media porosity and environmental conditions dictate the height of the "air gap". if someone is hand watering they should not be using a mix with 35% porosity. something along the lines of 20-25% will work better because, usually, when someone hand waters they don't do it as often and so will need more water retention. so you move the "controlled water table" up.
when you automate somehow you can increase porosity to correspond to your watering program. and move the "controlled water table" down.
the "air gap" is really just another way to define the "controlled water table".
utilizing this principle you can control the sub-irrigated wetted profile. this can be described as an adjustment to the amount of water contained in the bottom half of the pot.
moisture distribution in a container full of media will not be the same at the top as the bottom because of gravity, which separates it along a gradient curve. more dense at the bottom.
changing the "air gap" gives you a tool for fine tuning your root zone environment.
i began this grow at 4" as that was what i was using at my other location but i have found the plants like 3.5" better here.
i think this is because of a higher overall metabolic rate.
the timer i'm using now is a sentinel drt-1. a very nice precise instrument. i can just enter in a program and adjust it at will without timing the actual events.
previously i used those green air analog repeat cycle timers. i screwed up and bought the ones with the photocell so you can have it turn off during the dark periods.
you want to run these 24/7 as you are watering the medium and not the plant.
i understand cap (art-dne) makes one for about 70 bucks that will work fine but i really like this 125 dollar instrument.
i have built them before from a cheap intermatic plug in on/off timer by removing the motor and hooking it to a drive belt with a wheel and contact strips and a bunch of other bullshit which will probably get you killed so don't do it.
but in case you are suicidal the motors in those things rotate exactly one turn per hour. so you can have it fire any numbers of seconds per hour by lengthening the contact strips. adjustment is a bitch!
I appreciate the detailed explanation of the water table and timing issues.
I think I will pass on the diy timer, I mean don't get me wrong I love me some DIY, but some things just aren't worth saving money on haha. I think I'll give that cap a shot, or the sentinel if I get the funds together. Thanks again man.