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acespicoli

acespicoli

Well-known member
Mentor
✅
Had this long as signature everyone had to read past every time I posted,
This is better right a landing pad to find all the content in one place ?

Well my threads have become a little disorganized since I first got here 🤷‍♂️
General off topic chat its all welcome here and here, well .... you know ;)

Herbarium SEARCH OCCURRENCES 12,569 WITH IMAGES
What is a herbarium? A herbarium (Latin: hortus siccus) is a collection of plant samples preserved for long-term study, usually in the form of dried and pressed plants mounted on paper. The dried and mounted plant samples are generally referred to as herbarium specimens.
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QUIK PICKS - STATUS
VPD CHART
CELSIUS TO FAHRENHEIT

Improvement of More Than One Character | Advanced Backcross Breeding - passel

passel2.unl.edu

Cannabis

SC Labs provides ISO/IEC-17025 accredited cannabis testing services to organizations operating in the medical & adult-use cannabis industries. We offer testing for regulatory compliance requirements to give your customers the confidence that your products are safe to consume and contain the...
www.sclabs.com

PPFD 1.0 conversions below

Intensity at distanceRadiant Flux Density: 0.28303 W/m2
PPFD: μmol/s*m2 = 0.99998
PAR Irradiance: 0.20463 W/m2
Lux: 81.248 lux
Daily Light Integral (DLI) 0.028799 mol/day


#411
Physiology

High Grade - ⭐ Sam Skunkman's (David Paul Watson) Cannabis Bibliography

Question for @Sam_Skunkman - Have you (or anyone you know) ever bioassayed cannabisativine and/or the other lactam based alkaloids in Cannabis? I was browsing through ElSohly's works, and it happened to me that cannabisativine's molecular structure could have some affinity to other receptors...
www.icmag.com
Strains
orange
Mate Dave's Breeding Notes

You Gotta SIP, Not Slurp

I switched over from fabric bags to SIPs a couple years ago and have never looked back. Keeper cuts that were yielding 140 grams per plant suddenly increased to 230-250 grams, the resin content was greasier and increased as well. The plants vegged a lot faster and plant health increased. I had...
www.icmag.com

So here is the TOC table of contents some of my stuff and some threads found of interest
Favorite Threads
#4

Cannabis is a Dioecious, Heterozygous, wind pollinated, and an Obligate Outcrosser
CAN CBD BE BRED OUT OF HIGH PURITY THC DOMINANT STRAINS
ARE HYBRIDS DOOMED TO CBD AND THC CANCELLATION ?

How ancient viruses got cannabis high.pdf

drive.google.com

The Y chromosome is considered homomorphic and degenerate with little to no homology or overlap with the X-chromosome and likely does not recombine (McKernan et al. 2020; Prentout et al.
J Cannabis Res. 2022; 4: 57.
Published online 2022 Nov 2. doi: 10.1186/s42238-022-00164-7

We classified C. sativa subsp. indica into four varieties (in the formal nomenclatural sense, i.e., varietas). Two varieties express traits of domestication (identical to “Indica” and “Sativa” in the original narrow meanings of these terms), and two varieties have wild-type traits. We followed precedent set by Small and Cronquist (1976) who segregated C. sativa subsp. indica into two varieties – domesticated and wild-type plants. They did not place these varieties in an ancestor–progeny relationship, however, because they could not verify putative ancestral relationships.

Key to four varieties of C. sativa subsp. indica1​

1.Plants usually with a THC/CBD ratio ≥7; terpenoid profile usually lacks sesquiterpene alcohols, fresh aroma often pleasant. Plants ≥ 2 m tall in good habitats; branches flexible, diverging from the shoot at a relatively acute angle (<45° from vertical). Fresh leaves medium green in color; central leaflets narrow (length/width usually >6), lanceolate to linear-lanceolate; margins with fine to coarse serrations, sometimes biserrate. Mature female inflorescence somewhat compact (flowering stems producing small to medium “buds”), with relatively obscure sugar leaves (a high perigonal bract-to-leaf index); sugar leaves with capitate-stalked glandular trichomes (CSGTs) usually limited to the proximal half of the leaves; perigonal bracts express a moderate to high density of CSGTs. Mature achene exocarp color (beneath the perianth) often green-brown.
ATHC/CBD ratio always ≥7, often much more. Mature achenes usually ≥ 3.6 mm long (Fig. 3e, f); perianth mostly sloughed off, but often persistent in places (appearing as irregular spots or stripes); exposed exocarp exhibiting prominent venation; lacking a prominent protuberant base; not readily disarticulating from plantvar. indica (“Sativa” in the historical sense2)
BTHC/CBD ratio usually ≥7, sometimes less. Mature achenes usually <3.6 mm long (Fig. 3g, h); perianth persistent (covering exocarp and its venation), with strong pigmentation in a mottled or striped pattern; with a protuberant base; readily disarticulating from plantvar. himalayensis
2.Plants with a THC/CBD ratio <7; terpenoid profile includes sesquiterpene alcohols, fresh aroma often acrid or “skunky.” Plants < 2 m tall in good habitats, and often ca. 1 m; branches not flexible, branching sometimes nearly 90° from the stalk axis, producing a menorah-shaped habitus. Fresh leaves dark green in color, leaflets of larger leaves sometimes overlap; central leaflets broad (length/width usually <6), often oblanceolate; margins with coarse serrations, rarely biserrate. Mature female inflorescence compact (flowering stems producing medium to large “buds”) with prominent sugar leaves (a low perigonal bract-to-leaf index); sugar leaves have CSGTs extending more than half way down their length; perigonal bracts densely covered with CSGTs. Mature achene exocarp color (beneath the perianth) often a lighter shade of olive green to gray.
ATHC/CBD ratio <7 (almost always >2). Mature achenes usually ≥ 3.6 mm long (Fig. 3a, b); perianth mostly sloughed off (appearing as irregular spots or stripes); exposed exocarp exhibiting prominent venation; lacking a prominent protuberant base; not disarticulating from plant, and often trapped in the dense inflorescencevar. afghanica (“Indica” in the historical sense2)
BTHC/CBD ratio often <2. Mature achenes usually < 3.6 mm long (Fig. 3c, d); perianth persistent (covering exocarp and its venation), with strong pigmentation in a mottled or striped pattern; with a protuberant base; readily disarticulating from plantvar. asperrima
1 As emphasized in the text, the differences presented here represent unhybridized plants, before extensive recent hybridization between them.
2 Historically, as discussed in the text, “Sativa” formerly represented landraces of South Asian heritage, and “Indica” formerly represented Central Asian landraces. This key is not intended for the identification of “Sativa” and “Indica” strains commercially available today.


Figure 3.
Representative achenes of four varieties A indica, Rajshahi (Bangladesh), Clarke 1877 (BM) B indica, Coimbatore (India), Bircher 1893 (K) C indica, South Africa, Hillig 1996; (IND) D himalayensis neotype E himalayensis, Bareilly (India), Roxburgh 1796 (K). F himalayensis, East Bengal (Bangladesh) Griffith 1835 (GH) G afghanica neotype H afghanica epitype I afghanica Yarkant (Xīnjiāng), Henderson 1871 (LE) J asperrima lectotype K asperrima Nuristān (Afghanistan), Street 1965 (F) L Kailiyskiy Alatau (Kazakhstan), Semenov-Tyan-Shansky 1857 (LE).

Taxonomic treatment​

P

A classification of endangered high-THC cannabis (Cannabis sativa subsp. indica) domesticates and their wild relatives

Two kinds of drug-type Cannabis gained layman’s terms in the 1980s. “Sativa” had origins in South Asia (India), with early historical dissemination to Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Americas. “Indica” had origins in Central Asia (Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkestan). We have assigned unambiguous...
phytokeys.pensoft.net





Good Ole Dog

Strain Selection
  1. Seedbank Historical Data
  2. Genetics -
  3. Botany - Cannabaceae. Marijuana (Cannabis sativa). Herbarium Samples
  4. Collect - Sequencing <$300USD ea
Seed Storage
Grow Info Soil, Soiless, Watering
Composting at home


Equipment


Medical - Brass Caps medical gel caps #174

Medical Marijuana Strains :: Pain :: SeedFinder.eu

Pain (Medical Strain List) Here the SeedFinder gathers and shares information on individual medical cannabis varieties.
en.seedfinder.eu en.seedfinder.eu

Recommended reading :huggg: to @VerdantGreen for this list
  • Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding, 2nd Edition George Acquaah ISBN: 978-0-470-66475-9
  • Principles of Plant Breeding 2nd Edition by Robert W. Allard ISBN: 978-0-471-02309-8
Study Topics
Soil Chemistry wiki links
Fertilizers
The values in an NPK fertilizer label are related to the concentrations (by weight) of
phosphorus and potassium elements as follows:
  • P2O5 consists of 56.4% elemental oxygen and 43.6% elemental phosphorus by weight. Therefore, the elemental phosphorus percentage of a fertilizer is 0.436 times its P value.
  • K2O consists of 17% oxygen and 83% elemental potassium by weight. Therefore, the elemental potassium percentage is 0.83 times the K value.
The N value in NPK labels represents actual percentage of nitrogen element by weight, so it does not need to be converted.
So, for example, an 18−51−20 fertilizer contains by weight
  • 18% elemental nitrogen,
  • 0.436 × 51 = 22% elemental phosphorus, and
  • 0.83 × 20 = 17% elemental potassium.




Breeder Topics
  1. Different cannabis breeder references
  2. Back Cross and Inbreeding Depression
  4. Cannabis breeding ideologies
  5. DJ Short Book Cultivating Exceptional Cannabis
  6. DJ Short Article-General Irregularities-Anomalies Relating to Transgressive Segregation
  7. Mold Resistance
  8. haystack
  9. vintage pics II

Herbarium
What is a herbarium? A herbarium (Latin: hortus siccus) is a collection of plant samples preserved for long-term study, usually in the form of dried and pressed plants mounted on paper. The dried and mounted plant samples are generally referred to as herbarium specimens.

Resources

Tek

thought that was a booger but its snot

Hydro
Pathology
Books

Tutorials

Biographys:
Photography 📸


​
:mopper:


📬

DIY huge index of ic diy Hits !
Im gonna clean this up one day... but how about that new sig ?
>Best>>>ibes :huggg:

Harvest
 

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acespicoli

acespicoli

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Mentor
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ICMAG'S OFFICIAL ~DIY~ LINK-O-RAMA

Compiled by Me (pontiac), Bounty29 and other ICmag Members Complete for now, but please post more links... This is a thread dedicated to all DIY (Do It Yourself) projects and tutorials posted by ICMAG members. Please post any link that consists of a DIY project/tutorial, and i'll add it to the...
www.icmag.com

Compiled by Me (pontiac), Bounty29 and other ICmag Members
Complete for now, but please post more links...
This is a thread dedicated to all DIY (Do It Yourself) projects and tutorials posted by ICMAG members. Please post any link that consists of a DIY project/tutorial, and i'll add it to the main list.

==================================================

Link Count = 210
☼ - Denotes most recent addition(s) since: 05/29/12 - ☼

† - Denotes dead links or destructed content - †

☻ - Denotes a personal top 7 choice - ☻

==================================================
Cabinet/Small Closet/Tent/μCab Construction & Setup
Electrical/Other Utilities
Grow Room/Large Closet/Attic/Shed Setup
Harvesting/Drying/Curing/Processing
Hydroponic Related
Hydroponic System Construction
Lighting/Reflectivity
Miscellaneous
Nutrient Formulas
Odor Control
Outdoors Related
Paraphernalia Related
Photography/Microscopy
Propagation
Soil/Soil-less Related
Training/Breeding/Nursing

Ventilation/Atmosphere Control
==================================================

Other Link Compilation Threads
Cheap DIY Grow Supplies
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x18
 
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acespicoli

acespicoli

Well-known member
Mentor
✅
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RIRI @jgl
Original Diesel
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P98 BUBBA S1 @Katsu

Bubba got his hands on a novel indica strain in New Orleans during Mardis Gras. The New Orleans indica hybridized with OG Kush. The result of this fusion was the pre98-Bubba Kush that’s still around today. This New Orleans indica is thought to be related to Northern Lights

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Tampa Crippie »»» Chem 91 x Pakistani (x-18)
Original 91 chemdawg AKA the skunk VA cut.
It was the only verified cut chem gave out. His online screen name is SkunkVA
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Skunk strain from RFK dead Shows 90-91
DNL {RFK x Hawaiian} x Northern Lights

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Oaxacan Gold
 
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acespicoli

acespicoli

Well-known member
Mentor
✅
1000136880.jpg

Oaxaca x Panama. Regular Seeds. ACE Seeds. Best sativas

Oaxaca x Panama. Oaxaca Panama. High THC. Oaxaca seeds. Oaxaca 79. ACE Seeds Panama. Panama Red. ACE Seeds.
www.aceseeds.org
@dubi over the top, amazing !

Oaxaca x Panama (R) – Buy Cannabis Seeds Online | North Atlantic Seed Co.

Buy Oaxaca x Panama (R) online from North Atlantic Seed Co. Voted #1 by the ICA Cannabis Awards. Fast shipping & premium genetics.
northatlanticseed.com

Thai Chiang Mai. Regular Seeds. ACE Seeds.

SOUTHEAST ASIAN LANDRACE SATIVA PAR EXCELLENCE
www.aceseeds.org
Hope everyone notices the brilliant work your doing over there!!! Will be enjoying these as soon as it drops.
For all your effort! THANK YOU!!! :huggg:
~~~
edit
ACE SEEDS > OAXACA X PANAMA (OAXACA 79 S1 X BEST, LATEST GENERATION PANAMA PARENT PLANTS)
Fusion into a magnificent direct F1 hybrid between the two finest American sativas (with Haze’s permission) that we’ve had the pleasure of experiencing and breeding: Panama and Oaxaca 79.
Both share and individually produce an expression of American sativa that is hardly surpassed in refinement: sativas of moderate flowering times, excellent adaptability to indoor cultivation, and non-tropical climates. They develop productive flowers with a high flower-to-leaf ratio and extraordinary qualities, both in the quality of their resins and their splendid, long-lasting euphoric and psychedelic effects. Not to forget the best classic terpenes of the region: citrus, musky floral perfume, and incense that have left their mark on so many generations of sativa enthusiasts.
These desirable traits are further accentuated by the synergy of hybrid vigor and shared characteristics in both varieties. The robust and dynamic Panama genes have revitalized the languid and highly endogamous Oaxaca 79, contributing to the F1 hybrid with a sturdy framework and vigorous vertical branching. Panama also prevails with its large, heavy colas, in this case slightly more open and foxtailed due to Oaxacan influence, providing added resistance against fungi and humidity, particularly beneficial in climates where flowering coincides with rainy conditions.
An exclusive 100% sativa hybrid, bound to charm connoisseurs of America’s most potent and exceptional sativas.
Regular M/F Photoperiod
 
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shithawk420

shithawk420

Well-known member
Veteran
Holy smokes! This is awesome! Thanks man! Im gonna bookmark this too! Fuking A man thanks! Think ive seen these some of these pics years ago. Damn this must of taken a long ass time.
 
acespicoli

acespicoli

Well-known member
Mentor
✅

The Secret History Of Sinsemilla​


Was David Wheeler the man who brought sinsemilla to North America, using David Crosby as a guinea pig?

Avatar photo byHigh Times
June 11, 2021

Flashback Friday: The Secret History Of Sinsemilla
Andre Grossmann

Writing for the “Brain Damage Control” column, Paul Krassner explored the highly potent strain of cannabis, sinsemilla, in the February, 1999 issue of High Times magazine.
Little did a certain photojournalist in Mexico know what he would be unleashing when he took a particular photo some time in the late 1950s. Nor did a horny 19-year-old who was in the middle of masturbating while searching for bare-breasted African women in National Geographic realize what fate would lead him to when he came upon that photo.
The full-color photo, which accompanied an article about beatniks who had left San Francisco and the Lower East Side, showed a trio of them—Zen guru Tom Newman, writer Lionel Olay and old Pancho Villa war hero Pancho Lepe—sitting around a lush green tropical paradise. They were in Yelapa.
The 19-year-old was David Wheeler. He was looking at this photo of the three grooviest-looking dudes he had ever seen. They were drinking mint tea in front of a papaya tree, and they were obviously stoned on grass.
In 1961 he went to Mexico to find them. In Guadalajara, he traded a ’54 Ford station wagon for four horses with saddles. Then he and an army buddy and their girlfriends took off for Yelapa. It was a treacherous, month-long journey, 380 miles across mountains. Only the two men made it all the way. The rains had beaten the color from their Levis and T-shirts into their skin. Wheeler’s friend was tied over one of the now-rawboned horses because he was practically shitting himself inside out. They were saved by Indians who had never seen white men before, let alone blue ones.
Soon even the men who were in that photo heard about these two gringos riding from Puerto Vallarta down the Mascota River through all that jungle to the coast.

“Hey, kid,” said Lionel Olay, “come and stay with us at Pancho Lobos.”
Wheeler was elated to be invited to the hippest community in the world. One day Olay told him that Juanito would bring something special down the hill—marijuana with no seeds. They called it sinueso. Boneless grass. At a time when you could buy pressed bricks of Mexican grass in San Diego, 100 at a time for $8 a kilo, Juanito wanted $80 for a quarter-kilo. Olay came up with the money fast.
“The grass you’re smoking in the states,” he said, “has about three percent active ingredients. This has fifteen percent. They’re all on the upper end. None of this laying around, drooling on yourself and give-me-more-doughnuts. You’re going to want to do adventurous things.”
It had a sweet smell, like no grass Wheeler had ever sniffed before. He took two hits, feeling like he was about to pass out, so he pressed against a post, hanging on to avoid falling down and breaking his head. Meanwhile, the others carried on their erudite conversation while continuing to smoke those joints.
“Sit down,” Olay warned him. “Watch it, that’s the first time you smoked this stuff.”
A year later, after smoking nothing but that stuff, Wheeler and Tom Newman went to live with the Nahuatl Indians, to live under the glacier with the people who grew the best grass in the world. Then to go up in Michoacan with bigotones—bandits with Zapata mustaches—and their Michoacan green, grown only by the Indians. But how did it get there in the first place?
An 80-year-old Indian told Wheeler a story he’d heard from his grandfather. In 1510, the explorer Hernando Cortez came there with a boatload of Moors, who laid around and drank coconut beer. But 10 of them hiked all the way to Paso de Cortez, between the two volcanos of Vera Cruz and Tenochtitlan. Right there was where that superb grass had been grown.
The Moors had brought their favorite grass, from Afghanistan, Turkey and Pakistan. They saw the most beautiful apples and figs grown by the Indians, and asked if they could grow this marijuana for them. And that was the introduction of cannabis to the Western Hemisphere.

Bringing Sinsemilla to Another Hemisphere​

Newman got up at seven every morning, sitting in his underwear on a serape, meditating and smoking joints for four hours. He asked Wheeler what he wanted to do next.

“Well, I thought I’d become a holy man like you.”
“No, that’s not in the cards for you. I recognize your glands. I see the way you look at women. You’re going to have to go through the whole householder thing, read Gurdjieff, Siddhartha, marry, have kids, then come back.”
“Bullshit. I’d rather have adventure.”
“OK, why don’t you grow a ton of seedless and bring it back to the States? We spent seven months with these two tribes, learning how to recognize and kill the male plants. Why don’t you bring a meaningful amount back to the States and fuck with the main chakra up there? Rattle some kundalini lines, which are dormant anyway.”
It took two years to get it together. First, begging Indians to sell him handfuls of seeds. Then, going down the hill to search for grass traffickers with integrity. Planting a field and trying to explain why he would come back and destroy half the plants. Dealing with a semantic crisis: Killing the machos was a negative symbol to Mexicans. You don’t kill the males—who’s gonna fight?
Finally, a ton. But Wheeler, who thought smuggling would be fun, now didn’t have a clue on how to move the stuff. He sought out an expert called Buckwheat, who fronted him $65,000. And they began to move the stuff—two kilos here, 200 kilos there—teaching people along the way. Their personal stash was four kilos of the stickiest, shiniest, psychedelic grass.
Buckwheat, who was in the music business, gave some to the Byrds and to David Crosby, who announced on stage, “I just smoked the most fantastic grass. It’s called San Simeon, and it comes from right up the coast.” San Simeon, of course, is the name of the William Randolph Hearst estate. Wheeler corrected Crosby. This grass is sinsemilla, and try this here, it’s Michoacan green. Crosby smoked a little, went on stage again and said, “I just smoked the best Michigan green.”
And that was the start of it—at least, according to David Wheeler. However, in Deep Cover, former DEA supervisor Michael Levine writes that Wheeler “was eager to impress me—too eager. He told stones, all of which involved him doing some outrageous, inventive or ingenious feat, usually illegal and usually in the company of some famous trafficker, corrupt politician or Hollywood star—stories, I noticed, that were difficult, if not impossible, to verify.
At times he spoke of things any prudent man—even an informer—would be silent about, such as his father’s alleged CIA work. He even hinted at his own CIA connections. He seemed unafraid to claim knowledge of everything, but was obviously expert at nothing.
“When he claimed responsibility for the introduction of sinsemilla to Mexico, I asked him a couple of questions about what wealth or property he had. Introducing sinsemilla to Mexico, in the drug world, was roughly equivalent to inventing the wheel. He should have earned hundreds of millions, if not billions of dollars. He spoke openly of taking part in drug deals that sounded as big as a hostile buyout of General Motors.
When I learned that he was broke and that the government [Customs] was now fully supporting him and his two kids, I checked the faces of [fellow DEA agent] Hoopel and the Customs agents sitting around the room listening with rapt attention, and saw not a glimmer of suspicion. He had them 100% conned. But then I had to admit that while his claims were wild, he hadn’t really said anything that could be proven a lie.”
Responds Wheeler: “Everything Michael Levine writes is fiction, but it’s all about him and his exploits. He’s the most famous narc in the US. We did a two-year operation to sustain the governments who were bringing cocaine in. That’s what I arranged, and it drove him up the wall. We used him for three weeks to play a Puerto Rican pimp in Panama. If you read Levine’s book, you’re reading my enemy’s book.”
Incidentally, speaking of outrageous feats, Wheeler claims to have been celibate for the last seven years. Does that include masturbation?
“Less and less,” he says.
 
acespicoli

acespicoli

Well-known member
Mentor
✅
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YESCA: NOUN. A CHICANO SLANG TERM FOR MARIJUANA​

In the 1530s, one of the Spaniards led by Hernan Cortes set his forced indigenous laborers to planting Spanish hemp in the highlands around Mexico City. The historical record is sparse, but there are scattered mentions of hemp production on a modest scale through the 1760s. In the 1770s, the Spanish Crown launched a campaign to foment hemp production in Mexico. This met with indifferent success.
Marijuana has been intertwined with race and ethnicity in America since well before the word "marijuana" was coined
The mystery of marijuana's name is appropriate for this incredibly many-faceted plant. It's worth reflecting, when you see coverage of the humble weed, how much global, geopolitical, historical weight is packed into even its name
After this really long "trip" throughout the pre-modern and modern worlds, cannabis finally came to the United States at the beginning of the 20th century. It arrived in the southwest United States from Mexico, with immigrants fleeing that country during the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1911.
One of our favorite revolutionary figures of the 20th century, Pancho Villa, is said to have smoked pot before going to battle to become mas valiente (more valiant). The term “marijuana” even comes from ballads sung by Pancho Villa and his army.
“La cucaracha, la cucaracha,
Ya no puede caminar,
Porque no tiene, porque no tiene,
Marihuana que fumar.”
Click to expand...

High Times Greats: Pot And Pancho Villa​


When the clouds of battle cleared, a strange smoke lingered. It was the product of Pancho Villa.

Avatar photo byHigh Times
June 4, 2021

High Times Greats: Pot And Pancho Villa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_Villa

List of factions in the Mexican Revolution - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

History of the Panama Canal - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

For the January, 1975 issue of High Times, Robert Lemmo wrote about the legendary Pancho Villa (1878-1923). In conjunction with Pancho Villa’s birthday on June 5, we’re republishing the story below.
On March 17, 1914, a year after Pancho Villa slipped across the border after hiding out in Texas as a disgraced fugitive, his 5,000 enthusiastic soldiers disembarked from their railroad fleet seventy miles north of Torreon, the only remaining obstacle to Villa’s triumphant march to Mexico City. With the sympathy and support of the United States government and the Mexican people, Villa had amassed twenty-eight pieces of field artillery, a score of machine guns, and eight railroad trains, including two construction trains and a press train for foreign journalists. Poised on the brink of their greatest triumph, the Villistas were only missing one thing: General Pancho Villa. He had left the train about 500 miles north to be best man at the wedding of an old friend. Villa finally showed up three days later, bedraggled, besodden, and red-eyed from lack of sleep. At the arrival of the Chief, the Villistas stormed the town, killed 7,000 men, lost 1,000, and toppled the government of Mexico.
A folksong was written to celebrate his victory at Torreon:
Well done, Pancho Villa
His heart did not waver;
He took the strongest fort
On the hill at Torreon.
One thing always gives me laughter,
Pancho Villa the morning after,
Ay, there go the Carranzistras….
Who comes here? The Villistas.
Chorus:

La cucaracha, la cucaracha
Ya no puede caminar;
Porque to tiene, porque no tiene,
Marihuana que fumar.
(The cockroach, the cockroach
Can no longer walk;
Because he hasn’t, because he hasn’t,
Marijuana to smoke.)

You Don’t Have to Look Far to Find the Influence of Pancho Villa in Mexican Folklore​

Though Pancho Villa’s military career is well documented, the personal history of the great man is almost unknown to the public. His legends are recorded mainly in the oral tradition of Mexico, passing from father to son in the form of corridos, the Mexican folk songs. Since most of the revolutionaries of Villa’s army could not read or write, the songs of the people tell the story: Not only was Villa a great fighter, he also knew how to party.
There were four battle hymns of the Mexican Revolution: Adelita, La Cucaracha, Marcha Zacatecas, and Valentina. Two deal with Villa. Adelita, a mournful love song, was inspired by a tragic alliance between Villa and an inspiringly beautiful soldier-girl in his army. But it was La Cucaracha that served as Villa’s theme song, swelling to over 100 verses chronicling all his victories, hardships, and debaucheries in ten years of revolution.
Verse after verse of La Cucaracha speaks lovingly and intimately of marijuana, which was virtually the official refreshment of the Mexican Revolution. As such, it marked the first time in modern warfare that an entire war was fought stoned. About half of Villa’s army was comprised of long-haired Indians (primarily Yaquis) who used marijuana as casually and regularly as we might use salt. Haldeen Braddy, a Villa biographer, states that at Torreon, “The Yaquis grew fanatical. High on marijuana, they fought like demonic spirits. They stormed the entrenchments. They ground out yards and still got nowhere. Then they staggered about here and there confused.”
After getting devoutly zonked for the battle of Agua Prieta, according to Braddy, “The intrepid Indians acted like wild men completely out of their heads from inhaling marijuana. Immediately the Indians rose to a crouch and headed for the barbed wire. The marijuana gave them superhuman strength. So frenzied were they with the drug that some of them succeeded in breaking the wire with their hands.”
As for the rest of Villa’s troops—Mexicans, Spaniards, Negroes, Caucasians, and all combinations thereof, marijuana was a staple in their revolutionary diet. Likewise, many stayed high on potent mixes of mescal and sotol, native forms of psychedelic whiskey distilled from desert cacti. Villa himself was probably the greatest debaucher and carouser of them all. That’s why they made him the leader, according to some accounts. Revolutionary author Martin Luiz Guzman, describing his first meeting with Villa, remembered entering a smoke-filled shed, where he spied the notorious leader in a dimly lit corner Villa lay in bed, covered by a blanket, fully dressed in hat, coat, and cartridge belts. The Chief was giggling and talking excitedly to his two compañeros, also fully clad and on the bed. As Guzman was introduced, “Villa listened to him unblinkingly. His mouth was open and there were traces on his face of the mechanical smile that seemed to start at the end of the teeth.”
Pancho Villa was a truly popular revolutionary leader, one of the common people, a peon responsible for some of the most brilliant and successful military operations ever fought; this done under adverse conditions, with untrained, ragtag troops, while simultaneously throwing some of the biggest parties ever seen in Mexico before or since. In fact whether fortune waxed or waned on the Villistas, they maintained a steady choogle on the road of revolution. The siege of Agua Prieta, says Braddy, resembled something of a weary modern rock festival: “The women nursed their crying babies and cooked frijoles; the moon-bosomed girls made promiscuous love; the peones swigged their sotol… long haired Indians, some of whom smoked marijuana at night and danced wildly about their campfires.” Constantly low on supplies, the followers of Pancho were never low on the basic inspiration for their actions.
Born Doroteo Arango in 1878 of Indian and Spanish ancestry, Villa began life as a simple peasant. Villa began his career as an outlaw, bandit and enemy of the ruling class suddenly and early. When he was sixteen, his young sister Mariana was raped by the son of the owner of the hacienda on which Villa’s family worked. Villa immediately grabbed the family pistol, killed the man, and then took to the hills. A corrido describes his flight:

In the wilderness untrammeled,
In the highest mountain crags,
I’ll hide myself,
Where none will know I was guilty,
For my love of thee,
For such a crime.
Never prosecuted for the killing, Villa soon gathered about him a band of similar outlaws and began a career of banditry unparalleled in Mexican history, which is rich in colorful criminals. Unlike other banditos, Villa would slaughter a rich hacienda’s cattle herd, then give an old peasant farmer 1,000 pesos to keep his tiny spread. In a land where a mere 17 families owned one-fifth of all Mexico, Villa quickly became a folk hero among the poor farmers.
Though he was a cold-blooded killer in battle, the young Villa was a smoldering Latin in love. The buckskin-clad nomad caught many a lady’s fancy. If not, Villa was more than willing to commit rape. The only documented instance of Villa abandoning a seduction occurred in the El Dorado Bar in Juarez. Eyeing an attractive young barmaid, Villa threw her a provocative look, then rubbed his fist on his face, which at that time and place meant something like, “Let’s get going.” She seemed complaisant until he revealed his identity, whereupon she answered tartly, “Señor, you should remember that Villa has the charm of a gentleman, and does not pass the time in small, dark bars. He lives in the sun, fights clean battles, and makes short work of little men like you.”
Usually, however, Villa got the girl. One night in Chihuahua City, Villa was getting high and wenching in a fancy cantina. One of Villa’s men was eyeing a Federalista’s girl. The Federalista made his resentment clear, but Villa’s lieutenant persisted with crude courting gestures. The Federalista drew his gun and shot the lieutenant in the mouth. Before the dead man even toppled, Villa fired from under his arm and drilled the Federalista neatly through the head. Instantly Villa dragged the girl away and made ferocious (by all accounts) love to her.
For all his dope, booze, and philandering, Pancho Villa was a firm believer in marriage. In fact, he had at least four “legal” wives, and was happy to marry any young señorita for the night, if that’s what it took. It is said that when Villa married his second wife, the first wife was convinced to serve breakfast in bed to the honeymoon couple. But he loved his first wife, Luz Corral, most, and for all his days.
Villa pursued a colorful career as a bandit, but had no ambitions as a revolutionary until 1909. In that year, his little daughter died. Villa’s wife sent messengers to him with the news, but they were detained and mistreated by Don Luis Terrazas, governor of the state of Chihuahua and one of the wealthiest cattlemen in the entire world. (It is reported that a Chicago slaughterer once wired Terrazas asking him if he could possibly supply a million head of cattle and Terrazas wired back, “What color?”) When Villa eventually learned of his daughter’s death and Terrazas’s mistreatment of the messengers, he immediately assembled a huge band and raided Terrazas’s territory. In a raging bloodlust, Villa utterly devastated the property, and killed hundreds. Without even intending to, Villa took over the land, destroyed the state government, and won the idolatry of the peons as never before. The peons saw Villa as an hombre who could transform bitter dissatisfaction into successful revolution.

Pancho Villa Joins the Revolution​

At first, Pancho Villa joined the revolution for profit. There were many revolutionary movements in Mexico at the time, and often the line between a revolutionary and a bandit was narrow indeed. Villa was delighted to loot, plunder, and kill with impunity as a captain in the Revolutionary Army. Why not? But upon meeting the acknowledged leader of the Revolution, Francesco Madero, Villa became a changed man. Madero was a small, black-bearded, hollow-eyed vegetarian. His intense idealism and devotion to land reform for the people touched Villa’s heart, and though he little understood the details, he committed himself to Madero and the Revolution. For all his erratic fits of temper, Villa was constant in his devotion to Madero.
Villa did not fare too well as a Revolutionary. Once he was sentenced to be hanged, another time to be shot, but each time a reprieve from Madero saved his life at the last possible moment. Villa languished in jail in Mexico City for four months. On Mexican Independence Day, Villa escaped and fled to El Paso, where he soon assembled a new army, by carrier pigeon, in Chihuahua City. After a bloody battle, Juarez was captured. The untutored Villa administered the city himself, and during his one-year rule he legalized gambling and prostitution, paved the streets, raised the salaries of the teachers, rebuilt the hospitals, maintained the railroads, and happily levied tribute from the gringos. As for dope, it was not only legal, but practically free. A whole armload of marijuana could be had for a few pesos. Villa bided time, using the opportunity to purchase huge supplies of equipment and guns from the U.S. and making friends with General “Blackjack” Pershing.
During the Juarez period, Villa lived high, wide and handsome. Using gold treasures he had buried in chests throughout Mexico, he outfitted his army and bought his wife a deluxe Hudson and himself a Cadillac.
Villa was now at his peak. He controlled most of northern Mexico. Parties were thrown almost nightly, and farmers labored hard harvesting enough mescal, sotol, and marijuana to keep Villa’s hedonistic troops supplied. After the climactic battle at Torreon, Madero was installed as President, and Villa was a national hero as Madero’s finest general. Villa was happy, and as a Christmas present, he returned the government of Chihuahua City to the people. In return, the soldiers of the town presented Villa with a medal. But Villa had been stoned all night on a potent breed of high mountain marijuana which had just been harvested (1913 was a vintage year, according to Mexicanos, and that in itself may have provided the additional impetus to push the revolution over the top). According to radical writer John Reed, who witnessed the formal ceremony, Villa arrived in an old khaki uniform, with several buttons missing, his hair in disarray. Reed wrote:
“He entered the aisle between the rigid lines of soldiers, walking a little pigeon-toed, in the fashion of a horseman, hands in his trouser pockets. Finally, pulling his moustache and looking very uncomfortable, he moved toward a gilded throne, with lions-paw arms, raised on a dais under a canopy of crimson velvet. He shook the arms violently to test the throne’s dependability, then sat down. There followed six speeches extolling Villa’s bravery on the field. Through it all Villa slouched on the throne, his mouth hanging open, his little shrewd eyes playing around the room. Once or twice he yawned, but for the most part seemed to be speculating with some intense interior amusement, like a small boy in church… Finally, with an impressive gesture, an Artillery officer stepped forward with a small cardboard box. The officers applauded, the crowds cheered, the band burst into a triumphant march.”
Villa put out both hands eagerly… He could hardly wait to open the box and see what was inside… He held up the medal, scratched his head, and, in a reverent silence, said clearly, “This is a hell of a little thing to give a man for all that heroism you are talking about.”
Pancho Villa did not spend all his time wandering about as a stoned buffoon. Tragedy stalked him everywhere, even in pleasure. Around this time, he became involved with the beautiful Adelita. Their romance became the symbol of the tragedy and poetry of the Revolution. Adelita was dark olive, tall, and ravishingly attractive—just Villa’s type. At twenty, this country goddess was already betrothed to the blonde Portilla, one of Villa’s loyal friends. But she couldn’t resist one last fling, particularly with the lusty revolutionary leader. At one banquet, Adelita rose and made a speech in honor of Villa, casting hot eyes on him. She ended her accolade with the hope that Villa would become president of Mexico. Pancho later talked alone with her in the courtyard; soon they were engaged in hot, hungry kisses, while the band played La Cantela, a song from the Bajio region of Michoacan:
I find myself a prisoner in cunning.
I find myself imprisoned by a woman
As long as I live in this world and don’t die,
Never in my life will I love again.
We took for granted that we were trash
Along came the whirlwind and took us up;
And while high up in the air we flew;
The same winds blew us apart.
Suddenly, Portillo, Adelita’s betrothed, stepped into the garden and beheld Villa and Adelita. He paused, torn between fury and despair; then, with a hopeless gesture, he pushed his gun into his mouth and thunderously blew off the top of his head.
Villa, ignorant of Adelita’s engagement, sat petrified with surprise. He had loved and trusted Portillo. Learning the truth, he shook Adelita roughly, and commanded his men to take her where he would never see her again. Villa built a special tomb for Portillo and even buried a pair of his best boots with the man as an expression of grief. His sorrow would be sung about by the rebel minstrels after battle had been retired, when, as Braddy describes, “the Villistas attended to their wounds, patched their saddles—and wet their whistles. Sotol irrigated parched throats, burning away the shock or recent defeat. In the dark night, marihuana cigarettes spurted tiny red tongues of fire and crackled a little as the flames ate into the haylike weed.”
The incident continued to bother Villa, and no amount of getting high or military success could erase it. One night about a year later, he became so despondent that he sought out the leading songwriter of the Revolution, Ochoa, and requested something new to soothe his nerves. Ochoa then sang the mournful verses of “Adelita”:
Adelita is the name of the young one
Who I love and cannot forget.
In the world I have a rose
And, with time, I shall pluck her.
If Adelita should go with another
If Adelita should leave me all alone.
I would follow in a boat made of thunder
I would follow in a train made of bone.
On and on Ochoa sang, through ten more stanzas. Villa stumbled away and bowed his kinky head in tears. Adelita was to grow to over a hundred verses after Villa’s second tragic encounter with the girl. Early in 1913, Villa organized an elite force known as the Dorados (Golden Ones). There were three squadrons, each of 100 horsemen, superbly mounted and armed. Although the rest of Villa’s army traveled with women and children in tow, the Dorados were unencumbered with camp followers and could strike swiftly.
One afternoon, during a bloody carnage, Villa observed a youthful Dorado with a yellow scarf in the thick of the battle. He was enraged; he had ordered his elite Dorados to stay out of this particular fight. After the battle, he saw the Dorado sprawled on the sand, his yellow scarf stained bloody red. Turning over the corpse, he discovered it to be the girl Adelita.
Villa’s fortunes began to decline after this. His old enemy, Carranza, came into power, backed by the United States, and Villa fought a desperate battle to regain the Republic. In retribution for U.S. support of the Carranza’s dictatorship, he raided Columbus, New Mexico. General “Black Jack” Pershing and his troops were sent on a punitive mission. Pershing, an old friend, always managed to be a few days behind Villa and battle was never joined, but it created pressure. Villa’s Yaqui Indians smoked marijuana and drank more and more sotol to keep their wounded moving. Supposedly in hot pursuit, Pershing’s men were furiously learning the secrets of romantic Mexico. Tamales and tequila, warm women and long marijuana cigarettes under the Chihuahua moon were much more appealing than battle with a drifting band of wild-eyed Villistas. The Americans pursued town after town, composing troopers’ songs about Pancho, quaffing Mexican beer, lusting after young prostitutes and being taught the delights of exotic Mexican weeds. Theirs was not the staunch cavalry duty glorified by Gary Cooper and John Wayne.
Early in June, 1919, Villa occupied the northern town of Guadalupe, and prepared to attack Juarez. His new army consisted of a motley band of misfits, and they drank Guadalupe dry before mounting their assault on Juarez sometime before dawn on June 15. Riding crazily into the midst of the city, yelling and screaming profanities, firing wildly and overwhelming the terrified Carranzistas, Villa conquered Juarez for the third and final time. By daybreak, the frustrations of the past months erupted into a memorable party that engulfed the whole city. Tequila, cheap perfume, young girls, soldiers, the smell of marijuana, and the sounds of fist fights filled the night. It was, by all accounts, the longest and most exuberant fiesta of the revolution. The staunchest of carousers were still staggering along the boulevards in a stupor, bawling out corridas, when the Carrazistas counterattacked the next morning.
Bleary-eyed and exhausted from lack of sleep, the Villistas were in no condition to fight. The Carranzistas easily overpowered Villa’s disorganized pack of revelers.
Thus the revolution ended as it had begun—a drunken, stoned, ferocious brawl. This was to be Villa’s swan song, as his foes adopted the modern techniques and hardware developed in the war in Europe. Villa fled the battle fields and hid in the mountains. Shortly after, Carranza was assassinated, and a new phalanx of generals took his place. They looked more kindly on the old war horse and allowed him to retire to a large ranch, where he tried to live quietly. But too many atrocities had been committed, too many wives courted, too many political intrigues still brewed, and on Friday, July 20, 1923, as General Villa motored out of Parral in his Dodge automobile, accompanied by several bodyguards, a pumpkinseed vendor, standing beside the road, shouted, “Viva Villa!” The general slowed his car and lifted his hand in obliging salute. A volley of machine-gun fire clattered down on the car’s occupants, and all but one fell dead. Villa’s body was torn by sixteen bullets. One bodyguard, a conspirator, escaped and was never seen again.
A corrido, La Muenerte, memorialized him:
Though you may not like it, I repeat
In these plain and honest words
That young roosters like Pancho Villa
Are not born every day.
On Villa’s grave, a single marijuana plant grew tall and straight, a lonely reminder of the cockroach who could not walk without marijuana.
 
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The isolation of Cannabis types in South America and Africa present some unique populations!
Hundreds of years later if not 1000s are these strains the same or have they become their own unique types ?
seed morph pics ... coming

A brief agricultural history of cannabis in Africa, from prehistory...

Introduction Since the 1990s, the international drug-control regime has begun to crumble as societies have decided that drug prohibitions produce more problems than benefits (Bewley-Taylor et al.,...
journals.openedition.org
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-MUESTd7y-pqktkbu4SdfpcjGOsZEFtvBH0vVSytJKjZenRR3l8Ep7NXCgMa-MYpkT4SpM8CTsqJkd82OQb7W-dEGspiY6N7DrptxCv6_Fivzg3-YQiKRl4zlCVjJDBfDGpTbTObeaM9SsG8ajtN0g

Cannabis in Ancient Egypt
nOh694LSeSCDYAHz7EslrgqdBYnf6Q2IgoCG2shVpgRvf5-Va3s0ACdYd5Kxm9mE4arhCo6SiT9GUHqIrfHnTwf8M_9HWIGyvwXUeOi10MWrIbx4lAaXpu0pNRw2XXmRCrdWnrvBqfqaIcPAEu8xRg
Venice Ibrahim Attia

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Seshat - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org
Seshat (Ancient Egyptian: sš3t, under various spellings[2]) was the ancient Egyptian goddess of writing, wisdom, and knowledge. The daughter of Thoth. She was seen as a scribe and record keeper; her name means "female scribe".[1] She is credited with inventing writing. She also became identified as the goddess of sciences, accounting, architecture, astronomy, astrology, building, mathematics, and surveying.
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Rope stretcher - Wikipedia

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In ancient Egypt, a rope stretcher (or harpedonaptai) was a surveyor who measured real property demarcations and foundations using knotted cords, stretched so the rope did not sag. The practice is depicted in tomb paintings of the Theban Necropolis.[1] Rope stretchers used 3-4-5 triangles and the plummet,[2] which are still in use by modern surveyors.

The commissioning of a new sacred building was a solemn occasion in which pharaohs and other high-ranking officials personally stretched ropes to define the foundation. This important ceremony, and therefore rope-stretching itself, are attested over 3000 years from the early dynastic period to the Ptolemaic kingdom.[3]

Rope stretching technology spread to ancient Greece and India, where it stimulated the development of geometry and mathematics.

Hemp - Wikipedia

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History​


Yangshao culture (ca. 4800 BC) amphora with impressed hemp cord design

Radical 200 (麻 or má), the Chinese character for hemp, depicts two plants under a shelter. The use of hemp in Taiwan dates back at least 10,000 years.[135]

Gathered hemp fiber was used to make cloth long before agriculture, nine to fifty thousand years ago.[3] It may also be one of the earliest plants to have been cultivated.[136][137] An archeological site in the Oki Islands of Japan contained cannabis achenes from about 8000 BC, probably signifying use of the plant.[138] Hemp use archaeologically dates back to the Neolithic Age in China, with hemp fiber imprints found on Yangshao culture pottery dating from the 5th millennium BC.[135][139] The Chinese later used hemp to make clothes, shoes, ropes, and an early form of paper.[135] The classical Greek historian Herodotus (ca. 480 BC) reported that the inhabitants of Scythia would often inhale the vapors of hemp-seed smoke, both as ritual and for their own pleasurable recreation.[140]

Textile expert Elizabeth Wayland Barber summarizes the historical evidence that Cannabis sativa, "grew and was known in the Neolithic period all across the northern latitudes, from Europe (Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Romania, Ukraine) to East Asia (Tibet and China)," but, "textile use of Cannabis sativa does not surface for certain in the West until relatively late, namely the Iron Age."[141] "I strongly suspect, however, that what catapulted hemp to sudden fame and fortune as a cultigen and caused it to spread rapidly westwards in the first millennium B.C. was the spread of the habit of pot-smoking from somewhere in south-central Asia, where the drug-bearing variety of the plant originally occurred. The linguistic evidence strongly supports this theory, both as to time and direction of spread and as to cause."[142]

Jews living in Palestine in the 2nd century were familiar with the cultivation of hemp, as witnessed by a reference to it in the Mishna (Kil'ayim 2:5) as a variety of plant, along with arum, that sometimes takes as many as three years to grow from a seedling. In late medieval Holy Roman Empire (Germany) and Italy, hemp was employed in cooked dishes, as filling in pies and tortes, or boiled in a soup.[143] Hemp in later Europe was mainly cultivated for its fibers and was used for ropes on many ships, including those of Christopher Columbus. The use of hemp as a cloth was centered largely in the countryside, with higher quality textiles being available in the towns.

Cannabis sativa from Vienna Dioscurides, 512 AD
The Spaniards brought hemp to the Americas and cultivated it in Chile starting about 1545.[144] Similar attempts were made in Peru, Colombia, and Mexico, but only in Chile did the crop find success.[145] In July 1605, Samuel Champlain reported the use of grass and hemp clothing by the (Wampanoag) people of Cape Cod and the (Nauset) people of Plymouth Bay told him they harvested hemp in their region where it grew wild to a height of 4 to 5 ft. [146] In May 1607, "hempe" was among the crops Gabriel Archer observed being cultivated by the natives at the main Powhatan village, where Richmond, Virginia, is now situated;[147] and in 1613, Samuell Argall reported wild hemp "better than that in England" growing along the shores of the upper Potomac. As early as 1619, the first Virginia House of Burgesses passed an Act requiring all planters in Virginia to sow "both English and Indian" hemp on their plantations.[148] The Puritans are first known to have cultivated hemp in New England in 1645.[144]

File:Bai woman hemp, shell-ornamented clothes - Yunnan Nationalities Museum - DSC04339.JPG - Wikipedia

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Akha people - Wikipedia

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That Xieng Tung Festival, Muang Sing, Laos. Akha young girls in the welcoming committee. On their arrival, visitors will have a color ribbon pinned to their blouse in exchange for a donation.

Khalifa Genetics - Lao Highland Tribe - Muang Sing, Laos

Sixth day.
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Bai people - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Bai woman hemp, shell-ornamented clothes.
Clothing exhibited in the Yunnan Nationalities Museum, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
Date, 13 August 2011


Main articles: Cuanman and Dali Kingdom

The origin of Bai was heavily debated over roughly the past century, though those debates were about the groups of people who were assimilated into Bai rather than the issue per se. According to archaeological excavations around Lake Erhai, the Bai people could have originated in the area around the lake . The earliest human site was discovered in the early 20th century, which was called the paleolithic Malong relics of Mt. Cangshan (苍山马龙遗址), dated circa 4000 bp. The late sites include Haimenkou of Jianchuan (剑川海门口, 3000 bp), Baiyangcun of Binchuan (宾川白羊村, 3500 bp), and Dabona of Xiangyun(祥云大波那, 2350 bp).

The Bai are mentioned in Tang dynasty texts as the 'Bo (or Bai) People'. If the Bo transcription is correct then it would mean the earliest mention of the Bai was in the third century BCE in a text called Lüshi Chunqiu (Spring and Autumn Annals of Master Lü Buwei). It was then mentioned again in Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian in the first century BCE.[9]

The Bai made up one of the tribes that helped establish the Nanzhao Kingdom (649–902). The Dali Kingdom (937–1253) was founded by a Bai named Duan Siping whose family had played major roles in the Nanzhao Kingdom. It's likely that the Bai were one of the elite ethnic groups that ruled and composed the population of the two kingdoms. After the collapse of the Dali Kingdom by the Mongols, the Bai never again enjoyed full political independence.


Oki (written: 沖 lit. "open sea")

Oki Islands - Wikipedia

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An archeological site in the Oki Islands near Japan contained cannabis achenes from about 8000 BC, probably signifying use of the plant. Hemp use archaeologically dates back to the Neolithic Age in China, with hemp fiber imprints found on Yangshao culture pottery dating from the 5th millennium BC

Sweet potato cultivation in Polynesia
Seikei Zusetsu (~1800)
Before the arrival of Europeans to the Americas, sweet potato was grown in Polynesia, generally spread by vine cuttings rather than by seeds.[24] Sweet potato has been radiocarbon-dated in the Cook Islands to 1210–1400 CE.[25] A common hypothesis is that a vine cutting was brought to central Polynesia by Polynesians who had traveled to South America and back, and spread from there across Polynesia to Easter Island, Hawaii and New Zealand.[26][27] Genetic similarities have been found between Polynesian peoples and indigenous Americans including the Zenú, a people inhabiting the Pacific coast of present-day Colombia, indicating that Polynesians could have visited South America and taken sweet potatoes prior to European contact.[28] Dutch linguists and specialists in Amerindian languages Willem Adelaar and Pieter Muysken have suggested that the word for sweet potato is shared by Polynesian languages and languages of South America: Proto-Polynesian *kumala[29] (compare Rapa Nui kumara, Hawaiian ʻuala, Māori kūmara) may be connected with Quechua and Aymara k'umar ~ k'umara. Adelaar and Muysken assert that the similarity in the word for sweet potato is proof of either incidental contact or sporadic contact between the Central Andes and Polynesia.[30]

Some researchers, citing divergence time estimates, suggest that sweet potatoes might have been present in Polynesia thousands of years before humans arrived there.[31][32] However, the present scholarly consensus favours the pre-Columbian contact model.[33][34]

The sweet potato arrived in Europe with the Columbian exchange. It is recorded, for example, in Elinor Fettiplace's Receipt Book, compiled in England in 1604.[35][36]

Sweet potatoes were first introduced to the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period (1521–1898) via the Manila galleons, along with other New World crops.[37] It was introduced to the Fujian province of China in about 1594 from Luzon, in response to a major crop failure. The growing of sweet potatoes was encouraged by the Governor Chin Hsüeh-tseng (Jin Xuezeng).[38]

Sweet potatoes were also introduced to the Ryukyu Kingdom, present-day Okinawa, Japan, in the early 1600s by the Portuguese.[39][40][41] Sweet potatoes became a staple in Japan because they were important in preventing famine when rice harvests were poor.[41][42] Aoki Konyō helped popularize the cultivation of the sweet potato in Japan, and the Tokugawa bakufu sponsored, published, and disseminated a vernacular Japanese translation of his research monograph on sweet potatoes to encourage their growth more broadly.[43] Sweet potatoes were planted in Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshimune's private garden.[44] It was first introduced to Korea in 1764.[45] Kang P'il-ri and Yi Kwang-ryŏ embarked on a project to grow sweet potatoes in Seoul in 1766, using the knowledge of Japanese cultivators they learned in Tongnae starting in 1764. The project succeeded for a year but ultimately failed in winter 1767 after Kang's unexpected death.[46]


Names​

See also: List of sweet potato cultivars

Although the soft, orange sweet potato is often called a "yam" in parts of North America, the sweet potato is very distinct from the botanical yam (Dioscorea), which has a cosmopolitan distribution,[47] and belongs to the monocot family Dioscoreaceae. A different crop plant, the oca (Oxalis tuberosa, a species of wood sorrel), is called a "yam" in many parts of the world.[48]

Although the sweet potato is not closely related botanically to the common potato, they have a shared etymology. The first Europeans to taste sweet potatoes were members of Christopher Columbus's expedition in 1492. Later explorers found many cultivars under an assortment of local names, but the name which stayed was the indigenous Taino name of batata. The Spanish combined this with the Quechua word for potato, papa, to create the word patata for the common potato.[49]

Though the sweet potato is also called batata (בטטה‎) in Hebrew, this is not a direct loan of the Taino word. Rather, the Spanish patata was loaned into Arabic as batata (بطاطا‎), owing to the lack of a /p/ sound in Arabic, while the sweet potato was called batata ḥilwa (بطاطا حلوة‎); literally ('sweet potato'). The Arabic batata was loaned into Hebrew as designating the sweet potato only, as Hebrew had its own word for the common potato, תפוח אדמה‎ (tapuakh adama, literally 'earth apple'; compare French pomme de terre).

Some organizations and researchers advocate for the styling of the name as one word—sweetpotato—instead of two, to emphasize the plant's genetic uniqueness from both common potatoes and yams and to avoid confusion of it being classified as a type of common potato.[50][51][52] In its current usage in American English, the styling of the name as two words is still preferred.[53]

In Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic, the sweet potato is called batata. In Brazil, the sweet potato is called batata doce. In Mexico, Bolivia, Peru, Chile, Central America, and the Philippines, the sweet potato is known as camote (alternatively spelled kamote in the Philippines), derived from the Nahuatl word camotli.[54][better source needed]

In Peru and Bolivia, the general word in Quechua for the sweet potato is apichu, but there are variants used such as khumara, kumar (Ayacucho Quechua), and kumara (Bolivian Quechua),[55] strikingly similar to the Polynesian name kumara and its regional Oceanic cognates (kumala, umala, ʻuala, etc.[56]), which has led some scholars to suspect an instance of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact.[57] This theory is also supported by genetic evidence.[58]

In Australia, about 90% of production is devoted to the orange cultivar 'Beauregard',[59] which was originally[60][61] developed by the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station in 1981.[62]

In New Zealand, the Māori varieties bore elongated tubers with white skin and a whitish flesh,[63] which points to pre-European cross-Pacific travel.[64] Known as kumara (from the Māori language kūmara), the most common cultivar now is the red 'Owairaka', but orange ('Beauregard'), gold, purple and other cultivars are also grown.[65][66]

kumala - Wiktionary, the free dictionary

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Cannabis originally from Thailand is part of the Summer "Da Lata" in Brazil. "Da Lata" was named for the unusual appearance of thousands of aluminum cans in 1987 on the beaches of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and even further south on the coast of Rio Grande do Sul. 22 tons of marijuana, in approximately 15 thousand cans, were thrown to the sea by a boat which was supposed to take the cans from Thailand to Miami. The DEA and the Brazilian Navy worked together to seize the boat but the crew threw all the cans near the Brazilian coast. History Channel has a series of documentary films that detail this amazing history of Brazilian Cannabis culture. See below: Documentary: https://www.seuhistory.com/programas/verao-da-lata

phylos.bio

Da Lata by SAMY ABUD YOSHIMA​

The Summer of the Cans (TV Movie 2014) ⭐ 8.1 | Documentary, Crime, History​

59m
m.imdb.com
m.imdb.com
 
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acespicoli

acespicoli

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Destroyer grow/smoke report

As promised, another report from the winter grow. :woohoo: Description: Breeder: CannaBioGen This 100 Sativa strain is a cross of Meao Thai and an early and stable Mexico/Colombia. The exceptional backcross of two of our best females took over 7 years. The total acclimatization of the mother...
www.icmag.com


https://www.icmag.com/threads/destroyer-cannabiogen.38420/

Destroyer - Thai dominate

This Destroyer phenotype is Highland Thai dominate the high is clear, pleasureable, and mentally focused. Very spacious effect with a bit of time warp. "Destroyer smoke report ~ 17 week phenotype smell in jar is similar to Frankincense/Cedar/Pine/Sage, the smell of the smoke is Sage / Herbal /...
www.icmag.com

Destroyer cannabiogen

How do u like me now?
www.icmag.com

Biogen Destroyer

I have a question regarding this strain. The plant is doing great lush bud site poping up every where. My question is when will the resin start to produce. I have checkedall 5 plants and there are no signs of tricomb production. Does this start later in flower since it's a 12 weeker. Any help...
www.icmag.com
 
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acespicoli

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CUBAN CIGARS
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History of Bolivar Cigars​

J. Bennett Alexander Alexander's picture
J. Bennett Alexander
25 APR 2018
The Cuban Bolívar cigar contained marijuana. Got your attention? Not surprisingly, the brand gained a reputation for blending better than others, the cannabis giving the cigars a stronger flavor and ‘kick.’ Yup.
Okay, Bolívar (pronounced boh-LEE-varr in Spanish) doesn’t use the ganja anymore, but the Cuban version remains ranked by Habanos, S.A., the Cuban cigar agency, as one of the stronger cigars in the portfolio. That is sometimes true.
Bolívar cigars are named after the Venezuelan-born Simón Bolívar (Simón is see-MOHN is Spanish), a hero of Latin America to this day for having led the revolution in the 19th century to liberate the region from Spanish rule. Bolívar died in Colombia in 1830. The cigar named after him was born around the turn of the century, 1901 or 1902, but was not registered as a brand in Cuba for another two decades. José F. Rocha, a Spaniard, is the brand’s founder. Rocha died in 1954 and the Bolívar brand was bought by Cifuentes y Cia., the owner of Partágas. That’s when the marijuana was introduced to the blend, which made the cigars very popular around the world. (Don’t get excited. I told you they don’t do that anymore!)
After the Castro revolution, Bolívar was nationalized. In 2002, when European conglomerate Altadis bought into Habanos, the number of vitolas in the brand was reduced and the machine-made smaller cigars have all but disappeared. A Lonsdale that Bolívar used to make, the Cervantes, had the top half wrapped in gold foil and the band in the middle. It was known as the ‘Gold Medal.’ That cigar was finally discontinued in 2011, but was an elegantly packaged cigar, if a little difficult on the draw. Today, in addition to special editions made for specific regions on the globe, Bolívar is famous mainly for the Royal Corona, the Belicoso Fino and the Corona Gigante.
The Cuban Royal Corona, almost a rite of passage for any true aficionado, is a Robusto, 4 7/8 x 50, and packs a wallop depending on whether Bolívar got the right tobacco from the fields in a particular year. They’ve been a little weak lately, but those made in 2014 and earlier were generally reviewed as full-bodied. Nowadays, most see them as medium. Still, while a little softer, the blend has generally shown nice complexity, with notes of nuts, pepper and leather. The one thing that has remained big is the price. The Royal Corona goes for about $25 in London.
The Bolívar Belicoso Fino is probably the shape that has held up best over the years of Cuban manufacturing inconsistencies. This $30-in-London Figurado remains a medium-full cigar at 5 ½ x 52. A box I recently bought in Spain (for about $15 a stick) had cigars imparting a great mix of sweet and savory. There is a little saltiness that becomes nutty that becomes chocolaty-sweet. They come packed in cedar and that’s evident in the smoke.
The Bolívar Corona Gigante is a Churchill, 7 x 47, and has rebounded nicely recently. The power isn’t quite what it used to be, but that translates into a little more diversity coming through. Lots of coffee, nuttiness and cedar are present, but sometimes with an uneven burn and firm draw. And it gets a bit boring. If you’re going to buy a box, make sure you look at each cigar as some of the wrappers are really, shall we say, ‘rustic.’ It’s about $32.
You know what’s next. Yes! There is a non-Cuban version of the Bolívar. After Castro took power, the Cifuentes family fled Cuba. In 1978, the family licensed the Bolívar (and Partágas) brands to General Cigar. The original non-Cuban Bolívar was a mild blend of tobacco from the Dominican Republic. Nothing like the original Cuban. In 2005, the blend was revamped to include a Honduran Ligero wrapper and Nicaraguan filler. Quite strong. Call this NC 1 for ‘non-Cuban 1.’ Ten years later, General moved Bolívar to its subsidiary, Foundry Cigars, where it got a fairly ugly band, a pigtail cap and uncut foot, a dark Connecticut Habano wrapper, and an Ecuador Sumatra binder and filler from Nicaragua, Honduras, Mexico and the D.R. The power is there, but I find ‘NC 2’ to be less interesting than ‘NC 1.’
You can still find the 2005 vintage (‘NC 1’) of the Bolívar Churchill, 7 x 49, and Robusto, 5 ½ x 50, at Holt’s. They are both full-bodied with a beautiful, reddish Honduran wrapper and Nicaraguan and Dominican fillers. They are earthy with nice spice and leather clearly coming through. The Churchill is less than $9 and the Robusto is about $8. Needless to say, the consistency is excellent. And you won’t feel like you have to remove the band before you light up.

Simón Bolívar - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org
 
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Destroyer (Cannabiogen)
AD_4nXd6RPVaa_esKkhSCITtrURxIHOPriVf9g_2wkTvZHbzO20D9qhu81xHfveCaAGxS0EMuTA4oGivwh2fc6yBw4QM_w2eG_hHsHAM7CLPIqeVh_l3od4vHD-IrSqNMzj6XlYRrpfcCQgwGwmePuXQvJi05Ygr

charlie garcia (Breeder)​

Hope yo find some nice individuals there

Alfred, yes started with 9 Meao Thai female moms and Mexico Verde Limon/Columbian dad.. .then pain in the ass to select and reselect until present F6

Best luck

mastergrow​

Active member​

Back again w/ more pics. These are photos of a Destroyer plant @ 72 days flower. She was the first to ripen out of 5 females...3 of which are more of a "thai" pheno, and not as chunky as this one. Those 3 will probably go 2 weeks longer than her, and I will post more pics when they're ready. I hope to do a full smoke report in a couple months. Anyone else w/ Destroyer pics, please feel free to share them here. - Mastergrow

33 Cannabis Strains
Name of the strain
Colombia Mangobiche140
Colombia Punto Rojo133
Sudafrica109
Jamaica Blue Mountain105
Nepal Haze98
Jarilla Sinaloa91
Durban84
Punta Rosa84
Jarilla de Sinaloa81
Panama81
Nepalese Jam77
Auto CBG70
Chapita de Michoacan70
Nepal Highland70
Destroyer68
Bangi Haze67
Bubba Delight67
Caribe67
Mextiza67
Nepaljam x Oaxaca67
Purple Mexican67
Leshaze65
Hash Fruit60
Pakistan Chitral Kush60
Panama D.C.60
Peyote Purple60
Sand Storm60
Sugar Loaf60
Taskenti60
Ghana?
Mangobiche x Peyote Purple?
Meao Thai?
Michoacan Cream?
 
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ba·sal
/ˈbās(ə)l/
adjective
TECHNICAL

  1. forming or belonging to a bottom layer or base.
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fe·ral
/ˈferəl,ˈfirəl/
adjective

  1. (especially of an animal) in a wild state, especially after escape from captivity or domestication.
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land·race
/ˈlandrās/
noun
  1. a local cultivar or animal breed that has been improved by traditional agricultural methods.

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