible to black mildew (Schiffnerula cannabis), monoecious plants occasionally seensusceptible to gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) and powdery mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum), monoecious plants rarely seen
 

acespicoli

Well-known member
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Test grows for mold resistance,
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Mawsynram receives the highest rainfall in India.
It is reportedly the wettest place on Earth, with an average annual rainfall of 11,872 millimetres (467.4 in).
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Just thirty years ago, Mawsynram had no paved roads,
no running water and no electricity,
making its six-month long monsoon an insufferable ...
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acespicoli

Well-known member
Biosynthesis of specific terpenes may affect biotic and abiotic stress plant response and disease resistance [49]. For instance, few studies showed that while phytoanticipins terpenes are constitutively secreted in the absence of plant pathogen infection, phytoalexins are produced in response to pathogenic microbes [49,50]. A whole genome resequencing data across diverse samples of feral and domesticated lineages of C. sativa, aimed to examine their population structure, also allowed the identification of 6 loci related to stress response and 1 gene potentially involved in disease resistance [51]. This gene was annotated as mevalonate kinase (MEV kinase) and is involved in sesquiterpenes biosynthesis via the mevalonic acid pathway, with sesquiterpenes known for their antifungal properties [52]. Despite successful breeding efforts to modify terpene profiles, plant pathogens still constitute a significant cause of crop loss in Cannabis production [53].
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3. Powdery Mildew Pathogens—Golovinomyces spp.​

Cannabis is susceptible to the common PM pathogen Golovinomyces spp. [12]. Symptoms first appear as white circular patches of epiphytic mycelia and conidia on the leaf surface, which progress to cover the entire surface, and spread to the flowers and buds. Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs), whose antifungal properties are thought to result from their β-1,3-glucanase activity [54], have also been associated with PM resistance in hops [55]. However, the antifungal activity of Endochitinase genes has not been widely studied [56]. The opposite occurs in the mildew loci O (MLO) gene family, which encodes plant proteins in conserved clades, of which clades IV and V are known for their susceptibility to PM [57]. In a recent study [58], the expression analysis of CsMLOs belonging to clade V, (CsMLO1 and CsMLO4 genes) revealed that these genes were significantly upregulated under Golovinomyces ambrosiae infection, confirming their possible involvement in PM susceptibility and as negative regulatory in immune system.
Subsequently, evidence was provided for the first R gene in Cannabis, represented by a single dominant locus able to confer complete resistance to an isolate of the PM pathogen G. ambrosiae [59]. Here, by using the “CBDRx” genome and linkage mapping with ~10,000 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, 10 candidate genes of a single dominant R gene type, designed PM1, were detected, and this gene was mapped to a region rich in genes containing NBS and LRR domains. Specifically, a cluster of these putative disease resistance proteins contained N-terminal coiled-coil (CC) and nucleotide-binding arc (NB-ARC) domains, and two genes also contained LRR characteristics. Three annotations were also observed for tetratricopeptide repeat-containing proteins. Overall, the study identifies a key area for further research into the genetic basis for Cannabis resistance to G.ambrosiae.
NBS-LRR are involved in resistance to PM in several other species, like Vitis vinifera [60] and Triticum aestivum [61], and NBS proteins have been associated with candidate resistance genes to PM in hops [62]. According to these results and Mihalyov and Garfinkel’s [59] findings, the NBS-LRR resistance may be hypothesised for Cannabis.
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4. Fusarium spp.​

Pathogens in the genus Fusarium are among the most destructive in Cannabis, especially when affecting the roots or when infection occurs in the vegetative growth phase [10,63]. Sixteen species of Fusarium were reported as associated to Cannabis and classified into seven species complexes: Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, F. incarnatum-equiseti, F.sambucinum, F. tricinctum, F. graminearum and F. fujikuroi [63,64]. The most evident Fusarium symptoms include yellowing of foliage and stem necrosis, and the related disease pathology is typically vascular wilt, but several Fusarium species can also result in seedling damping-off, crown rot, and reduced growth of stems and roots [12,63]. The main causative species in root and stem rots are F. solani and F. oxysporum [12].
F. oxysporum, a soilborne pathogen, can cause devastating vascular wilt in more than 100 plant species, and most of these fungi are formae speciales (f. sp.), an informal taxonomic group only infecting a single host plant species [65]. Two forms are reported as causal agents of Fusarium wilt in Cannabis, F. oxysporum f. sp. Cannabis (FoxC) and F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (FoxV). No host other than Cannabis has been reported for FoxC [14]. There are few studies on plant resistance to diseases caused by Fusarium and by F. oxysporum in Cannabis [66]. However, some resistance mechanisms and related gene families, common to a large set of plants and not specific to Cannabis, have been investigated [66].
The plant cell wall is the first barrier that F. oxysporum encounters during an attack, and this barrier defines the primary resource to fight the pathogen. Genes, which are reported to strengthen the plant cell walls, such as genes encoding 4-coumarate-CoA ligase, polyphenol oxidase and cellulose synthase, resulted upregulated in resistant Cavendish banana roots [67]. These findings suggest that the strengthened cell walls possibly confer enhanced pathogen resistance, which could also be the case in Cannabis.
Other gene families conferring F. oxysporum resistance include those involved in biosynthesis of JA and encoding P450 proteins [68]. Genes encoding dirigent-like proteins, CAP family proteins (cysteine-rich secretory proteins) and wound-responsive family proteins have also been demonstrated to be overexpressed during F. oxysporum infection in Arabidopsis [66]. NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidases (or Respiratory burst oxidase) are also upregulated in several plants infected by F. oxysporum, such as wheat, cotton, and cucumber [67]. However, how these oxidases confer basal resistance to the pathogen is still unclear.
A large number of genes responsive to F. oxysporum Arabidopsis infection were detected in Zhu et al. [69]. Results confirmed that the ET, JA, auxin and SA pathways are all activated in response to infection by F. oxysporum. WAK gene upregulation was demonstrated to be induced upon F. oxysporum attack, and it seems that plants use these receptors to detect elicitors released by this fungus [69]. The induction of a number of genes encoding receptor-like kinases (RLKs) by F. oxysporum infection was also reported, and similar to what happens in the PM response, NBS-LRR-encoding genes also showed F. oxysporum resistance properties [69]. Transcription factors (TFs) play an important role as positive and negative regulators of antimicrobial compounds during the pathogenesis, and few of them belonging to the WRKY, ERF, MYB, and NAC gene families resulted constitutively up-regulated during the fungal infection [69].
Furthermore, the overexpression in Arabidopsis of genes belonging to the ERF family was related to the resistance to F. oxysporum [66]. Indeed, overexpression of ERF1, ERF2, and ERF14, which encode proteins belonging to the APETALA/ethylene (ET)-responsive-element binding protein (EREBP) family, provide resistance against this fungus. Conversely, overexpression of ERF4 leads to decreased resistance against F. oxysporum.
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5. Botrytis cinerea

Botrytis cinerea attacks over 1000 crops, including legumes, berries, and some ornamental plants [70]. Because of this wide host range, it is the most studied necrotrophic pathogen. Cannabis is also susceptible to the gray mold disease caused by this fungus [12,13]. This air-borne necrotrophic pathogen can attack Cannabis seeds, leaves, inflorescences and stalks, causing lesions covered by a conidia grey layer and often leading to broader crop decay [71]. Its pathogenic strategy consists of the secretion of enzymes to digest the plant surface, and in the synthesis of phytotoxic metabolites leading to the host cell death [72]. Generally, the infection strategies rely on several virulence factors, like toxins and plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs), transporter proteins and enzymes that protect B. cinerea from oxidative stress [73].
To fight this disease, plants activate a complex network of defence pathways, which allow them to respond to the pathogen. Plant cells recognise B. cinerea rapidly and activate the production of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs), and increase the production of hormones such as SA, JA, ET, abscisic acid (ABA) and brassinosteroids (BR), which have been known to play a key role in defence against this pathogen [74]. ET and JA have synergistic effects in plant B. cinerea resistance. JA targets the JA-Zim (JAZ) repressor for degradation, activates JA/ET-related defence genes, and SA negatively regulates this transcriptional cascade. ABA decreases resistance to B. cinerea through the reduction of nitric oxide (NO) formation and suppresses both ROS and ET production. BRs also regulate plant immunity mainly by interacting with TFs, playing a key role for pathway crosstalk and signal integration, and allowing regulation of plant growth and defence [74]. Findings suggest that these defence mechanisms involved in the B. cinerea infection process are common to several plant hosts [75].
In a recent study [76], Cannabis defence responses against B. cinerea were explored at the molecular level. Symptoms were monitored, and the expression of putative defence genes was verified in leaves by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). Five putative defence genes, involved in JA/ET-pathway (ethylene response factor 1 (ERF1), encoding hevein-like protein (HEL) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) proteins), and in SA-pathway (pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) and pathogenesis-related protein 2 (PR2), were identified, showing upregulation during all infection phases and thus strongly induced by B. cinerea pathogen.
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6. Pythium

Pythium sp. are classified as oomycetes and are soil-borne plant pathogens commonly referred to as water molds [77]. They cause seed death, seedling damping-off, root browning and stunting, decay of fruits and vegetables during cultivation, culminating in serious damage to a wide range of crops, like beans, opium, spinach, strawberry, soybean and tobacco [17]. P. aphanidermatum, typical of plants in warm regions, appeared to be the most aggressive, especially towards plants in their germination and seedling stages [17]. Together with P. ultimum it was reported to cause damping-off of hemp seedlings [78] and was also recently shown to cause crown and root rot on hemp [79]. Furthermore, under greenhouse hydroponic conditions, it can cause the death of mature plants [17]. Moreover, two Pythium species, P. dissotocum Drechsler and P. myriotylum Drechsler are able to produce zoospores at 24–27 °C, and were shown to cause root damage in Cannabis, resulting in browning and stunting [17]. Neither of these two species has been previously reported to infect Cannabis [17].
In a recent study, two PAMPs, harpin and flg22, were shown to activate immune responses in various plant species [36]. Harpin has been considered to increase Cannabis growth and to help its disease resistance; however, there have been no scientific studies supporting this statement. In any case, it is known that harpin induces insect defence and activates the ethylene signalling pathway [80]. Flg22 is known to induce PTI in plants, resulting in ethylene biosynthesis and activation of MAPK cascades [81].
In hemp, pretreatment with harpin was shown to enhance seedling resistance to P. aphanidermatum PAMPs; however, flg22 did not induce the same defence mechanism towards this pathogen species [36]. Both harpin and flg22 pretreatment induced ethylene-responsive genes, but harpin-treated seedlings showed a significant increase in CsERF1 expression, while flg22 treatment did not affect the expression of this gene. Furthermore, both harpin and flg22-induced CsFRK1 (FLG22-induced receptor-like kinase1) and CsPR1, two marker genes associated with plant innate immunity in uninfected plants

Plants (Basel). 2023 Aug; 12(15): 2764.
Published online 2023 Jul 25. doi: 10.3390/plants12152764
 

acespicoli

Well-known member
Meitei Manipuri
Ukhru Naga



pg 313 / 23
selection
Reliance on only a few select male and female cuttings
for seed production reduces genetic diversity. The number

of female clones used as seed parents in sinsemilla breed-
ing is now limited, but even fewer pollen parents are used

to make commercial seed. Seed varieties and clones are
most often named after their female seed parent, but

equally important is what plant was used as a pollen par-
ent. Male parents that consistently produce uniform off-
spring are much harder to find than female parents,

which are often maintained as commercial cultivars. Indi-
vidual male plants are often selected for phenotypic traits

resembling females

(e.g., increased vigor, short internodes,
profuse branching, dense inflorescences, strong aroma,

etc.).

However, in order to identify which male clone will
produce the best offspring, each of these male clones
must be crossed with a range of female cuttings. The seeds
from each of these crosses must then be progeny-tested to

check for quality and consistency.

For example, if ten pro-
spective male clones are each crossed with ten individual

female clones, and 200 seeds (approximately 100 will be
female) of each test cross are sown, about 10,000 female
plants will be produced, and then they must be screened
to determine which male and female clone combinations

produced the best offspring.


To cite this article: Robert C. Clarke & Mark D. Merlin (2016)
Cannabis Domestication, Breeding History,
Present-day Genetic Diversity, and
Future Prospects, Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,
35:5-6, 293-327
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2016.1267498
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Do see your point in not giving up your trade secrets if its your career and lifes work, why give it away ?


Went to McDonalds yesterday just love the french fries 🤷‍♂️ seems 90% of the potato they use is



en.wikipedia.org



Russet Burbank - Wikipedia



Their recipe used to call for fries to be fried in beef tallow, before trans fat ...

I have personally grown many potatoes french fingerling, russian bananna, purple peruvian etc
all kinds of others besides fingerling ... yellow finn, german butterball, several russets
even tried growing half a doz sweet potatoes and making fries

I can tell you Russet Burbank is a delicious potato


Russet Burbank​


Potato 'Russet Burbank'
GenusSolanum
SpeciesS. tuberosum
Cultivar'Russet Burbank'
Origin1902[1]

Idaho russet potatoes
Russet Burbank is a potatocultivar with dark brown skin and few eyes that is the most widely grown potato in North America.[1] A russet type, its flesh is white, dry, and mealy, and it is good for baking, mashing, and french fries (chips).[2] It is a common and popular potato.[3][4]

Origin​

This variety is a mutation (or sport) of the cultivar 'Burbank's Seedling' that was selected by the plant breeder Luther Burbank in 1873. The known lineage of Russet Burbank began in 1853 when Chauncey E. Goodrich imported the Rough Purple Chili from South America in an attempt to add diversity to American potato stocks which were susceptible to late blight.[1][5] Goodrich bred Garnet Chili from Rough Purple Chili, and Albert Bresee bred Early Rose from Garnet Chili, from which Luther Burbank bred Burbank. This cross-over was formerly known as the Russell, but was eventually popularized as the Russet potato in the American stores. Russet Burbank has been widely, but incorrectly, reported to have been selected in 1914 by the Colorado potato grower Lou D. Sweet. A 2014 study confirmed that it was originally released in 1902 by L. L. May & Co and was first known as the Netted Gem.[1]

To improve the disease resistance of Irish potatoes, Luther Burbank selected the potato that became known as "the Burbank." It was not patented because plants, such as potatoes, propagated from tubers were not granted patents in the United States.[6]


Usage​

Russet Burbank was not initially popular, accounting for only 4% of potatoes in the US in 1930. The introduction of irrigation in Idaho increased its popularity, as growers found it produced large potatoes easily marketed as baking potatoes.[5] The invention of frozen french fries in the '40s and fast food restaurants in the '50s increased its popularity further. By the 2010s, Russet Burbank accounted for 70% of the ultra-processed potato market in North America, and over 40% of the potato growing area in the US.[1]

Restaurants such as McDonald's favor russet potatoes for their size, which produce long pieces suitable for french fries. As of 2009, "McDonald's top tuber is the Russet Burbank."[7] After decades of consumption in North America, consumers and processors consider it the standard potato against which others are judged.[1][5]

Well maybe off topic a little maybe not....





en.wikipedia.org



Luther Burbank - Wikipedia



Burbank was praised and admired not only for his gardening skills but for his modesty, generosity and kind spirit.[22] He was very interested in education and gave money to the local schools.

He married twice: to Helen Coleman in 1890, which ended in divorce in 1896; and to Elizabeth Waters in 1916. He had no children of his own but did adopt a daughter.


His heart was fathomlessly deep, long acquainted with humility, patience, sacrifice. His little home amid the roses was austerely simple; he knew the worthlessness of luxury, the joy of few possessions. The modesty with which he wore his scientific fame repeatedly reminded me of the trees that bend low with the burden of ripening fruits; it is the barren tree that lifts its head high in an empty boast.[23]
In a speech given to the First Congregational Church of San Francisco in 1926, Burbank said:


I love humanity, which has been a constant delight to me during all my seventy-seven years of life; and I love flowers, trees, animals, and all the works of Nature as they pass before us in time and space. What a joy life is when you have made a close working partnership with Nature, helping her to produce for the benefit of mankind new forms, colors, and perfumes in flowers which were never known before; fruits in form, size, and flavor never before seen on this globe; and grains of enormously increased productiveness, whose fat kernels are filled with more and better nourishment, a veritable storehouse of perfect food—new food for all the world's untold millions for all time to come.[24]
Luther Burbank was highly revered throughout the United States of America. In September 1905 a group of California's most influential businessmen, intellectuals, and politicians gathered at a banquet thrown in honor of Luther Burbank by the State Board of Trade. Many people spoke about Burbank, such as Senator Perkins who stated that Burbank could teach the government valuable lessons, and that "he is doing more to instruct, interest, and make popular the work in the garden than any man of his generation."[25]

At the same convention, Albert G. Burnett, a judge of the Superior Court for Sonoma County stated that Burbank had improved the community incredibly making it a place that people came "to sit at the feet of this great apostle and prophet of beauty and happiness ... and catch some measure of his matchless inspiration." He also stated that Burbank's deeds were always done to "bring more of the sunshine of comfort and happiness into the cottages of the poor as well as the palaces of the rich."[25]

In 1924 Burbank wrote a letter endorsing the "Yogoda" training system of Paramahansa Yogananda as a superior alternative to what he considered narrowly intellectual education offered by most schools.[26] He caused a great deal of public controversy[27] a few months before his death in 1926 when he answered questions about his deepest beliefs by a reporter from the San Francisco Bulletin with the following statement:


I am an infidel today. I do not believe what has been served to me to believe. I am a doubter, a questioner, a skeptic. When it can be proved to me that there is immortality, that there is resurrection beyond the gates of death, then will I believe. Until then, no.[27]
Paramahansa Yogananda wrote in Autobiography of a Yogi that

"Intimate communion with Nature, who unlocked to him [Burbank]
many of her jealously guarded secrets, had given Burbank a boundless spiritual reverence".

Burbank had received Kriya Yoga initiation from Paramahansa Yogananda, and he is quoted as saying "I practice the technique devoutly,

Swamiji...Sometimes I feel very close to the infinite power...then i have been able to heal sick persons around me, as well as many ailing plants".

He is also recorded as saying the following in relation to his deceased mother
"Many times since her death I have been blessed by her appearance in visions; she has spoken to me."[28]









en.wikipedia.org



Great Famine (Ireland) - Wikipedia



The scene at Skibbereen, west Cork, in 1847. From a series of illustrations by Cork artist James Mahony (1810–1879), commissioned by Illustrated London News 1847. “The first Sketch is taken on the road, at Cahera, of a famished boy and girl turning up the ground to seek for a potato to appease their hunger. ‘Not far from the spot where I made this sketch,’ says Mr. Mahoney, ‘and less than fifty perches from the high road, is another of the many sepulchres above ground, where six dead bodies had lain for twelve days, without the least chance of interment, owing to their being so far from the town.'”

The Irish Potato Famine...


To improve the disease resistance of Irish potatoes,
Luther Burbank selected the potato that became known as "the Burbank."
It was not patented because plants,
such as potatoes, propagated from tubers were not granted patents in the United States.[6]


While im not able to thank Luther for his russet...

Skunk was a game changer in the early years
I am able to thank @Sam_Skunkman for skunkbud :huggg:
 

acespicoli

Well-known member

Highest Terpene Strains​


Different strains will have different combinations of terpenes. In general, you will not find concentrations higher than 3% or so total, as terpenes are concentrated and powerful substances.

This strain comes in at just over 3% terpenes. It has around a 1.4% concentration of myrcene, which is typically the most abundant terpene in cannabis. Myrcene is associated with pain relief and reductions in inflammation. It also may have sedative effects. This terpene has earthy and fruity notes.


Myrcene is also found in large quantities in mangoes, and many people believe that consuming mangoes can intensify the effects of myrcene-rich strains.
This strain is also rich in limonene and linalool.

Sour diesel is sativa-dominant, and is a cross between Super Skunk and Chemdawg. Its strong aroma is due to its high terpene concentration.
This famous strain has high levels of both myrcene and limonene, and slightly lower levels of spicy caryophyllene. Caryophyllene is an unusual terpene in that it is known to bind to cannabinoid receptors. In animal research, Caryophyllene was shown to reduce voluntary intake of alcohol.
The primary terpene in Dutch Treat is terpinolene. This terpene has a piney and floral scent and is also found in high quantities in cumin, allspice and apples. It is believed to be soothing to the central nervous system and to help with insomnia.
The second-most abundant terpene in this strain is Myrcene, followed by ocimene. Ocimene’s scent is sweet and woodsy. When isolated, ocimene is thought to have antimicrobial benefits.

This strain’s highest terpenes are caryophyllene, followed by limonene and linalool. It is also a source of high levels of myrcene. As an indica-dominant hybrid strain, this cannabis variety offers the benefits of both of its parent strains. Its high terpene levels are thought to contribute strongly to its effects.
Samples of Bruce Banner have tested at nearly 2% terpenes. The most abundant is myrcene. However, it also typically has around half a percent each of limonene and linalool. This hybrid strain has OG Kush and Strawberry Diesel heritage. The abundant terpenes give it a strong, sweet, and fruity aroma and powerfully euphoric effects.
 
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acespicoli

Well-known member
cd91.jpg

Chemdog 91
Overview

Also known as ChemDawg. Chemdog 91 is known for its distinct, diesel-like aroma and similarly sharply astringent flavor thanks to the sticky resin. Chemdog 91 is a sativa-dominant hybrid with THC levels regularly reaching into 20% or higher. Its ultimate genetics are a mystery, and many people believe its heritage originates in Eastern Asia (Thai and Nepalese) landraces.

Statistics

Attributes

geographic locationUSA:Massachusetts
cultivarChemdog91
tissueFlower
age12 weeks
sexfemale

Sequencing

Technology: Illumina
Genome coverage: 300x
Assembly
GenBank assembly accession: GCA_001509995.1 (latest)
Method: CLCBio v. 5
Level: Scaffold
Total sequence length: 285,932,793
Total ungapped length: 285,663,867
Gaps between scaffolds: 0
Number of scaffolds: 175,088
Scaffold N50: 2,250
Scaffold L50: 33,730
Number of contigs: 190,122
Contig N50: 2,189
Contig L50: 34,604
Total number of chromosomes and plasmids : 0
Number of component sequences (WGS or clone): 175,088
Genome
Genome size: 0.29Gb
Repeat: 49.89%
BUSCO: 53.2%
Gene Prediction
16538 protein-coding gene
Annotation
NR: 96.35%
Uniprot: 96.34%
GO: 69.71%
Pfam: 72.61%
KEGG: 54.27%
Total: 98.65%


Go to GenomeBrowser
 

acespicoli

Well-known member

CannabisGDB - A comprehensive genomic database for cannabis





pk.jpg

Purple Kush
Overview

Purple Kush is a pure indica dioecious strain that produced by the crossing of Hindu Kush and Purple Afghani. The strain is also named for its vibrant violet color, which is due to acidity levels, its anthocyanin (pigment) content and/or cooler temperatures where the plant is typically raised. Purple Kush will grow wide rather than tall, and will be ready for harvest following an 8-week flowering time (indoor). Purple Kush will develop her signature purple colors and vibrant violet during the bloom period.

Statistics

Attributes

cultivarPurple Kush
agemissing
development stagemissing
geographic locationmissing
tissuemissing

Sequencing

Technology: PacBio
Genome coverage: 79x
Assembly
GenBank assembly accession: GCA_000230575.5 (latest)
Method: FALCON 0.4.0
Level: Chromosome
Total sequence length: 891,964,663
Total ungapped length: 891,346,363
Gaps between scaffolds: 6,183
Number of scaffolds: 12,836
Scaffold N50: 133,904
Scaffold L50: 1,924
Number of contigs: 12,836
Contig N50: 133,904
Contig L50: 1,924
Total number of chromosomes and plasmids : 10
Number of component sequences (WGS or clone): 12,836
Genome
Genome size: 0.89Gb
Repeat: 64.63%
Anchoring rate: 72%
BUSCO: 93.9%
Gene Prediction
47954 protein-coding gene
Annotation
NR: 79.74%
Uniprot: 94.38%
GO: 66.00%
Pfam: 71.51%
KEGG: 51.82%
Total: 97.93%


Go to GenomeBrowser
 

acespicoli

Well-known member
lac.jpg

LA Confidential


Overview
LA Confidential a great medical strain as it relieves pain and helps eliminate insomnia. It is a pure Indica strain produced by crossing of OG LA Affie and Afghani. This plant, with short internodal spacing and leaves with broad leaflets, usually grow up to 80-140 cm (indoor) and will be ready for harvest following an 7-8-week flowering time (indoor).

Statistics

Attributes

geographic locationUSA:Los Angeles
biomaterial providerDNA Genetics
sub speciesindica
cultivarLA Confidential
tissueFlower
age12 Weeks
sexfemale

Sequencing

Technology: 454
Genome coverage: 50x
Assembly
GenBank assembly accession: GCA_001510005.1 (latest)
Method: Newbler v. May-2011
Level: Contig
Total sequence length: 595,358,288
Total ungapped length: 595,358,288
Number of contigs: 311,039
Contig N50: 2,649
Contig L50: 55,059
Total number of chromosomes and plasmids : 0
Number of component sequences (WGS or clone): 311,039
Genome
Genome size: 0.60Gb
Repeat: 65.83%
BUSCO: 69.7%
Gene Prediction
24494 protein-coding gene
Annotation
NR: 92.38%
Uniprot: 96.22%
GO: 66.41%
Pfam: 72.05%
KEGG: 52.14%
Total: 98.55%


Go to GenomeBrowser
 

acespicoli

Well-known member
 

acespicoli

Well-known member
The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is an isolated mountain range in northern Colombia, separate from the Andes range that runs through the north of the country. Wikipedia
Elevation: 18,734′
Highest point: Pico Simón Bolívar
Coordinates: 10°52′00″N 73°43′12″W / 10.86667°N 73.72000°W
url.jpg

1710818677784.png
 

acespicoli

Well-known member

Revolutionary vs. evolutionary changes​

Once a polyploid is made, either synthetically or naturally, the genome goes through a period of "genome shock". Genome shock can be defined as a stage in which the genome experiences massive reorganization and structural changes to deal with the external stress (X-ray damage, chromosome duplication, etc.) imposed upon the genome.[9] Such changes are termed revolutionary changes and occur early in the process of diploidization.[2] Revolutionary changes ensure that the organism has a stable genome that can be passed to its progeny.

At the end of this process, certain duplicated genes may be preserved thus allowing evolution to shape them into novel functions. This is commonly termed as neofunctionalization. The mechanism of retaining duplicated genes is poorly understood. It has been hypothesized that dosage balance may play a key role in shaping the evolutionary fates of duplicated genes.[10] Evolutionary changes refer to the long process of converting duplicated genes into diverse, functional gene derivatives.
 

acespicoli

Well-known member
Front. Plant Sci., 19 September 2021
Sec. Plant Metabolism and Chemodiversity
Volume 12 - 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.721986
1710896213694.png

stalked trichomes produce the greatest amount of cannabinoids (Hammond and Mahlberg, 1973; Mahlberg and Kim, 2004; Livingston et al., 2020).

1710896427658.png

1710896511885.png

1710896536992.png

For a perfect trichrome to form the correct environment must exist for its production
Long stalked glandular

This does not occur on small dense buds... however
some strains will stack with extended flowerings to form and concentrate cannabinoids in density
The surface space of a globe then smashed flat over and over again...
1710897161239.png

Unique features of stalked, pre-stalked and sessile glandular trichomes of cannabis.

Bona fide sessile glandular trichomes (left) contain numerous small droplets of red-shifted intrinsic fluorescence, eight disc cells and sit directly on the epidermal surface. The sessile trichomes produce greater amounts of sesquiterpenes relative to monoterpenes. Stalked glandular trichomes (far right) develop from pre-stalked trichomes (center). Both pre-stalked and stalked trichomes have a greater number of disc cells, and they produce greater amounts of monoterpenes relative to sesquiterpenes. As the multicellular stalk lifts the glandular trichome head above the epidermis, the extracellular storage cavity is filled with a large droplet of blue-shifted intrinsic fluorescence, which is correlated with high cannabinoid content. Yellow indicates cuticle and cell wall surrounding the disc cells and storage cavity.

Cannabis glandular trichomes alter morphology and metabolite content during flower maturation​




Samuel J. Livingston, Teagen D. Quilichini, Judith K. Booth, Darren C. J. Wong, Kim H. Rensing, Jessica Laflamme-Yonkman, Simone D. Castellarin, Joerg Bohlmann, Jonathan E. Page, A. Lacey Samuels

First published: 30 August 2019

https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14516


If methods can be developed to consistently replicate specific metabolite concentrations and combinations within small ranges across cannabis plants at the trichome level, and if these methods were to become standard across the industry, the benefits for both producers, medical practitioners, and consumers would be great.



As long as I been at this cannabis thing one thing I have noted is flower structure and superior effects
 
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