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~Star~Crash~ All & Everything

Eltitoguay

Well-known member
Ahhh...the Pax Romana...
After defeating the Carthaginians, the Romans began the conquest of the peninsula. The wars to subdue the peoples of this central region continued for a long time. C. Flaminio and M. Fulvio Nobilior carried out the conquest of Oretanía and its northern neighbors Carpetanía, which culminated in the capture of Toledo in 192 BC. C. Conflicts continued in this area until the middle of the first century BC. dec. ; After the civil wars, in Caesar's time, the South Half of Iberic Península was conquered and pacified.

Ahhh...the Pax Romana...
As is well known, the Pax Romana ended with the Hun invasion first, and later and definitively with those of the so-called Germanic Peoples (in my town, still called Barbarians).
In 409 Alans, Swabians and Vandals entered Hispania, meeting no resistance. To stop the advance, the Roman Empire authorized the Visigoths to settle in southern Gaul and control territories in Hispania. Between 416 and 476 they expelled the Alans and the Vandals, and confined the Suevi to Galicia. The Roman Empire disappeared in 476, and the Visigoths achieved their independence. In 507, after the defeat in the battle of Vouillé, the Visigoths moved towards Hispania, expelled from Gaul by the Franks, retaining only control of Narbonne and Septimania in present-day France. The Spanish-Visigothic kingdom adopted Toledo as its capital. The monarchy was promoted from a legal, political, religious and territorial unification. Suintila expelled the Byzantines in 625, who were occupying eastern Hispania.
We leave the Ancient Age and enter the Medieval.

From the Visigothic period and room of the museum, is this curious and emotional double burial, for which a coffin from the previous Roman era was reused:

1672945610214.png


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1672945549420.png

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Eltitoguay

Well-known member
...But the Umayyad Caliphate, with its capital in Damascus, had plans of conquest for Hispania for a long time, after the initial conquest of present-day Morocco by Uqba ibn Nafi at the end of 670. In fact, it is recorded that in the year 687, under the reign of from Ervigio, the Muslims made a first incursion against the Levantine coasts; years of war, in which the Muslims gradually occupied the whole of North Africa, including the Christian-Berber kingdoms.
Before the invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, they conquered Ceuta (710), a fortress that had been the object of constant struggle between the Visigoths and the Byzantines. This city had returned to the hands of the Visigoths some twenty years before, taking advantage of the fall of Byzantine Africa. According to a very improbable legend, Don Julián, Visigothic governor of Ceuta, whose daughter, la Caba, would have been raped by the Visigothic king Rodrigo, would have provided logistical help to the Muslim army.
The Muslims had also been reconnoitering the terrain, testing the Hispano-Visigoth coasts with brief attacks and sacking several cities: the first, already mentioned, under the reign of Ervigio, and the last in July 710, after the conquest of Ceuta, with the landing of Tarif ben Malluk at the Cape of Tarifa and on the little island off that cape (which has been named after him ever since, and even closer to Africa than Gibraltar) and his subsequent return to North Africa. Apparently, they had also entered into deals with the nobles opposed to the Visigothic King Rodrigo.

According to some sources, Musa ibn Nusayr, governor of Ifriqiya for the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus and dependent on the wali of Egypt, ordered his lieutenant, Tariq ibn Ziyad, to begin the conquest. Táriq was a Berber, linked by a client relationship with a Muslim tribe, and a freedman of Musa. However, other sources conjecture that Musa was unaware of Táriq's plans, that he acted on his own, and that Musa only came to his support after learning of his victory. Whether following orders or on his own initiative, Táriq ibn Ziyad disembarked at the beginning of the year 711, with the beginning of spring, in the bay of Algeciras with an army of about 7,000 men, mainly Berbers (only recently subdued), and even Christians from the north of Africa (Muslim sources speak of between 1,700 and 12,000 men, considering 7,000 men an intermediate figure and quite repeated in historiography). Táriq settled on the Rock of Gibraltar (name derived from this conqueror, Ŷebel at-Tariq, 'Mountain of Táriq'), well protected by its height, while receiving his army in successive landings. From there he began to loot areas and cities in lower Andalusia.
The consequence of all this was that Rodrigo, the last Visighotic king, was defeated in the battle of the Guadalete River (or the Guadarranque River), dying in it or immediately after King Rodrigo himself; the nobles who remained with the king and their witizanos opponents also died in their majority.
Just and exactly in the place that I showed you in the photo of my previous trip to that area:
IMG_20221110_075556.jpg


Soon after, the Islamic period began in almost all of Hispania. Also in this region, which will belong to different Islamic states with the passage of this era, from large caliphates to small sultanates, some foreign, and others local (including a caliphate), until the Battle of Navas de Tolosa, called in Arabic hiistoriography "Battle of Al-Iqāb" ("battle of punishment" (معركة العقاب), which faced on July 16, 1212 : an allied Christian army formed largely by troops from the Kingdom of Castile (who integrated this area into his kingdom), aided by troops from the Kingdom of Aragon, the Kingdom of Navarre, and volunteers from the Kingdom of Portugal, against the army of the Almohad Caliphate, which then dominated my province, and which ended with the victory of the Christian troops.
Kings, Princes and a Caliph, fought to the death a few kilometers from my home...
Empire_almohade.PNG


...The Islamic room of this humble provincial museum is accessed through this arch, part of one of the gates of the city.
It has a large horseshoe arch formed by very long voussoirs and an incised zigzag decoration:
IMG_20230104_180821.jpg


IMG_20230104_180830.jpg


IMG_20230104_180912.jpg


IMG_20230104_180924.jpg


...Remaining tiles next to the door:
1673189151963.png

...
 
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flower~power

~Star~Crash~
ICMag Donor
Veteran
...But the Umayyad Caliphate, with its capital in Damascus, had plans of conquest for Hispania for a long time, after the initial conquest of present-day Morocco by Uqba ibn Nafi at the end of 670. In fact, it is recorded that in the year 687, under the reign of from Ervigio, the Muslims made a first incursion against the Levantine coasts; years of war, in which the Muslims gradually occupied the whole of North Africa, including the Christian-Berber kingdoms. Before the invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, they conquered Ceuta (710), a fortress that had been the object of constant struggle between the Visigoths and the Byzantines. This city had returned to the hands of the Visigoths some twenty years before, taking advantage of the fall of Byzantine Africa. According to a very improbable legend, Don Julián, Visigothic governor of Ceuta, whose daughter, la Caba, would have been raped by the Visigothic king Rodrigo, would have provided logistical help to the Muslim army. The Muslims had also been reconnoitering the terrain, testing the Hispano-Visigoth coasts with brief attacks and sacking several cities: the first, already mentioned, under the reign of Ervigio, and the last in July 710, after the conquest of Ceuta, with the landing of Tarif ben Malluk at the Cape of Tarifa and on the little island off that cape.(which has been named after him ever since, and even closer to Africa than Gibraltar) and his subsequent return to North Africa. Apparently, they had also entered into deals with the nobles opposed to the Visigothic King Rodrigo.

According to some sources, Musa ibn Nusayr, governor of Ifriqiya for the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus and dependent on the wali of Egypt, ordered his lieutenant, Tariq ibn Ziyad, to begin the conquest. Táriq was a Berber, linked by a client relationship with a Muslim tribe, and a freedman of Musa. However, other sources conjecture that Musa was unaware of Táriq's plans, that he acted on his own, and that Musa only came to his support after learning of his victory. Whether following orders or on his own initiative, Táriq ibn Ziyad disembarked at the beginning of the year 711, with the beginning of spring, in the bay of Algeciras with an army of about 7,000 men, mainly Berbers (only recently subdued), and even Christians from the north. from Africa (Muslim sources speak of between 1,700 and 12,000 men, considering 7,000 men an intermediate figure and quite repeated in historiography). Táriq settled on the Rock of Gibraltar (name derived from this conqueror, Ŷebel at-Tariq, 'Mountain of Táriq'), well protected by its height, while receiving his army in successive landings. From there he began to loot areas and cities in lower Andalusia.
The consequence of all this was that Rodrigo was defeated in the battle of the Guadalete River (or the Guadarranque River), dying in it or immediately after King Rodrigo himself; the nobles who remained with the king and their witizanos opponents also died in their majority.
Just and exactly in the place that I showed you in the photo of my previous trip to that area:
View attachment 18845144

Soon after, the Islamic period began in almost all of Hispania. Also in this region, which will belong to different Islamic states with the passage of this era, from large caliphates to small sultanates, some foreign, and others local (including a caliphate), until the Battle of Navas de Tolosa, called in Arabic hiistoriography "Battle of Al-Iqāb" ("battle of punishment" (معركة العقاب), which faced on July 16, 1212 : an allied Christian army formed largely by troops from the Kingdom of Castile (who integrated this area into his kingdom), aided by troops from the Kingdom of Aragon, the Kingdom of Navarre, and volunteers from the Kingdom of Portugal,against the army of the Almohad Caliphate, which then dominated my province, and which ended with the victory of the Christian troops.
Kings, Princes and a Caliph, fought to the death a few kilometers from my home...
View attachment 18845159

...The Islamic room of this humble provincial museum is accessed through this arch, part of one of the gates of the city.
It has a large horseshoe arch formed by very long voussoirs and an incised zigzag decoration:
View attachment 18845161

View attachment 18845162

View attachment 18845165

View attachment 18845166

...Remaining tiles next to the door:
View attachment 18845172
...
You are better than YouTube (which is where I generally been getting my information from when I eat food I watch my history channels :redface: )
 

Chi13

Well-known member
ICMag Donor
Every afternoon I have a vape of a good sativa and go for an hours walk through the park and along a mangrove creek. I listen to music or a podcast and lately it's been a few history ones. A three part one Columbus was great but my fave has been one on the Mongols. My son's been doing archery and we found some great youtube clips of mounted archers firing arrows fast and accurately from horseback. Just amazing.
 

tobedetermined

Well-known member
Premium user
ICMag Donor
And if you really want to dive into Rome and you don't want to read boring history books, the Masters of Rome series of books is spectacular. She is a real author - as opposed to the pulp fiction type of author and so it is quite historically accurate. The 6 + 1 books span an 80 year period 110BCE - 27BCE and are the story of the death of the republic and all the players are there: Gaius Marius, Sulla, Julius Caesar, Cato, Pompey, Cicero, and of course, Augustus. I have read the series about 4 times . . . it is that good.
 
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Eltitoguay

Well-known member
...Another part of a another gate of the city like the previous one, already inside the Islamic room. This time, it combines typical Muslim forms, such as the polylobed arch framed by an alfiz, with Christian elements such as the diamond points that decorate the aforementioned alfiz.
Above all, the statues of the spandrels that show a lion and a centaur with human face:

IMG_20230104_180715.jpg


IMG_20230108_150845.jpg


IMG_20230107_152000.jpg

...
 
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