DIY Organic Potting Mix's for Grass - Ace Spicoli

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Plant Uptake of Mineral Nutrients from the Soil​

How do plants overcome these tradeoffs in order to absorb nutrients from soil water into their root hairs? This process relies upon proton pumps, cation channels, and anion cotransporter channels present in the membranes of the root hairs as follows:

• The epidermal tissue of root hairs is lined by proton pumps (H+ ATPases), which use ATP as an energy source to pump protons out of the cells and into the soils, against their electrochemical gradient. These proton pumps create a strong electrochemical gradient with a high concentration of protons and a strong positive charge outside of the cell, and a low concentration of protons and relatively negative charge inside of the cell. These protons pumped into the soil by the proton pumps cause two direct outcomes:
  • The positively-charged protons bind to the negatively-charged clay particles in the soil, releasing the cations from the clay in a process called cation exchange. The cations then diffuse down their electrochemical gradient into the root hairs through cation channels. (The soil environment is highly positively charged, so it is energetically favorable for cations to move into the root hairs and out of the soil environment).
  • The high concentration of protons in the soil creates a strong electrochemical gradient that favors transport of protons back into the root hairs. Plants use co-transport of protons down their concentration gradient as the energy source to also move anions against their concentration gradient into the root hairs. This process occurs through anion cotransporter channels. (The soil environment is highly positively charged, so it is energetically unfavorable for anions to leave the soil, but highly energetically favorable for protons to leave the soil).

 

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Soil pH - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Images and Literature about production and medical use of​

Dronabinol – Δ9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol​

• September 2014

DOI:10.13140/2.1.2697.9202

• Edition: 1st

Fibrous root system - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Taproot - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Deep-rooted Plants Have Much Greater Impact On Climate Than Experts Thought

A study of deep-rooted trees in the Amazon shows that they don't simply suck in carbon and spew out water vapor. The roots actually store water deep underground in the rainy season and bring it to the surface in dry periods, thereby boosting photosynthesis and carbon uptake beyond expected...

www.sciencedaily.com

 

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Deep Water Culture Marijuana Growing

When you learn the high-yielding secrets of deep water culture marijuana growing, you supercharge your marijuana plants for faster growth and bigger yields.

bigbudsmag.com

Deep Water Culture Marijuana Growing Secrets

Deep Water Culture Marijuana Growing gives you supercharged root size, faster growth, more cannabinoids, and bigger yields.

bigbudsmag.com

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374889525_Organic_Hydroponics_The_Future_of_Farming

• October 2023

not that this is in anyway new news

Frontiers | Response of Medical Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) to Nitrogen Supply Under Long Photoperiod

The development progression of medical cannabis plants includes a vegetative growth phase under long photoperiod, followed by a reproductive phase under shor...

www.frontiersin.org

Nutrient pollution, a form of water pollution, refers to contamination by excessive inputs of nutrients. It is a primary cause of eutrophication of surface waters (lakes, rivers and coastal waters), in which excess nutrients, usually nitrogen or phosphorus, stimulate algal growth.[1]

 

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FORMS OF FE IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT​

The most abundant form of Fe in soils is ferric oxide (Fe2O3) or hematite, which is extremely insoluble and imparts a red color to the soil. The oxide form is commonly hydrated. In aerobic soils, the oxide, hydroxide, and phosphate forms control the concentration of Fe in solution and its availability to plants. In typical aerated plant production systems of acceptable reaction (pH) of +/- 6.0, the concentrations of ferric (Fe+++) and ferrous Fe++ iron are on the order of 10-15 molar (very low concentration). As pH increases by one unit, activity of Fe+++ decreases by 1000-fold due to the formation of insoluble Fe +++hydroxide. Under reducing conditions—addition of H+ or other reductants—Fe solubility increases. Under such situations, Fe can be adsorbed on soil as an exchangeable ion.

In certain soil situations, carbonate or sulfide compounds may form with Fe. Commonly in waterlogged situations, ferric iron is reduced to the ferrous state. If sulfates also are abundant in the soil, these become oxygen sources for bacteria and black-colored ferrous sulfide is formed

Where organic matter is present in soils, Fe may be present in its reduced state as Fe++ in the soil solution or adsorbed onto soil particle surfaces. Organic matter in soils plays a major role in the availability of Fe to plants. Biochemical compounds or organic acids (aliphatic acids or amino acids) and complex polymers (humic and fulvic acids) can form soluble complexes with Fe, or act as chelating agents and thereby increase Fe availability to plants (chelating agents are organic compounds that complex with Fe and help hold Fe in more soluble forms).


Ferromagnetism is an unusual property that occurs in only a few substances. The common ones are the transition metals iron, nickel, and cobalt, as well as their alloys and alloys of rare-earth metals. It is a property not just of the chemical make-up of a material, but of its crystalline structure and microstructure.

Electromagnetic interactions are responsible for the glowing filaments in this plasma globe.

Magnetism - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

It also underlies many properties of organic compounds and molecular solids, including their solubility in polar and non-polar media.

Van der Waals force - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

 

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• Nanomaterials in agriculture:
  Researchers are exploring the use of nanomaterials in agriculture, such as nanostructured fertilizers or pesticides, where understanding crystal structures of nanoparticles could be important for designing their properties and delivery mechanisms.
• Biomineralization:
  Certain biological processes in plants and animals involve the formation of mineral crystals, like calcium carbonate in seashells or silica in plant cell walls. Understanding the crystal structures of these minerals could be relevant in studying their formation and potential applications in agriculture.
• Soil structure and porosity:
  The arrangement of soil particles can be considered analogous to a crystal structure, and the porosity or spaces between particles can affect water infiltration and root development, which are key factors in agriculture.

By definition, type of structure describes the form or shape of individual aggregates. Generally, soil technicians recognize seven types of soil structure, but here only four types are used. They are rated from 1 to 4 as follows:

1 Granular and crumb structures are individual particles of sand, silt and clay grouped together in small, nearly spherical grains. Water circulates very easily through such soils. They are commonly found in the A-horizon of the soil profile;
2 Blocky and subangular blocky structures are soil particles that cling together in nearly square or angular blocks having more or less sharp edges. Relatively large blocks indicate that the soil resists penetration and movement of water. They are commonly found in the B-horizon where clay has accumulated;
3 Prismatic and columnar structures are soil particles which have formed into vertical columns or pillars separated by miniature, but definite, vertical cracks. Water circulates with greater difficulty and drainage is poor. They are commonly found in the B-horizon where clay has accumulated;
4 Platy structure is made up of soil particles aggregated in thin plates or sheets piled horizontally on one another. Plates often overlap, greatly impairing water circulation. It is commonly found in forest soils, in part of the A- horizon, and in claypan* soils.

Soil horizon - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

• Montmorillonite (smectite) – (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·nH2O (clay sheets verm)
• The composition of sand varies, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
• Calcium carbonate is the second most common type of sand. One such example of this is aragonite, which has been created over the past 500 million years by various forms of life, such as coral and shellfish.
• Compost is a mixture of ingredients used as plant fertilizer and to improve soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties. It is commonly prepared by decomposing plant and food waste, recycling organic materials, and manure. The resulting mixture is rich in plant nutrients and beneficial organisms, such as bacteria, protozoa, nematodes, and fungi. Compost improves soil fertility in gardens, landscaping, horticulture, urban agriculture, and organic farming, reducing dependency on commercial chemical fertilizers.[1] The benefits of compost include providing nutrients to crops as fertilizer, acting as a soil conditioner, increasing the humus or humic acid contents of the soil, and introducing beneficial microbes that help to suppress pathogens in the soil and reduce soil-borne diseases.

 

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Plant roots can be used as anodes and cathodes in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to generate electricity:

• Anode
  The anode is placed in the soil, where the roots of the plant release organic compounds that are oxidized by bacteria. This process releases electrons that are transferred to an electrode to generate an electric current.
  
  
  
• Cathode
  The cathode is exposed to oxygen in the air-water interface above the soil. The cathode is the electrode where electricity is given out or flows out.

Plant-microbial fuel cells (P-MFCs) are a sustainable and renewable way to produce electricity. They can be used in gardens, on green roofs, and indoors. P-MFCs are an attractive option for remote applications or locations with limited electrical infrastructure.


Here are some other things to know about plant roots and anodes and cathodes:

• Root electrotropic response
  Roots can respond to electric fields and grow towards the cathode or anode. The typical response of uninjured roots is growth towards the cathode.
  
  
  
• Cathode working patterns
  The relative locations of the plant roots and the cathode can affect the cathode's working pattern. Laying plant roots directly on the air-cathode can improve the cathode's working pattern.
  
  
  
• Anaerobic and aerobic metabolism
  The type of metabolism of the microorganisms in the MFC affects the voltage generation. Anaerobic metabolism occurs in the absence of oxygen, while aerobic metabolism involves oxygen.

Studies in the early 21st century have investigated clay's absorption capacities in various applications, such as the removal of heavy metals from waste water and air purification.[34][35]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta

Dielectric - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Origin of biofilms​

Biofilms are thought to have arisen during primitive Earth as a defense mechanism for prokaryotes, as the conditions at that time were too harsh for their survival. They can be found very early in Earth's fossil records (about 3.25 billion years ago) as both Archaea and Bacteria, and commonly protect prokaryotic cells by providing them with homeostasis, encouraging the development of complex interactions between the cells in the biofilm.[3]

Biofilm - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Taxonomic diversity​

Many different bacteria form biofilms, including gram-positive (e.g. Bacillus spp, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus spp, and lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactococcus lactis) and gram-negative species (e.g. Escherichia coli, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa).[88] Cyanobacteria also form biofilms in aquatic environments.[89]

Biofilms are formed by bacteria that colonize plants, e.g. Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and related pseudomonads which are common plant-associated bacteria found on leaves, roots, and in the soil, and the majority of their natural isolates form biofilms.[90] Several nitrogen-fixing symbionts of legumes such as Rhizobium leguminosarum and Sinorhizobium meliloti form biofilms on legume roots and other inert surfaces.[90]

Along with bacteria, biofilms are also generated by archaea[51] and by a range of eukaryotic organisms, including fungi e.g. Cryptococcus laurentii[91] and microalgae. Among microalgae, one of the main progenitors of biofilms are diatoms, which colonise both fresh and marine environments worldwide.[92][93]

For other species in disease-associated biofilms and biofilms arising from eukaryotes, see below.

• Amyloid – Insoluble protein aggregate with a fibrillar morphology

Electrochemically active biofilms​

Electrically active microorganisms create electrochemically active biofilms (EABs) which have been used in microbial fuel cells to generate an electric current.[22] These fuel cells have also been paired with wastewater treatment by taking advantage of the many biodegradable organic components in wastewater. It has been considered as an alternative to conventional wastewater treatment methods, or as a step before the membrane reactor, or to reduce the amount of solid sludge produced. Researchers have looked at treating dairy, animal carcass, brewery, winery, and domestic wastewater, to name a few, with microbial fuel cells. This technology, however, has yet to be fully successful on a large scale due to low power density and the fluctuating temperature and composition of real wastewater.[23] EABs have also been looked at to produce hydrogen, which is currently produced from mostly non-renewable fossil fuels. In the new technology of microbial electrolysis cells, EABs on the anode break down organic substrates to CO2, electrons, and protons. Furthermore, EABs have been used for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles and metal semiconductor composites as an alternative to traditional chemical methods.[22]

• Bacterial nanowires – Electrically conductive appendages produced by a number of bacteria
• Biofilm factory – The use of microbial biofilms for chemical production
• Biofilm prevention – Stopping microbes attaching to a surface
• Biomineralization – Process by which living organisms produce minerals
• Center for Biofilm Engineering – interdisciplinary research, education, and technology transfer institute of Montana State University
• Curli – A proteinaceous extracellular fiber produced by enteric bacteria
• Floc (biofilm) – Type of microbial aggregate suspension
• Microbial intelligence – Adaptive behavior by microscopic organisms including bacteria and protists
• Microbial mat – Multi-layered sheet of microorganisms
• Phage therapy – Therapeutic use of bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections
• Phototrophic biofilm – Microbial communities including microorganisms which use light as their energy source
• Stromatolite – Layered sedimentary structure formed by the growth of bacteria or algae
• 
  
  Bacillus megaterium

• 
  Bacillus subtilis

From the perspective of biochemistry, ATP is classified as a nucleoside triphosphate, which indicates that it consists of three components: a nitrogenous base (adenine), the sugar ribose, and the triphosphate.

Adenosine triphosphate - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Microorganisms have shown to use nanowires to facilitate the use of extracellular metals as terminal electron acceptors in an electron transport chain. The high reduction potential of the metals receiving electrons is capable of driving a considerable ATP production.[18][3]

Bacterial nanowires - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Magnetite is a mineral and one of the main iron ores, with the chemical formula Fe2+Fe3+2O4. It is one of the oxides of iron, and is ferrimagnetic;[6] it is attracted to a magnet and can be magnetized to become a permanent magnet itself.[7][8] With the exception of extremely rare native iron deposits, it is the most magnetic of all the naturally occurring minerals on Earth.[7][9] Naturally magnetized pieces of magnetite, called lodestone, will attract small pieces of iron, which is how ancient peoples first discovered the property of magnetism.[10]

Magnetite is black or brownish-black with a metallic luster, has a Mohs hardness of 5–6 and leaves a black streak.[7] Small grains of magnetite are very common in igneous and metamorphic rocks.[11]

The chemical IUPAC name is iron(II,III) oxide and the common chemical name is ferrous-ferric oxide.[12]

The most ancient example of biomineralization, dating back 2 billion years, is the deposition of magnetite,

Skeletal formula of iron(II) sulfate

Iron(II) sulfate - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

 

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Nucleotides also play a central role in metabolism at a fundamental, cellular level. They provide chemical energy—in the form of the nucleoside triphosphates, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), cytidine triphosphate (CTP), and uridine triphosphate (UTP)—throughout the cell for the many cellular functions that demand energy, including: amino acid, protein and cell membrane synthesis, moving the cell and cell parts (both internally and intercellularly), cell division, etc..[2] In addition, nucleotides participate in cell signaling (cyclic guanosine monophosphate or cGMP and cyclic adenosine monophosphate or cAMP) and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions (e.g., coenzyme A, FAD, FMN, NAD, and NADP+).

Prebiotic synthesis of ribonucleosides​

In order to understand how life arose, knowledge is required of the chemical pathways that permit formation of the key building blocks of life under plausible prebiotic conditions. According to the RNA world hypothesis free-floating ribonucleosides and ribonucleotides were present in the primitive soup. Molecules as complex as RNA must have arisen from small molecules whose reactivity was governed by physico-chemical processes. RNA is composed of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, both of which are necessary for reliable information transfer, and thus Darwinian natural selection and evolution. Nam et al.[5] demonstrated the direct condensation of nucleobases with ribose to give ribonucleosides in aqueous microdroplets, a key step leading to RNA formation. Also, a plausible prebiotic process for synthesizing pyrimidine and purine ribonucleosides and ribonucleotides using wet-dry cycles was presented by Becker et al.[6]

See also​

• Arabinosyl nucleosides
• Nucleobase
• Salvage enzyme
• Synthesis of nucleosides

 

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COIR, PEAT, PITH WHATS THE DIFFERENCE

$5.97

• Mix contains: 60-70% Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss, Vermiculite, Coir pith and Lime (pH adjuster).
• Organic and OMRI listed

FINE SIFTED EXCELLENT MIX

NEVER USE THIS .... I would use the Miracle Grow before I used this ^^^ Never ever use the MG

 

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Jiffy has those little pucks everyone loves. Not surprising they have a good seedling starter mix.

Have a couple bags of Fox Farm Light Warrior seed starter waiting for next round of starts next spring.

We also have a local mulch and media mixing place which sells media to nurseries and retail. They can custom blend media and you can even buy in bulk totes! They may have a seedling germination media. I usually just use the regular unfertilized media and amend.

Light Warrior® Seed Starter - FoxFarm Soil & Fertilizer Company

Light Warrior® Seed Starter is designed to promote an environment beneficial to seed germination and root development. Use Light Warrior® Seed Starter for seed germination, cuttings and new plant starts for both indoor and outdoor cultivation.

foxfarm.com

 

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Jiffy has those little pucks everyone loves. Not surprising they have a good seedling starter mix.

Have a couple bags of Fox Farm Light Warrior seed starter waiting for next round of starts next spring.

We also have a local mulch and media mixing place which sells media to nurseries and retail. They can custom blend media and you can even buy in bulk totes! They may have a seedling germination media. I usually just use the regular unfertilized media and amend.

Light Warrior® Seed Starter - FoxFarm Soil & Fertilizer Company

Light Warrior® Seed Starter is designed to promote an environment beneficial to seed germination and root development. Use Light Warrior® Seed Starter for seed germination, cuttings and new plant starts for both indoor and outdoor cultivation.

foxfarm.com

Pleasantly surprised how fantastic that mix was with the most tiny seed and difficult seedlings
Peat/CoCo Pith/Fine Vermiculite Even like it better than pure fine vermiculite, very fine screened mix NICE!!!

Im looking for the ingredients, let us know how you like it if you remember

 

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Need to give those little seeds the best chance. My homegrown big seeds germinate and become seedlings quick with less issues than the small ones which are common for purchase.

Temperature is hugely important during germination and early seedling development. Don't let them drop below 65-70F I think it was.

 

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From light to matter


The frequency of radiation emitted by matter depends on the specific type of matter and its energy state, but generally falls within the infrared range, with the exact frequency determined by the vibrations of its molecules, which are influenced by temperature; essentially, when matter emits radiation, it does so at a frequency corresponding to the natural vibrational frequency of its atoms and molecules, often within the infrared spectrum.

 

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Need to give those little seeds the best chance. My homegrown big seeds germinate and become seedlings quick with less issues than the small ones which are common for purchase.

Temperature is hugely important during germination and early seedling development. Don't let them drop below 65-70F I think it was.

Good point seed heating mat is helpful, good results here 75-80F
There are paper I was reading that pertained to vegetable gardening...

Different plants low and high thresholds for dormancy was the just, assume same holds true for hemp seed
Molds fungus and drying out were huge failure/success factors also good airflow...
One seed suppliers seeds were giving me difficulty, I asked their methods.

Paper towel between two plates think padded soaked seeds on top with a single layer towel over.
Prevents drowning seeds and mushy seeds
Actually pure untreated napkins but you get the idea, many generations on a old seed company
The seedlings adjusted to this method ?
best results with their seeds ive had

Up till then I just seeded in fine steed starting mix, suppose they favor the sterile enviroment
with RO or distilled water, slo starting in veg but once established rather vigorous ... IBL's

 

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Feeding​

Cephalodel
Rotifers eat particulate organic detritus, dead bacteria, algae, and protozoans. They eat particles up to 10 micrometres in size. Like crustaceans, rotifers contribute to nutrient recycling. For this reason, they are used in fish tanks to help clean the water, to prevent clouds of waste matter. Rotifers affect the species composition of algae in ecosystems through their choice in grazing. Rotifers may compete with

cladocera and copepods for planktonic food sources.

Rotifer - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Copepod - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

 

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Plant growth​

Iron(II) sulfate is sold as ferrous sulfate, a soil amendment[23] for lowering the pH of a high alkaline soil so that plants can access the soil's nutrients.[24]

In horticulture it is used for treating iron chlorosis.[25] Although not as rapid-acting as ferric EDTA, its effects are longer-lasting. It can be mixed with compost and dug into the soil to create a store which can last for years.[26] Ferrous sulfate can be used as a lawn conditioner.[26] It can also be used to eliminate silvery thread moss in golf course putting greens.[27

Iron(II) sulfate when dissolved in water

 

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Table (4). Composition of selected standard nutrient solutions modified according to Hewitt (Table 30A). Full concentration of the (essential) elements as ppm.[8]

Reference	Ca	Mg	Na	K	B	Mn	Cu	Zn	Mo	Fe	Cl	N	P	S	Comment
Sachs (1860)	266	48	95	386	–	–	–	–	–	–	145	139	78	177	First published standard formula
Knop (1865)	244	24	–	168	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	206	57	32	Knop's four-salt mixture
Shive (1915)	208	484	–	562	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	148	448	640	Shive's solution
Hoagland (1919)1	200	99	12	284	–	–	–	–	–	–	18	158	44	123	Based on the soil solution
Hoagland (1920)	172	52	–	190	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	158	38	67	Optimum nutrient solution
Hoagland & Snyder (1933)	200	48.6	–	235	0.11	0.11	0.014	0.023	0.018	1.0	0.14	210	31	64	Hoagland's solution (0)
Hoagland & Arnon (1938)*	200	48.6	–	235	0.50	0.50	0.02	0.05	0.048	1.0	0.65	210	31	64	Hoagland's solution (1)
Hoagland & Arnon (1950)**	160	48.6	–	235	0.50	0.50	0.02	0.05	0.011	1.0	0.65	210	31	64	Hoagland's solution (2)
Jacobson (1951)	–	–	–	10.5	–	–	–	–	–	5.0	–	–	–	2.9	Jacobson's solution
Hewitt (1952, 1966)	160	36	31	156	0.54	0.55	0.064	0.065	0.048	2.8	–	168	41	48	Long Ashton nutrient solution

Hoagland solution - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Main article: Plant nutrition
Plants tend not to use vitamins, although minerals are required.[8][17]

Structure of the Mn4O5Ca core of the oxygen-evolving site in plants, illustrating one of many roles of the trace mineral, manganese.[18]
Some seven trace elements are essential to plant growth, although often in trace quantities.[citation needed]

• Boron is believed to be involved in carbohydrate transport in plants; it also assists in metabolic regulation. Boron deficiency will often result in bud dieback.
• Chloride is necessary for osmosis and ionic balance; it also plays a role in photosynthesis.
• Copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc are cofactors essential for the functioning of many enzymes.[19] For plants, deficiency in these elements often results in inefficient production of chlorophyll, manifested in chlorosis.

Inorganic references

Chlorosis - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

• Nitrogen assimilation
• Phosphorus assimilation
• Sulfur assimilation
• Microbial assistance
• Photorespiration

 

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Some of the more well-known biogeochemical cycles are shown below:

• 
  Carbon cycle
• 
  Oxygen cycle
• 
  Nitrogen cycle
• 
  Nutrient cycle
• 
  Phosphorus cycle
• 
  Sulfur cycle
• 
  Rock cycle
• 
  Water cycle

Biogeochemical cycle - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

 

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Stratigraphic column - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

 

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Classification based on composition​

Fossils of Nerinea marine gastropods of Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) age, in limestone in Lebanon
Alternatively, sedimentary rocks can be subdivided into compositional groups based on their mineralogy:

• Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks, are dominantly composed of silicate minerals. The sediment that makes up these rocks was transported as bed load, suspended load, or by sediment gravity flows. Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks are subdivided into conglomerates and breccias, sandstone, and mudrocks.
• Carbonate sedimentary rocks are composed of calcite (rhombohedral CaCO
  3), aragonite (orthorhombic CaCO
  3), dolomite (CaMg(CO
  3)
  2), and other carbonate minerals based on the CO2−
  3 ion. Common examples include limestone and the rock dolomite.
• Evaporite sedimentary rocks are composed of minerals formed from the evaporation of water. The most common evaporite minerals are carbonates (calcite and others based on CO2−
  3), chlorides (halite and others built on Cl−
  ), and sulfates (gypsum and others built on SO2−
  4). Evaporite rocks commonly include abundant halite (rock salt), gypsum, and anhydrite.
• Organic-rich sedimentary rocks have significant amounts of organic material, generally in excess of 3% total organic carbon. Common examples include coal, oil shale as well as source rocks for oil and natural gas.
• Siliceous sedimentary rocks are almost entirely composed of silica (SiO
  2), typically as chert, opal, chalcedony or other microcrystalline forms.
• Iron-rich sedimentary rocks are composed of >15% iron; the most common forms are banded iron formations and ironstones.[5]
• Phosphatic sedimentary rocks are composed of phosphate minerals and contain more than 6.5% phosphorus; examples include deposits of phosphate nodules, bone beds, and phosphatic mudrocks.[6]

 

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1881_Worms_F1357.pdf

drive.google.com

[URL

Reception​

"Man is but a worm" caricature published in Punch at the end of 1881
Worms became available in October 1881 and sold thousands of copies in its first few weeks, despite Darwin's comment to Carus that it was "a small book of little moment".[15] Darwin received a "laughable" number of letters containing questions, observations and ideas, even "idiotic" ones. A week's holiday with Emma in Cambridge was to follow. Darwin died the next year on 19 April 1882.[20]

The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org