The Terpenes of Cannabis Their Aromas and Effects

[ghostmade]

Thanks bro.

 

[Avinash.miles]

I've been casually looking into using terps as solvents for extracts, specifically d-limonene,
found this site:
http://www.greenterpene.com
some interesting info about limonene, it's properties and other related products.

to buy limonene:
http://www.bulkapothecary.com/d-limonene-citrus-terpenes.html?gclid=CIXm8fX_6cMCFZI0aQod3UwA1Q

and, entirely unrelated to d-limonene and it's solvent capabilities, but pretty interesting and relevant to this thread:

 

[RetroGrow]

I've been casually looking into using terps as solvents for extracts, specifically d-limonene,
found this site:
http://www.greenterpene.com
some interesting info about limonene, it's properties and other related products.

to buy limonene:
http://www.bulkapothecary.com/d-limonene-citrus-terpenes.html?gclid=CIXm8fX_6cMCFZI0aQod3UwA1Q

and, entirely unrelated to d-limonene and it's solvent capabilities, but pretty interesting and relevant to this thread:
View Image

Wait a minute. Those are cleaning products. I need something I can drink to get rid of this arthritis...

 

[mexcurandero420]

Try Frankincense essential oil distilled for at least 12 hrs.You need the whole essential oil and not some of the constituents.In Frankincense essential oil you also have Limonene.

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[RetroGrow]

Try Frankincense essential oil distilled for at least 12 hrs.You need the whole essential oil and not some of the constituents.In Frankincense essential oil you also have Limonene.

Keep on growing

And you drink it? How do you distill it? I have some essential oils, and they all say "do not drink!" "topical use only.

 

[Avinash.miles]

And you drink it? How do you distill it? I have some essential oils, and they all say "do not drink!" "topical use only.

lots of "food grade" essential oils out there.... lots.

 

[mexcurandero420]

And you drink it? How do you distill it? I have some essential oils, and they all say "do not drink!" "topical use only.

With some of the essential oils you've to be very careful, but when you want to take it orally you just take a few drops with honey. Topical use is the most common use.If you distill frankincense for at least 12 hrs you will get Boswellic acids in the oil.Most commercial frankincense oils don't have them because they are distilled for appr 8 hrs.If you have the frankincense oil with the Boswellic acids in it, you can make a cream with it and put it on your joints or where ever you have the inflammation.Boswellic acids are not well absorbed when you take it orally.

The description below is with pine and spruce sap, but with frankincense it is the same way.Good luck.

http://apothecarysgarden.com/2014/03/05/how-to-distill-essential-oils-from-pine-and-spruce-sap-part-1/

pdf file

http://infohost.nmt.edu/~jaltig/SteamDistill.pdf

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[mexcurandero420]

Summary of the properties of α-pinenes, alone or in synergy with other pinenes, reported in scientific litterature

Lipophilic
Bactericidal
Fungicidal
Insecticidal
Pesticidal
Anticarcinogenic (cytotoxic on cancer cells)
Diuretic
Antioxidant
Immunostimulant
Anti-inflammatory
Anti-convulsive
Sedative
Anti-stress
Hypoglycaemic
Capable of expelling xenobiotics
Anticholinesterase activity

http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Prost_Michel/publication/41669083_The_essential_oil_of_turpentine_and_its_major_volatile_fraction_%28alpha-_and_beta-pinenes%29_a_review/links/09e4150bff4546ef29000000.pdf

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[mexcurandero420]

The Volatile Oil Composition of Fresh and Air-Dried Buds of Cannabis sativa

http://www.medicinalgenomics.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Terpenes_In_Cannabis.pdf

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[Bubbleblower]

The Volatile Oil Composition of Fresh and Air-Dried Buds of Cannabis sativa

http://www.medicinalgenomics.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Terpenes_In_Cannabis.pdf

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The clones must have been very indica dominant, this strain would be very couchlock.

My favourite looks something like this:

• 1.37% Linalool
• 0.09% Caryophyllene oxide
• 0.72% Myrcene
• < 0.01% beta-Pinene
• 2.46% Limonene
• 0.22% Terpinolene
• 0.84% alpha-Pinene
• 0.45% Humulene
• 0.40% Caryophyllene
• 6.55% TERPENE-TOTAL

 

[mexcurandero420]

I read that Myrcene was responsible for the couch-lock effect.The strain from Nepal didn't contain any Myrcene.

From the document Taming THC from Ethan Russo

What i found interesting what GHS published on their site of the terpene profile of their Super Lemon Haze

It's a furanocoumarin found Grape fruit juice and in the oil of Bergamot, but it affects also the metabolism of a variety of pharmaceutical drugs.Another end it causes photosensitivity.

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[Only Ornamental]

...
It's a furanocoumarin found Grape fruit juice and in the oil of Bergamot, but it affects also the metabolism of a variety of pharmaceutical drugs.Another end it causes photosensitivity.
...

Do you happen to have some literature regarding cannabis and coumarins? I haven't found anything so far and judging by who published that chart...

 

[mexcurandero420]

I know what you mean.No not at this moment.I searched in some data of some labs in the US, but couldn't find anything and also haven't found any research paper about the existence of coumarins occuring in Cannabis.

The concentration of Bergamottin in SLH as published by GHS which is a CYP inhibitor btw is even larger than in Bergamot essential oil.

Perhaps someone else has more info.

Keep on growing

 

[G.O. Joe]

GHS might change that to bergamotene some day. It's an odd misspelling to make. Maybe they're not sure which isomer it is.

 

[RetroGrow]

I read that Myrcene was responsible for the couch-lock effect.The strain from Nepal didn't contain any Myrcene.

From the document Taming THC from Ethan Russo

View Image

What i found interesting what GHS published on their site of the terpene profile of their Super Lemon Haze

View Image

It's a furanocoumarin found Grape fruit juice and in the oil of Bergamot, but it affects also the metabolism of a variety of pharmaceutical drugs.Another end it causes photosensitivity.

Keep on growing

This reinforces why I love SLH. It has high concentrations of the terpenes I need. It's a haze, but not racy, with lots of anti-inflammatorys. A-Pinene is way up there. Would love to see charts like this on every major strain, for comparison. Would be really helpful in choosing meds.

 

[Timeless Seeds]

Great read, thanks for the info!

 

[mexcurandero420]

Terpene Profile: Myrcene

In this issue of Terpene Profiles, the properties of myrcene are broken down and the therapeutic benefits are explored. Get to know this terpene and discover what studies are currently being done to determine its wide variety of medicinal benefits.
Formula: C10H16
Molecular Mass: 136.23404 g/mol
Decarboxylation Point: 115-145°C (239°F to 293°F)*
Boiling Point: 168 °C (334 °F)
Vapor Pressure: 7.00 mmHg ( 20 °C)
LD50 (Lethal Dose): >5g/kg (Compare to Nicotine: for mice – 3mg/kg, for humans – 40–60 mg/kg)

Myrcene is a monoterpene, the smallest of the terpenes, it is found in very high concentrations in sweet basil, hops,mangoes and cannabis. Myrcene is described as possessing an earthy, fruity clove-like odor, but can be very pungent in higher concentrations, as in heavily hopped beers. Not surprisingly, hops and cannabis are cousins, both members of the family Cannabaceae. Myrcene gets its name from Myrcia sphaerocarpa, a medicinal shrub from Brazil that contains very high amounts of myrcene which has been used there for ages as a folk remedy for diabetes, dysentery, diarrhea, and hypertension. A 1997 study conducted in Switzerland analyzed various cannabis strains for 16 terpenes and found myrcene to be the most abundant terpene out of those studied (others include Pinene, Limonene, Carene, Humulene, Bergamotene, Terpinolene, and Caryophyllene). For some strains, the myrcene content can be over half the total terpene content.

Myrcene is crucial in the formation of other terpenes and it synergizes the antibiotic potential of other terpenes. One reason why myrcene could be so commonly found in cannabis is that it has been shown to change the permeability of cell membranes to allow more absorption of cannabinoids by the brain. This effect of myrcene has been known about since the 1970s and long ago spawned a rumor that eating a ripe mango before smoking would get you higher. According to recent information published by Steep Hill Labs, a major cannabis testing laboratory in the Bay Area, for most people eating a fresh mango 45 minutes before inhaling cannabis will increase the effects of that cannabis. Rev. Dr. Kymron de Cesare of Steep Hill is an advocate of what he calls “overlapping synergies” between myrcene and other terpenes with the various cannabinoids, such as how myrcene makes THC more effective.

Therapeutic Uses

Analgesic – Relieves pain.
Antibacterial – Slows bacterial growth.
Anti-Diabetic – Helps mitigate the effects of diabetes.
Anti-inflammatory – Reduces inflammation systemically.
Anti-Insomnia – Aids with sleep.
Anti-Proliferative/Anti-Mutagenic – Inhibits cell mutation, including cancer cells.
Antipsychotic – Tranquilizing effects relieve symptoms of psychosis.
Antispasmodic – Suppresses muscle spasms.

Currently Being Studied For

Diabetes: The University of Jordan was the first research university to investigate the folk remedy of Myrcene as a cure for diabetes. This 2007 study convincingly showed that myrcene and another terpene, thujone, both had a hand in mitigating the effects of diabetes. This was a pilot study done on mice and needs further research to better understand the mechanisms of action.

Analgesic: Myrcene has the unique ability to stimulate the release of endogenous opiates in the body, allowing for pain reduction without any need of external opiate pills. The analgesic effects of myrcene have been known about since the 1990s when a pair of studies demonstrated the pain-relieving power of this terpene. Lorenzetti et al (1991) found myrcene to be promising enough to become a new class of aspirin-like drugs that used a completely different channel in the body. This 2008 study re-examined and reinforced the analgesic effects of myrcene, yet did little to expand our knowledge.

Sedative: Myrcene was shown to produce barbiturate-like sedative effects in mice in very high doses in this 2002 study. It was also shown that these effects increased if citral, a mixture of other terpenes, was present as well. Lorenzetti et al (1991) also demonstrated strong sedative effects.

Not Anti-Depressant or Anti-Anxiety: Da Silva et Al (1990) sought out to analyze the nerurobehavioral effects of myrcene on mice. What they found was that, despite having strong analgesic and

sedative effects, it had no impact on reducing anxiety, depression, or psychosis. This 2002 study in the Journal of Phytomedicine found that at high doses myrcene can actually increase anxiety, rather than reduce it.

Potentially Carcinogenic: A 2010 study found evidence that beta-myrcene was carcinogenic. The National Toxicology Program found “equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of beta-myrcene.” This study has prompted The California Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) to propose listing beta-myrcene as a cancer causing compound under the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986.

http://theleafonline.com/c/science/2014/09/terpene-profile-myrcene/

 

[mexcurandero420]

Terpene Profile: Borneol

In this issue of Terpene Profiles, the properties of borneol are broken down and the therapeutic benefits are explored. Get to know this terpene and discover what studies are currently being done to determine its wide variety of medicinal benefits.

Formula: C10H18O
Molecular Mass: 154.24932 g/mol
Boiling Point: 213 °C (451 °F)
Vapor Pressure: Unknown

LD50 (Lethal Dose): 1,059 mg/kg (Compare to Nicotine: for mice – 3mg/kg, for humans – 40–60 mg/kg)

Borneol will be the last terpene I profile for this series, rounding out my coverage on all the major cannabinoids and terpenes. Borneol is also commonly known as natural borneol and formerly known as Borneo Camphor. Borneol is described as having a minty, spicy, cooling, or herbal scent and it is found in high concentrations in camphor, rosemary, and mint plants.

Borneol is a bicyclic monoterpene, composed of two isoprene rings fused together; this makes it larger than monoterpenes like limonene yet smaller than sesquiterpenes like caryophyllene.

Chinese traditional medicine has used borneol as a moxa for acupuncture, topically, and orally, since at least the writing of the Compendium of Materia Medica in the late 1600s, but likely for much longer. The first mention of borneol by western doctors was in 1888 by Dr. Ralph Stockman, who conducted the first documented experiments on it at Edinburgh University.

In addition to numerous medicinal properties, borneol also is a natural insect repellent, preventing disease being passed by mosquitoes, fleas and other pests. Research released on January 8th shows that borneol can be an effective disease vector control method to combat West Nile and other mosquito borne pathogens.

Therapeutic Uses

Analgesic – Relieves pain.

Antibacterial – Slows bacterial growth.

Anti-Fibrosis – Balances the body’s fibrosis response to injury.

Anti-Fungal – Inhibits the growth of fungus.

Anti-Inflammatory – Reduces inflammation systemically.

Antioxidant – Prevents oxidation damage to other molecules in the body.

Currently Being Studied For

Anesthetic:

Most people are aware of the topical anesthetic lidocaine. Few are aware that borneol possesses a greater inhibitory potential on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor than lidocaine, possibly making it an even more potent anesthetic. The only study examining this effect was released in 2003 and is in dire need of follow up studies to explore this novel and non-competitive method to control topical pain.

Anti-Coagulant:

This 2008 study sought to examine the long-held view in Chinese traditional medicine that borneol can mitigate the effects of heart disease. They found that it definitely could play a role in controlling heart disease because of its anticoagulant effects.

This 2014 study looking at a treatment of borneol and Edravone found that these anticoagulant effects could be strong enough to prevent rats from having an ischemic stroke. The combination of borneol and Edravone takes advantage both of borneol’s anti-coagulant properties and its ability to potentiate the effect of other drugs in a patient’s system.

Anti-Fibrosis:

Fibrosis is a process where fibroblasts regrow damaged tissue around injuries, such as forming scabs or scar tissue. Normally, this is a good thing and a required part of healing, but like any bodily function things can go awry. At the most basic level, an over-clocked fibrosis response can lead to the growth of skin tags, but it can also lead to much more serious problems like Cohn’s disease, Cirrhosis, and many more. Fibrosis is understood to be a precursor to cancer, with many manifestations including benign tumors.

Until recently, fibrosis was seen as an irreversible process, but recent research has found ways to reverse the irreversible. Borneol was shown to have anti-fibrosis properties in this 2009 study that looked at Oral Submucous Fibrosis. This means that borneol can control the growth and proliferation of fibroblasts and fibromas, combating cancer before it becomes cancer and aiding dozens of other fibrosis-based conditions. Any patient concerned that borneol could dampen your natural healing response should fear not, because an article released in December 2014 found that topical applications of borneol speed wound recovery many times over.

Anti-Inflammatory:

In addition to having anti-fibrosis properties, Borneol possesses anti-inflammatory properties. This 2014 study examined the potentials of various terpenes on gingival fibroblasts and found borneol to be a noteworthy anti-inflammatory. Another study from last year found borneol to be not only an anti-inflammatory but also an analgesic (antinociceptive). Given borneol’s proven abilities to reduce pain, ease inflammation and speed the healing process, it seems a natural addition to any topical wound treatment.

Cancer:

Borneol does not have any known cancer fighting properties of its own, but it is a known potentiator of two different cancer treatments. This 2013 study showed that borneol could increase the anticancer activities of the amino acid Selenocystine. Just last month, borneol was shown to potentiate the anticancer effects of Bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDCur), a compound in the vegetable turmeric. The researchers felt the combination of BDCur and borneol had “promising potential applications in cancer chemoprevention.”

Drug Potentiator:

Borneol has long been understood to potentiate the effects of numerous other drugs, increasing their effectiveness. It does this by increasing how much of a drug is absorbed by the body; the human body doesn’t normally absorb every milligram of a drug that it takes in. Borneol allows the body to absorb more and thus need less total because of a better rate of uptake. Additionally, borneol appears to be like myrcene in that it lowers the blood-brain barrier to some drugs, allowing better absorption in the brain. It would appear that myrcene and borneol have what Rev. Dr. Kymron de Cesare of Steep Hill Labs calls overlapping synergies for lowering the blood brain barrier. In this 2008 study, which looked at borneol in conjunction with another traditional medicine, gastrodin, borneol was shown to increase the delivery of orally taken drugs to the brain. One method of pin-point targeting drugs to the brain is using nanoparticles, and a 2013 study showed that borneol was an enhancer for this method of drug delivery. Speculatively, I wonder if borneol could improve targeting of nanorobots once technology develops them.

http://theleafonline.com/c/science/2015/01/terpene-profile-borneol/

Bought today btw some Bing Pian (Borneol camphor) at the Chinese herbshop

Borneol Bing Pian 冰片

As one of highly prized and very rare native Chinese herbs, Bing Pian (Borneol Flakes) has been extensively studied and used by generations of physicians in ancient China. Modern pharmacological study showed that it has multiple direct therapeutic effects. Very often it is classified into the species of inducing resuscitation traditionally, which makes it very popular in adjuvant therapy for a variety of conditions due to the excellent transdermal delivery ability.

This crystalline particle, metaphorically speaking, is more like a needle than a piece of thread like other medicinal herbs. So to speak, this agent can deliver the medicine directly to the affected area while enhancing the therapeutic effect. For reason given above, it ever was, and is, and shall be, playing an important role in treatments of severe diseases.

What is borneol?

Also known as dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f. in Latin, it has three main different types for medicinal purposes.

(1). A natural colorless transparent or white crystalline particle, dissolved from the resin and volatile oil of dipterocarp trees in Dipterocarpaceae family;
(2). Ai Pian, the crystal distilled by steam and cooled from leaves of perennial herb of Blumea balsamifera DC. in the Compositae family;
(3). Artificial compound, chemically synthesized by turpentine or camphor.

The synthetic one contains mainly 59.78% to 58.93% of borneol, 38.98% to 37.52% of isoborneol, and 2.70% to 2.09% of camphor. the natural one contains nearly pure d-Borneol only. Beside of borneol, the crystals from dipterocarp tree have many kinds of terpenoids like Humulene, β-Elemene, Caryophyllene, Oleanolic acid, Alphitolic acid, Asiatic acid, Dipterocarpol or Hydroxydammarenone II, Dryobalanone, and Erythrodiol.

What is it used for?

From the perspective of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), it is acrid, bitter, and cool in nature and covers meridians of heart and lung.

Main functions are to induce resuscitation, clear stagnated fire, remove nebula for improving eyesight, and relieve swelling and pain. Main uses and indications are lockjaw in stroke, coma in febrile diseases, convulsion due to phlegm confusing heart, deafness caused by qi blockage, pharyngitis, canker, otitis media, carbuncle and swelling, hemorrhoids, corneal opacity, and enterobiasis.

Usual dosage is 0.3 to 0.9 grams in Wan or San internally.

Related Chinese herbal formulas

This herb is contained in many commonly used patent traditional Chinese medicine, such as Su He Xiang Wan (Liquid Styrax Pills), An Gong Niu Huang Wan (Calm the Palace Pill with Cattle Gallstone), and Bing Peng San (Powder of Boras and Borneol), especially Speedy Heart-Rescuing Pill (Su Xiao Jiu Xin Wan), in which borneol is the main component.

(1). Kai Guan San, from Sheng Ji Zhong Lu (The Complete Record of Holy Benevolence), is employed for treatment of lockjaw and dizziness in stroke patients who can’t swallow medications. Another herb in this formula is Tian Nan Xing (Arisaema);

(2). Bing Peng San, from Wai Ke Zheng Zong (Surgery Authority), is adopted for chronic coughing out phlegm and acute/chronic swelling and pain in throat/mouth/tooth. Other herbal ingredients are Zhu Sha (Cinnabar), Xuan Ming Fen (Dried Gluber’s Salt), and Peng Sha (Borax);

(3). According to Jian Bian Dan Fang (Simple and Single-drug Prescriptions), borneol is applied with juice of green onion in internal or external hemorrhoid treatments.

Modern medical applications

Now this herb has been confirmed with following effects by modern medical experimental methods.

(1). Antibacterial action. It inhibits or kills clinical common pathogenic bacteria, such as staphylococcus aureus, beta hemolytic streptococcus, and viridans streptococci;

(2). Anti-inflammatory effect. Both borneol and isoborneol can effectively inhibit rat paw edema induced by egg white but poorly in mouse ear edema by croton oil;

(3). Relieving pain. Treating wounds resulted from laser therapy with borneol has a 2.78 or 6.24 times higher pain threshold in animal models than from Jingwanhong group (positive control) and saline group (negative control);

(4). Promoting division and development of neurogliocyte like schwann cell. This function is similar to moschus.

Potential side effects and contraindications

According to the results of medical experiments, borneol may induce miscarriage at middle and late pregnancy in mice, with abortion rates of 100% and 91% respectively. But the effect at early pregnancy isn’t obviously shown. So, pregnant woman should stay away from it, so does those diagnosed as qi-blood deficiency in TCM.

http://www.chineseherbshealing.com/borneol-bing-pian/

 

[mexcurandero420]

Bedrocan Laboratory Test: Cannabis Flos Bedrocan, Bedrobinol & Bediol 2015

[YOUTUBEIF]2AaxG8HA-H4[/YOUTUBEIF]

Keep on growing

 

[Bubbleblower]

Bedrocan Laboratory Test: Cannabis Flos Bedrocan, Bedrobinol & Bediol 2015

[youtubeif]2AaxG8HA-H4[/youtubeif]

Keep on growing

Nice video

So these gamma rays kill the terpenes.

[youtubeif]fV9mznAQSDo[/youtubeif]


All these names remind me dronabinol is synthesized from limonene.