Thanks Sam that is great info!
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RECENT interesting findings
- Thread starter Sam_Skunkman
- Start date
Thanks Sam that is great info!
It's funny you mentioned the variation like an F2. I was just discussing that.
Had a few mystery beans. They were mixed seeds so did not realize I had two phenos of the same strain at first.
Well only kept a clone of one. It's a ridiculous indica pheno OG of some kind. Licorice smell.
And the sister has haze structure. Did not clone her ugh.
Anyway I was wondering how stable S1 of the indica pheno and my friend said it would fracture the phenos so I can find her again.
But I see now how problematic S1 seeds could be. As in not like mom.
I usually cross something in that is way different. Take it to F2 and bx to mom. Basically cubing back to mom.
These smell identical. Haze pheno on the right. Soaring sativa buzz with no paranoia. Fades to all body at 15mins. Really pleasant buzz.
I find it interesting that plants in your experience become effectively sterile. That would explain the low numbers of hermaphrodites in the wild. An isolated hermaphrodite female will make herself extinct eventually.
So essentially those late nanners in flower can preserve a species. But not generation after generation due to the negative long term effects of "S" pollen. Nature has fail safes. So interesting.
Sam you are Man as per usual. I Learnt something today!
Had a few mystery beans. They were mixed seeds so did not realize I had two phenos of the same strain at first.
Well only kept a clone of one. It's a ridiculous indica pheno OG of some kind. Licorice smell.
And the sister has haze structure. Did not clone her ugh.
Anyway I was wondering how stable S1 of the indica pheno and my friend said it would fracture the phenos so I can find her again.
But I see now how problematic S1 seeds could be. As in not like mom.
I usually cross something in that is way different. Take it to F2 and bx to mom. Basically cubing back to mom.
These smell identical. Haze pheno on the right. Soaring sativa buzz with no paranoia. Fades to all body at 15mins. Really pleasant buzz.
I find it interesting that plants in your experience become effectively sterile. That would explain the low numbers of hermaphrodites in the wild. An isolated hermaphrodite female will make herself extinct eventually.
So essentially those late nanners in flower can preserve a species. But not generation after generation due to the negative long term effects of "S" pollen. Nature has fail safes. So interesting.
Sam you are Man as per usual. I Learnt something today!
Discovery and characterization of two novel CB1 receptor splice variants with modified N-termini in mouse.
J Neurochem. 2017 Jun 13. doi: 10.1111/jnc.14099.
Ruehle S, Wager-Miller J, Straiker A, Farnsworth J, Murphy MN, Loch S, Monory S, Mackie K, Lutz B.
Numerous studies have been carried out in the mouse model, investigating the role of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1). However, mouse CB1 (mCB1) receptor differs from human CB1 (hCB1) receptor in 13 amino acid residues. Two splice variants, hCB1a and hCB1b, diverging in their amino-termini, have been reported to be unique for hCB1 and, via different signaling properties, contribute to CB1 receptor physiology and pathophysiology. We hypothesized that splice variants also exist for the mCB1 receptor and have different signaling properties. On murine hippocampal cDNA, we identified two novel mCB1 receptor splice variants generated by splicing of introns with 117 bp and 186 bp in the N-terminal domain, corresponding to deletions of 39 or 62 amino acids, respectively. The mRNAs for the splice variants mCB1a and mCB1b are expressed at low levels in different brain regions. Western blot analysis of protein extracts from stably transfected HEK293 cells indicates a strongly reduced glycosylation because of the absence of two glycosylation sites in mCB1b. On-cell western analysis in these stable lines revealed increased internalization of mCB1a and mCB1b upon stimulation with the agonist WIN55,212-2 as compared to mCB1. Results also point toward an increased affinity to SR141716 for mCB1a, as well as slightly enhanced inhibition of neurotransmission compared to mCB1. In mCB1b, agonist-induced MAPK phosphorylation was decreased compared to mCB1 and mCB1a. Identification of mouse CB1 receptor splice variants may help to explain differences found between human and mouse endocannabinoid systems and improve the understanding of CB1 receptor signaling and trafficking in different species.
http://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2017/07/25/168435.full.pdf
Rare genetic variants in the endocannabinoid system genes CNR1 and DAGLA are associated with neurological phenotypes in humans.
Douglas R. Smith, Christine M. Stanley, Theodore Foss, Richard G. Boles, Kevin McKernan
Abstract
Rare genetic variants in the core endocannabinoid system genes CNR1, CNR2, DAGLA, MGLL and FAAH were identified in molecular testing data from up to 6.032 patients with a broad spectrum of neurological disorders. The variants were evaluated for association with phenotypes similar to those observed in the orthologous gene knockouts in mice. Heterozygous rare coding variants in CNR1, which encodes the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1), were found to be significantly associated with pain sensitivity (especially migraine), sleep and memory disorders - alone or in combination with anxiety - compared to a set of controls without such CNR1 variants. Similarly, heterozygous rare variants in DAGLA, which encodes diacylglycerol lipase alpha, were found to be significantly associated with seizures and developmental disorders, including abnormalities of brain morphology, compared to controls. Rare variants in MGLL, FAAH and CNR2 were not associated with any neurological phenotypes in the patients tested. Diacylglycerol lipase alpha synthesizes the endocannabinoid 2-AG in the brain, which interacts with CB1 receptors. The phenotypes associated with rare CNR1 variants are reminiscent of those implicated in the theory of clinical endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome. The severe phenotypes associated with rare DAGLA variants underscore the critical role of rapid 2-AG synthesis and the endocannabinoid system in regulating neurological function and development. Mapping of the variants to the 3D structure of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor, or primary structure of diacylglycerol lipase alpha, reveals clustering of variants in certain structural regions and is consistent with impacts to function.
J Neurochem. 2017 Jun 13. doi: 10.1111/jnc.14099.
Ruehle S, Wager-Miller J, Straiker A, Farnsworth J, Murphy MN, Loch S, Monory S, Mackie K, Lutz B.
Numerous studies have been carried out in the mouse model, investigating the role of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1). However, mouse CB1 (mCB1) receptor differs from human CB1 (hCB1) receptor in 13 amino acid residues. Two splice variants, hCB1a and hCB1b, diverging in their amino-termini, have been reported to be unique for hCB1 and, via different signaling properties, contribute to CB1 receptor physiology and pathophysiology. We hypothesized that splice variants also exist for the mCB1 receptor and have different signaling properties. On murine hippocampal cDNA, we identified two novel mCB1 receptor splice variants generated by splicing of introns with 117 bp and 186 bp in the N-terminal domain, corresponding to deletions of 39 or 62 amino acids, respectively. The mRNAs for the splice variants mCB1a and mCB1b are expressed at low levels in different brain regions. Western blot analysis of protein extracts from stably transfected HEK293 cells indicates a strongly reduced glycosylation because of the absence of two glycosylation sites in mCB1b. On-cell western analysis in these stable lines revealed increased internalization of mCB1a and mCB1b upon stimulation with the agonist WIN55,212-2 as compared to mCB1. Results also point toward an increased affinity to SR141716 for mCB1a, as well as slightly enhanced inhibition of neurotransmission compared to mCB1. In mCB1b, agonist-induced MAPK phosphorylation was decreased compared to mCB1 and mCB1a. Identification of mouse CB1 receptor splice variants may help to explain differences found between human and mouse endocannabinoid systems and improve the understanding of CB1 receptor signaling and trafficking in different species.
http://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2017/07/25/168435.full.pdf
Rare genetic variants in the endocannabinoid system genes CNR1 and DAGLA are associated with neurological phenotypes in humans.
Douglas R. Smith, Christine M. Stanley, Theodore Foss, Richard G. Boles, Kevin McKernan
Abstract
Rare genetic variants in the core endocannabinoid system genes CNR1, CNR2, DAGLA, MGLL and FAAH were identified in molecular testing data from up to 6.032 patients with a broad spectrum of neurological disorders. The variants were evaluated for association with phenotypes similar to those observed in the orthologous gene knockouts in mice. Heterozygous rare coding variants in CNR1, which encodes the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1), were found to be significantly associated with pain sensitivity (especially migraine), sleep and memory disorders - alone or in combination with anxiety - compared to a set of controls without such CNR1 variants. Similarly, heterozygous rare variants in DAGLA, which encodes diacylglycerol lipase alpha, were found to be significantly associated with seizures and developmental disorders, including abnormalities of brain morphology, compared to controls. Rare variants in MGLL, FAAH and CNR2 were not associated with any neurological phenotypes in the patients tested. Diacylglycerol lipase alpha synthesizes the endocannabinoid 2-AG in the brain, which interacts with CB1 receptors. The phenotypes associated with rare CNR1 variants are reminiscent of those implicated in the theory of clinical endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome. The severe phenotypes associated with rare DAGLA variants underscore the critical role of rapid 2-AG synthesis and the endocannabinoid system in regulating neurological function and development. Mapping of the variants to the 3D structure of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor, or primary structure of diacylglycerol lipase alpha, reveals clustering of variants in certain structural regions and is consistent with impacts to function.
Last edited:
http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/can.2017.0027
Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Colon Models Is Derived from D9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid That Interacts with Additional Compounds in Cannabis Extracts
Rameshprabu Nallathambi, Moran Mazuz, Aurel Ion, Gopinath Selvaraj, Smadar Weininger, Marcelo Fridlender, Ahmad Nasser, Oded Sagee, Puja Kumari, Diana Nemichenizer, Maayan Mendelovitz, Nave Firstein, Orly Hanin, Fred Konikoff, Yoram Kapulnik, Timna Naftali, and Hinanit Koltai
Abstract
Introduction: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) include Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis. Cannabis sativa preparations have beneficial effects for IBD patients. However, C. sativa extracts contain hundreds of compounds. Although there is much knowledge of the activity of different cannabinoids and their receptor agonists or antagonists, the cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activity of whole C. sativa extracts has never been characterized in
detail with in vitro and ex vivo colon models.
Material and Methods: The anti-inflammatory activity of C. sativa extracts was studied on three lines of epithelial cells and on colon tissue. C. sativa flowers were extracted with ethanol, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the level of interleukin-8 in colon cells and tissue biopsies, chemical analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance and gene expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR.
Results: The anti-inflammatory activity of Cannabis extracts derives from D9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) present in fraction 7 (F7) of the extract. However, all fractions of C. sativa at a certain combination of concentrations have a significant increased cytotoxic activity. GPR55 receptor antagonist significantly reduces the antiinflammatory activity of F7, whereas cannabinoid type 2 receptor antagonist significantly increases HCT116 cell proliferation. Also, cannabidiol (CBD) shows dose dependent cytotoxic activity, whereas anti-inflammatory activity was found only for the low concentration of CBD, and in a bell-shaped rather than dose-dependent manner.
Activity of the extract and active fraction was verified on colon tissues taken from IBD patients, and was shown to suppress cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) gene expression in both cell culture and colon tissue.
Conclusions: It is suggested that the anti-inflammatory activity of Cannabis extracts on colon epithelial cells derives from a fraction of the extract that contains THCA, and is mediated, at least partially, via GPR55 receptor. The cytotoxic activity of the C. sativa extract was increased by combining all fractions at a certain combination of
concentrations and was partially affected by CB2 receptor antagonist that increased cell proliferation. It is suggested that in a nonpsychoactive treatment for IBD, THCA should be used rather than CBD.
Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Colon Models Is Derived from D9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid That Interacts with Additional Compounds in Cannabis Extracts
Rameshprabu Nallathambi, Moran Mazuz, Aurel Ion, Gopinath Selvaraj, Smadar Weininger, Marcelo Fridlender, Ahmad Nasser, Oded Sagee, Puja Kumari, Diana Nemichenizer, Maayan Mendelovitz, Nave Firstein, Orly Hanin, Fred Konikoff, Yoram Kapulnik, Timna Naftali, and Hinanit Koltai
Abstract
Introduction: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) include Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis. Cannabis sativa preparations have beneficial effects for IBD patients. However, C. sativa extracts contain hundreds of compounds. Although there is much knowledge of the activity of different cannabinoids and their receptor agonists or antagonists, the cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activity of whole C. sativa extracts has never been characterized in
detail with in vitro and ex vivo colon models.
Material and Methods: The anti-inflammatory activity of C. sativa extracts was studied on three lines of epithelial cells and on colon tissue. C. sativa flowers were extracted with ethanol, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the level of interleukin-8 in colon cells and tissue biopsies, chemical analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance and gene expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR.
Results: The anti-inflammatory activity of Cannabis extracts derives from D9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) present in fraction 7 (F7) of the extract. However, all fractions of C. sativa at a certain combination of concentrations have a significant increased cytotoxic activity. GPR55 receptor antagonist significantly reduces the antiinflammatory activity of F7, whereas cannabinoid type 2 receptor antagonist significantly increases HCT116 cell proliferation. Also, cannabidiol (CBD) shows dose dependent cytotoxic activity, whereas anti-inflammatory activity was found only for the low concentration of CBD, and in a bell-shaped rather than dose-dependent manner.
Activity of the extract and active fraction was verified on colon tissues taken from IBD patients, and was shown to suppress cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) gene expression in both cell culture and colon tissue.
Conclusions: It is suggested that the anti-inflammatory activity of Cannabis extracts on colon epithelial cells derives from a fraction of the extract that contains THCA, and is mediated, at least partially, via GPR55 receptor. The cytotoxic activity of the C. sativa extract was increased by combining all fractions at a certain combination of
concentrations and was partially affected by CB2 receptor antagonist that increased cell proliferation. It is suggested that in a nonpsychoactive treatment for IBD, THCA should be used rather than CBD.
I am ignorant:
I didn't realize delta-9 structure could be conclusively determined while in carboxylated form?
Strange to say that THCA would remain entirely non-psychoactive as a treatment... I've never been one to shove weed up my ass- I mean, some guy tried to show me the way but I remember thinking other methods seem better?
Also, The goal of treatment seems to be geared to inflammation, OK, then why no mention of entourage effect of various terpenes along for the ride?
If no terpenes in treatment studied, that suggests an extract, which typically breaches carboxylation and creates other THC structures in process.
Am I too stoned to see the light here?
YOUR IGNORANT? I'm trying to figure out what YOU said!haha
Someone say shroom?
Someone say shroom?
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201705489/abstract
Enzymatic synthesis of psilocybin
Abstract
Psilocybin is the psychotropic tryptamine-derived natural product of Psilocybe carpophores, the so-called "magic mushrooms". Although its structure has been known for 60 years, the enzymatic basis of its biosynthesis has remained obscure. We characterized four psilocybin biosynthesis enzymes. These include i) PsiD which represents a new class of fungal l-tryptophan decarboxylases, ii) PsiK, that catalyzes the phosphotransfer step, iii) the methyl transferase PsiM, catalyzing iterative N-methyltransfer as terminal biosynthetic step, and iv) PsiH, a monooxygenase. In a combined PsiD/PsiK/PsiM reaction, psilocybin was synthesized enzymatically in a step-economic route from 4-hydroxy-l-tryptophan. Given the renewed pharmaceutical interest in psilocybin, our results may lay the foundation for its biotechnological production.
Someone say shroom?
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201705489/abstract
Enzymatic synthesis of psilocybin
Abstract
Psilocybin is the psychotropic tryptamine-derived natural product of Psilocybe carpophores, the so-called "magic mushrooms". Although its structure has been known for 60 years, the enzymatic basis of its biosynthesis has remained obscure. We characterized four psilocybin biosynthesis enzymes. These include i) PsiD which represents a new class of fungal l-tryptophan decarboxylases, ii) PsiK, that catalyzes the phosphotransfer step, iii) the methyl transferase PsiM, catalyzing iterative N-methyltransfer as terminal biosynthetic step, and iv) PsiH, a monooxygenase. In a combined PsiD/PsiK/PsiM reaction, psilocybin was synthesized enzymatically in a step-economic route from 4-hydroxy-l-tryptophan. Given the renewed pharmaceutical interest in psilocybin, our results may lay the foundation for its biotechnological production.
Douglas.Curtis
Autistic Diplomat in Training
Having sampled various "Kali Mist" offerings, this does not surprise me. Disgustingly florally/pyrethrin tasting cannabis. BLEAH! LOL
JOURNAL OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS
doi: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1354409
Placebo Effects of Edible Cannabis: Reported Intoxication Effects at a 30-Minute Delay
Mallory J. E. Loflin, Ph.D., Mitch Earleywine, Ph.D., Stacey Farmer, M.A., Melissa Slavin M.A., Rachel Luba, B.S. and Marcel Bonn-Miller, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
Previous research has demonstrated the ability of non-active smoked cannabis cigarettes to induce subjective effects of intoxication (i.e., placebo effect). No studies have been conduced to test whether edible forms of cannabis, which are associated with a significant delay in onset of effect, are able to induce a placebo effect. In the present study, 20 participants were told that they would receive an edible cannabis lollipop containing a high dose of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), but were instead given a placebo control. Measures of intoxication and mood were taken at baseline, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes post-ingestion of the placebo lollipop. Results of four repeated-measures ANOVAs found significant and quadratic changes across time in cannabis (ARCI m-scale) intoxication (F(2,18) = 4.90, p = .01, η2 = .22) and negative mood (F(2,18) = 3.99, p = .05, η2 = .19). Changes in positive mood and the overall measure of general intoxication (ARCI) failed to reach significance. The present study provides preliminary evidence that a placebo effect
can be induced with inert edible agents when participants are told that they are receiving active THC. This is the first known study to demonstrate an edible cannabis intoxication placebo effect.
doi: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1354409
Placebo Effects of Edible Cannabis: Reported Intoxication Effects at a 30-Minute Delay
Mallory J. E. Loflin, Ph.D., Mitch Earleywine, Ph.D., Stacey Farmer, M.A., Melissa Slavin M.A., Rachel Luba, B.S. and Marcel Bonn-Miller, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
Previous research has demonstrated the ability of non-active smoked cannabis cigarettes to induce subjective effects of intoxication (i.e., placebo effect). No studies have been conduced to test whether edible forms of cannabis, which are associated with a significant delay in onset of effect, are able to induce a placebo effect. In the present study, 20 participants were told that they would receive an edible cannabis lollipop containing a high dose of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), but were instead given a placebo control. Measures of intoxication and mood were taken at baseline, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes post-ingestion of the placebo lollipop. Results of four repeated-measures ANOVAs found significant and quadratic changes across time in cannabis (ARCI m-scale) intoxication (F(2,18) = 4.90, p = .01, η2 = .22) and negative mood (F(2,18) = 3.99, p = .05, η2 = .19). Changes in positive mood and the overall measure of general intoxication (ARCI) failed to reach significance. The present study provides preliminary evidence that a placebo effect
can be induced with inert edible agents when participants are told that they are receiving active THC. This is the first known study to demonstrate an edible cannabis intoxication placebo effect.
G
Gr33nSanta
would be interesting to see if that placebo effect can be replicated with subjects that have never ingested cannabis in their life.
Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Colon Models Is Derived from D9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid That Interacts with Additional Compounds in Cannabis Extracts
DOI: 10.1089/can.2017.0027
http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/can.2017.0027
Rameshprabu Nallathambi, Moran Mazuz, Aurel Ion, Gopinath Selvaraj, Smadar Weininger, Marcelo Fridlender, Ahmad Nasser, Oded Sagee, Puja Kumari, Diana Nemichenizer, Maayan Mendelovitz, Nave Firstein, Orly Hanin, Fred Konikoff, Yoram Kapulnik, Timna Naftali, and Hinanit Koltai
Abstract
Introduction:
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) include Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis. Cannabis sativa preparations have beneficial effects for IBD patients. However, C. sativa extracts contain hundreds of compounds. Although there is much knowledge of the activity of different cannabinoids and their receptor agonists or antagonists, the cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activity of whole C. sativa extracts has never been characterized in detail with in vitro and ex vivo colon models.
Material and Methods:
The anti-inflammatory activity of C. sativa extracts was studied on three lines of epithelial
cells and on colon tissue. C. sativa flowers were extracted with ethanol, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the level of interleukin-8 in colon cells and tissue biopsies, chemical analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance
and gene expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR.
Results:
The anti-inflammatory activity of Cannabis extracts derives from D9 tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) present in fraction 7 (F7) of the extract. However, all fractions of C. sativa at a certain combination of concentrations have a significant increased cytotoxic activity. GPR55 receptor antagonist significantly reduces the antiinflammatory activity of F7, whereas cannabinoid type 2 receptor antagonist significantly increases HCT116 cell proliferation. Also, cannabidiol (CBD) shows dose dependent cytotoxic activity, whereas anti-inflammatory activity was found only for the low concentration of CBD, and in a bell-shaped rather than dose-dependent manner.
Activity of the extract and active fraction was verified on colon tissues taken from IBD patients, and was shown to suppress cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) gene expression in both cell culture and colon tissue.
Conclusions:
It is suggested that the anti-inflammatory activity of Cannabis extracts on colon epithelial cells derives from a fraction of the extract that contains THCA, and is mediated, at least partially, via GPR55 receptor.
The cytotoxic activity of the C. sativa extract was increased by combining all fractions at a certain combination of concentrations and was partially affected by CB2 receptor antagonist that increased cell proliferation. It is suggested that in a nonpsychoactive treatment for IBD, THCA should be used rather than CBD.
DOI: 10.1089/can.2017.0027
http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/can.2017.0027
Rameshprabu Nallathambi, Moran Mazuz, Aurel Ion, Gopinath Selvaraj, Smadar Weininger, Marcelo Fridlender, Ahmad Nasser, Oded Sagee, Puja Kumari, Diana Nemichenizer, Maayan Mendelovitz, Nave Firstein, Orly Hanin, Fred Konikoff, Yoram Kapulnik, Timna Naftali, and Hinanit Koltai
Abstract
Introduction:
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) include Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis. Cannabis sativa preparations have beneficial effects for IBD patients. However, C. sativa extracts contain hundreds of compounds. Although there is much knowledge of the activity of different cannabinoids and their receptor agonists or antagonists, the cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activity of whole C. sativa extracts has never been characterized in detail with in vitro and ex vivo colon models.
Material and Methods:
The anti-inflammatory activity of C. sativa extracts was studied on three lines of epithelial
cells and on colon tissue. C. sativa flowers were extracted with ethanol, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the level of interleukin-8 in colon cells and tissue biopsies, chemical analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance
and gene expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR.
Results:
The anti-inflammatory activity of Cannabis extracts derives from D9 tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) present in fraction 7 (F7) of the extract. However, all fractions of C. sativa at a certain combination of concentrations have a significant increased cytotoxic activity. GPR55 receptor antagonist significantly reduces the antiinflammatory activity of F7, whereas cannabinoid type 2 receptor antagonist significantly increases HCT116 cell proliferation. Also, cannabidiol (CBD) shows dose dependent cytotoxic activity, whereas anti-inflammatory activity was found only for the low concentration of CBD, and in a bell-shaped rather than dose-dependent manner.
Activity of the extract and active fraction was verified on colon tissues taken from IBD patients, and was shown to suppress cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) gene expression in both cell culture and colon tissue.
Conclusions:
It is suggested that the anti-inflammatory activity of Cannabis extracts on colon epithelial cells derives from a fraction of the extract that contains THCA, and is mediated, at least partially, via GPR55 receptor.
The cytotoxic activity of the C. sativa extract was increased by combining all fractions at a certain combination of concentrations and was partially affected by CB2 receptor antagonist that increased cell proliferation. It is suggested that in a nonpsychoactive treatment for IBD, THCA should be used rather than CBD.
Not so new but maybe interesting? Not sure if they are basically the same or different, I can't find the second one free online the first is at: sci-hub.cc The second one is expanded and more references.
Effect of induced polyploidy on some biochemical parameters in Cannabis sativa L.
Mahsa Bagheri & Hakimeh Mansouri
Appl Biochem Biotechnol
DOI 10.1007/s12010-014-1435-8
Abstract
This study is aimed at testing the efficiency of colchicine on inducing polyploidy in
Cannabis sativa L. and investigation of effects of polyploidy induction on some primary and
secondary metabolites. Shoot tips were treated with three different concentrations of colchicine (0, 0.1, 0.2 %w/v) for 24 or 48 h. The biggest proportion of the almost coplanar tetraploids (43.33 %) and mixoploids (13.33 %) was obtained from the 24-h treatment in 0.2 and 0.1 %w/v, respectively. Colchicine with 0.2 % concentration and 48 h duration was more destructive than 24 h. The ploidy levels were screened with flow cytometry. The biochemical analyses showed that reducing sugars, soluble sugars, total protein, and total flavonoids increased significantly in mixoploid plants compared with tetraploid and diploid plants. Tetraploid plants had a higher amount of total proteins, total flavonoids, and starch in comparison with control plants. The results showed that polyploidization could increase the contents of tetrahydrocannabinol in mixoploid plants only, but tetraploid plants had lower amounts of this substance in comparison with diploids. Also, we found such changes in protein concentration in electrophoresis analysis. In overall, our study suggests that tetraploidization could not be useful to produce tetrahydrocannabinol for commercial use, and in this case, mixoploids are more suitable.
This book chapter by the same authors a few years later, more references and a bit updated with additional info. Also the whole book is great info about Cannabis, it is online for free by people that have it and posted it. Look below at post #393. I got it.
Induction of Polyploidy and Its Effect on Cannabis sativa L.
Hakimeh Mansouri, Mahsa Bagheri
chapter in Cannabis sativa L. - Botany and Biotechnology pp 365-383
First Online: 24 May 2017 "book"
Abstract
Polyploids are organisms with three or more complete chromosome sets. Polyploidization is widespread in plants, and is an important mechanism of speciation. Polyploids can be formed in various ways. The study of polyploids has both important theoretical significance and valuable applications. The production and application of polyploidy breeding have brought remarkable economic and social benefits. We reported the production of putative tetraploid plants of Cannabis sativa L., with the ultimate aim of improving the medicinal and physiological traits of this widely distributed cultivated plant. The production of tetraploid plant was improved with colchicine at different concentrations and time through dropping method. Flow cytometry analysis was used to confirm the ploidy level. Morphologic, anatomic and biochemical characteristics were compared between tetraploid and diploid control plants. The results showed that 0.2% colchicine for 24 h was the most efficient for production of polyploid plants. The percentage of tetraploid plants and the survival rate were lowered by the increasing the treatment time. In addition, the leaf index and height of tetraploid plants exhibited a significant decrease compared to the diploid plants. The size of stomata on epidermis of leaves were larger in tetraploid plant compared to the diploid ones, in spite of the tetraploid plants have less stomata density. However, the amount of total chlorophyll and carotenoids were almost the same in both tetraploid and diploid plants. In addition, some differences were also observed in the cross section of stem of these plants from a descriptive structural point of view. Overall, the results introduced usage of the stomata parameters as an effective, fast and convenient method for detecting the tetraploid plants. We also investigated polyploidy effects on some primary and secondary metabolites. The results of biochemical analyzes showed that soluble sugars and total protein content increased significantly into mixoploid plants compared to tetraploid and diploid plants. Tetraploid plants had higher amount of total proteins compared with control plants. The results showed that polyploidization could increase the contents of tetrahydrocannabionol only in mixoploid plants but tetraploid plants had lower amounts of this substance in comparison with diploids. Our results suggest that tetraploidization was not useful for production of tetrahydrocannabinol for commercial use but mixoploids were found suitable.
Effect of induced polyploidy on some biochemical parameters in Cannabis sativa L.
Mahsa Bagheri & Hakimeh Mansouri
Appl Biochem Biotechnol
DOI 10.1007/s12010-014-1435-8
Abstract
This study is aimed at testing the efficiency of colchicine on inducing polyploidy in
Cannabis sativa L. and investigation of effects of polyploidy induction on some primary and
secondary metabolites. Shoot tips were treated with three different concentrations of colchicine (0, 0.1, 0.2 %w/v) for 24 or 48 h. The biggest proportion of the almost coplanar tetraploids (43.33 %) and mixoploids (13.33 %) was obtained from the 24-h treatment in 0.2 and 0.1 %w/v, respectively. Colchicine with 0.2 % concentration and 48 h duration was more destructive than 24 h. The ploidy levels were screened with flow cytometry. The biochemical analyses showed that reducing sugars, soluble sugars, total protein, and total flavonoids increased significantly in mixoploid plants compared with tetraploid and diploid plants. Tetraploid plants had a higher amount of total proteins, total flavonoids, and starch in comparison with control plants. The results showed that polyploidization could increase the contents of tetrahydrocannabinol in mixoploid plants only, but tetraploid plants had lower amounts of this substance in comparison with diploids. Also, we found such changes in protein concentration in electrophoresis analysis. In overall, our study suggests that tetraploidization could not be useful to produce tetrahydrocannabinol for commercial use, and in this case, mixoploids are more suitable.
This book chapter by the same authors a few years later, more references and a bit updated with additional info. Also the whole book is great info about Cannabis, it is online for free by people that have it and posted it. Look below at post #393. I got it.
Induction of Polyploidy and Its Effect on Cannabis sativa L.
Hakimeh Mansouri, Mahsa Bagheri
chapter in Cannabis sativa L. - Botany and Biotechnology pp 365-383
First Online: 24 May 2017 "book"
Abstract
Polyploids are organisms with three or more complete chromosome sets. Polyploidization is widespread in plants, and is an important mechanism of speciation. Polyploids can be formed in various ways. The study of polyploids has both important theoretical significance and valuable applications. The production and application of polyploidy breeding have brought remarkable economic and social benefits. We reported the production of putative tetraploid plants of Cannabis sativa L., with the ultimate aim of improving the medicinal and physiological traits of this widely distributed cultivated plant. The production of tetraploid plant was improved with colchicine at different concentrations and time through dropping method. Flow cytometry analysis was used to confirm the ploidy level. Morphologic, anatomic and biochemical characteristics were compared between tetraploid and diploid control plants. The results showed that 0.2% colchicine for 24 h was the most efficient for production of polyploid plants. The percentage of tetraploid plants and the survival rate were lowered by the increasing the treatment time. In addition, the leaf index and height of tetraploid plants exhibited a significant decrease compared to the diploid plants. The size of stomata on epidermis of leaves were larger in tetraploid plant compared to the diploid ones, in spite of the tetraploid plants have less stomata density. However, the amount of total chlorophyll and carotenoids were almost the same in both tetraploid and diploid plants. In addition, some differences were also observed in the cross section of stem of these plants from a descriptive structural point of view. Overall, the results introduced usage of the stomata parameters as an effective, fast and convenient method for detecting the tetraploid plants. We also investigated polyploidy effects on some primary and secondary metabolites. The results of biochemical analyzes showed that soluble sugars and total protein content increased significantly into mixoploid plants compared to tetraploid and diploid plants. Tetraploid plants had higher amount of total proteins compared with control plants. The results showed that polyploidization could increase the contents of tetrahydrocannabionol only in mixoploid plants but tetraploid plants had lower amounts of this substance in comparison with diploids. Our results suggest that tetraploidization was not useful for production of tetrahydrocannabinol for commercial use but mixoploids were found suitable.
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^^^ thank you SamS. Good stuff.
libgen.io has the full book available with that second article. It's an http, rather than https, so I can't insert it correctly. But prepend to ->
libgen.io/ads.php?md5=31C7CF2FF1473F6E68CBD2E3E9AC1256
Damn - that inserts a random space in the md5 hash! No spaces. Or just search from the main page for "cannabis" and sort the results by date. There are several recent and interesting texts!
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Thanks zif
https://landing.steephill.com/cleanclones
Study of Pesticides in Clones
Anthony Torres, Wilson Linker, Donald Land Ph.D, Reggie Gaudino, Ph.D
Premise: With increased testing of cannabis derived samples for pesticides, numerous detections of low-to-moderate levels of pesticide contamination (10’s of ppb or less) from a number of growers claiming to use “organic” or “clean green” growing methods prompted us to investigate possible sources. The most prevalent pesticide detected in these cases was Myclobutanil, most commonly used as a treatment for mold infestations. Numerous postings on message boards from growers and clone producers indicate frequent use of Myclobutanil-containing commercially available pesticide products (and others) and a common belief that such use many weeks prior to harvest would not lead to detectable residues in the harvested materials or products refined therefrom. We hypothesize that pesticides used in this manner would persist and, particularly, if the growing medium (soil, rock wool, etc.) were contaminated in the application process, levels of the contaminants in the plants may be present in significant amounts at harvest even without reapplication late in the process.
Study Goal: Determine whether and at what point in the supply chain pesticides are being introduced.
Conclusion: Pesticide use occurs during clone production, and that use remains present through the growth cycle of the plant, and can be tracked through at least 1 generation of passage (e.g., making a clone from the clone; longer term studies in progress). Purchasers of the treated clones likely do not know that they can lead to contamination in the harvested product, even if the grower does not apply pesticides in their practice.
I knew this was a problem but even I did not guess how bad growers need to clean up their act. 86% of tested contaminated....
Study of Pesticides in Clones
Anthony Torres, Wilson Linker, Donald Land Ph.D, Reggie Gaudino, Ph.D
Premise: With increased testing of cannabis derived samples for pesticides, numerous detections of low-to-moderate levels of pesticide contamination (10’s of ppb or less) from a number of growers claiming to use “organic” or “clean green” growing methods prompted us to investigate possible sources. The most prevalent pesticide detected in these cases was Myclobutanil, most commonly used as a treatment for mold infestations. Numerous postings on message boards from growers and clone producers indicate frequent use of Myclobutanil-containing commercially available pesticide products (and others) and a common belief that such use many weeks prior to harvest would not lead to detectable residues in the harvested materials or products refined therefrom. We hypothesize that pesticides used in this manner would persist and, particularly, if the growing medium (soil, rock wool, etc.) were contaminated in the application process, levels of the contaminants in the plants may be present in significant amounts at harvest even without reapplication late in the process.
Study Goal: Determine whether and at what point in the supply chain pesticides are being introduced.
Conclusion: Pesticide use occurs during clone production, and that use remains present through the growth cycle of the plant, and can be tracked through at least 1 generation of passage (e.g., making a clone from the clone; longer term studies in progress). Purchasers of the treated clones likely do not know that they can lead to contamination in the harvested product, even if the grower does not apply pesticides in their practice.
I knew this was a problem but even I did not guess how bad growers need to clean up their act. 86% of tested contaminated....
G
Gr33nSanta
I use only beneficial insects to controls pests, I never ever spray. However, a lot of ingredients in my vermicompost come from big-AG, I do use certified organic inputs but some inputs are free or hard to get organically. I wonder if the residual from those non certified organic crops (likely sprayed with glyphosate and such) could show in testing.
I like to think of my stuff as beyond organics but maybe I am no better. Because I have always been confident of my practices, I have never bothered testing for mold, fungicides, pesticides residual and such, I only ever test for cannabinoids and terpenes ,... perhaps I should get some buds tested at full price and really see where I am at....
I like to think of my stuff as beyond organics but maybe I am no better. Because I have always been confident of my practices, I have never bothered testing for mold, fungicides, pesticides residual and such, I only ever test for cannabinoids and terpenes ,... perhaps I should get some buds tested at full price and really see where I am at....
The real problem may be that if you buy clones they may have been sprayed with systemic poisons, or the mother plant they came from may have been sprayed and passes on systemics to all clones made from her. This is a real problem if you get clones from others that have never even seen the mothers they came from.
How bad this is we do not know until proper safety testing is done with adult mothers sprayed according to recommended use, then flowered and the flowers tested. This needs to be done for each pesticide or fungicide that might be used by Cannabis growers so we can determine if all sprays or just certain systemics are a problem. It is not hard to spray a mother, make clones after a few weeks, and flower the new clones off and test them also, if needed make clones from the clones from the clones until the tests come back zero for that compound. Publish the results so growers know not to use these poisons.
My advice is do not grow plants that require PM controls, that is a good start.
-SamS
How bad this is we do not know until proper safety testing is done with adult mothers sprayed according to recommended use, then flowered and the flowers tested. This needs to be done for each pesticide or fungicide that might be used by Cannabis growers so we can determine if all sprays or just certain systemics are a problem. It is not hard to spray a mother, make clones after a few weeks, and flower the new clones off and test them also, if needed make clones from the clones from the clones until the tests come back zero for that compound. Publish the results so growers know not to use these poisons.
My advice is do not grow plants that require PM controls, that is a good start.
-SamS
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Yes there's so many pests getting passed around with clones in recent years I'd be surprised if pesticides weren't getting spread with them. The commercial operators supplying the states have had a terrible time with all the new diseases getting introduced into areas that were previously disease free.
Everybody gets their clones from a relatively small group of clone dealers. Doesn't matter to the dealers if they're spreading disease as long as they sell the clone. After that it's the growers problem. The incentive is to keep the plant healthy until they pass it on. They don't have to worry about contamination because they aren't selling flowers.
I've told growers to switch over to seed growing for a couple years until they're no longer dependent on the clone market. Produce their own strains and clones. There's a combination of lack of experience and time, and greed that make this difficult.
Everybody gets their clones from a relatively small group of clone dealers. Doesn't matter to the dealers if they're spreading disease as long as they sell the clone. After that it's the growers problem. The incentive is to keep the plant healthy until they pass it on. They don't have to worry about contamination because they aren't selling flowers.
I've told growers to switch over to seed growing for a couple years until they're no longer dependent on the clone market. Produce their own strains and clones. There's a combination of lack of experience and time, and greed that make this difficult.
86% of the clones had sprays found on them. See post #395
