Ah, Sam, you have an interest in archeology. So do I.
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RECENT interesting findings
- Thread starter Sam_Skunkman
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Ah, Sam, you have an interest in archeology. So do I.
One of my real interest is Cannabis related archeology, but I have wide ranging Cannabis interests, I love Cannabis and everything related to it. Hemp, Medical, Religious, Recreational. And science like with the DNA work.
-SamS
-SamS
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Not so recent. But great for the history.
I will post a few more that are important for the history of Cannabinoid chemistry. They can be harder to find some are up to 100 years old, first try sci-hub.cc it has most of them, or google and see if online elsewhere.
-SamS
XL.- Charas. The Resin of Indian Hemp. T. BARLOW WOOD M. A.
W. T. NEWTON SPIVEY, M. A., and THOMAS HILL EASTERFIELD . M.A., P h . D .
J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1896,69, 539-546
DOI: 10.1039/CT8966900539
III.—Cannabinol. Part I
Thomas Barlow Wood, M.A., W. T. Newton Spivey, M.A. and Thomas Hill Easterfield, M.A., Ph.D.
J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1899,75, 20-36
DOI: 10.1039/CT8997500020
IN a paper communicated to the Society in 1896 (Trans., 1896, 88, 539) the authors, under the name of “cannabinol,” described a physiologically active substance which they had isolated from ‘ charas,” the exuded resin of Indian hemp. From the constancy ofcomposition of a number of preparations of this substance obtained from different samples of “charas,” it was believed to be a definite chemical compound of the formula C18H,,02 ; this conclusion seemed
to be justified by the determination of the molecular weight, and by the examination of several derivatives. Since then, the authors have further examined cannabinol, and have found that it is a mixture of at least two compounds having similar physical characters. One of these, of the formula C21H2602, has been isolated, and it is proposed to
retain the name cannabinol for this compound.
I will post a few more that are important for the history of Cannabinoid chemistry. They can be harder to find some are up to 100 years old, first try sci-hub.cc it has most of them, or google and see if online elsewhere.
-SamS
XL.- Charas. The Resin of Indian Hemp. T. BARLOW WOOD M. A.
W. T. NEWTON SPIVEY, M. A., and THOMAS HILL EASTERFIELD . M.A., P h . D .
J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1896,69, 539-546
DOI: 10.1039/CT8966900539
III.—Cannabinol. Part I
Thomas Barlow Wood, M.A., W. T. Newton Spivey, M.A. and Thomas Hill Easterfield, M.A., Ph.D.
J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1899,75, 20-36
DOI: 10.1039/CT8997500020
IN a paper communicated to the Society in 1896 (Trans., 1896, 88, 539) the authors, under the name of “cannabinol,” described a physiologically active substance which they had isolated from ‘ charas,” the exuded resin of Indian hemp. From the constancy ofcomposition of a number of preparations of this substance obtained from different samples of “charas,” it was believed to be a definite chemical compound of the formula C18H,,02 ; this conclusion seemed
to be justified by the determination of the molecular weight, and by the examination of several derivatives. Since then, the authors have further examined cannabinol, and have found that it is a mixture of at least two compounds having similar physical characters. One of these, of the formula C21H2602, has been isolated, and it is proposed to
retain the name cannabinol for this compound.
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XIV. THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF CANNABIS INDICA RESIN. I
BY THOMAS SPENCE WORK, FRANZ BERGEL AND ALEXANDER ROBERTUS TODD
Biochem J. 1939 Jan; 33(1): 123–127.
THE resinous exudate of the female flowers of Cannabis indica (C. sativa) forms the essential constituent of the drug variously known as hashish, bhang, charas, ganja and marihuana according to the country of origin and mode of pre- paration. Extracts of the flowers have been used in European medicine to some extent but were found to be so variable in activity that C. indica has been removed from the British Pharmacopoeia. The plant is, however, well known through its use as a drug in oriental countrie s and recently, under the name of "marihuana", its use has assumed dangerous proportions in America. Cannabis resin has been the subject of many investigations in the past but much of the earlier work is contradictory. The active principle is contained in a high-boiling resin and is not an alkaloid [Smith, 1857]. The active fraction isolated from the crude resin by Wood Spivey & Easterfield [1896] and given by them the name cannabinol was later found by the same workers [1899]to be a mixture, and the name cannabinol wast ransferred to that portion of the active resin yielding acrystalline acetate,M.P.75°. A good deal of confusion was introduced by later workers, who, although failing to obtain a crystalline acetate, nevertheless applied the name cannabinol to their products. The situation was largely clarified by Cahn [1931], who confirmed the observations of Wood Spivey & Easterfield and established for cannabinol the formula C21H2,O2.The con- stitution of cannabinol has been investigated by Cahn [1930-33] and by Bergel [1932], and for it the former proposed structure (I) in which only the positions of the hydroxyl and n-amyl groups are to be regarded as uncertain.
BY THOMAS SPENCE WORK, FRANZ BERGEL AND ALEXANDER ROBERTUS TODD
Biochem J. 1939 Jan; 33(1): 123–127.
THE resinous exudate of the female flowers of Cannabis indica (C. sativa) forms the essential constituent of the drug variously known as hashish, bhang, charas, ganja and marihuana according to the country of origin and mode of pre- paration. Extracts of the flowers have been used in European medicine to some extent but were found to be so variable in activity that C. indica has been removed from the British Pharmacopoeia. The plant is, however, well known through its use as a drug in oriental countrie s and recently, under the name of "marihuana", its use has assumed dangerous proportions in America. Cannabis resin has been the subject of many investigations in the past but much of the earlier work is contradictory. The active principle is contained in a high-boiling resin and is not an alkaloid [Smith, 1857]. The active fraction isolated from the crude resin by Wood Spivey & Easterfield [1896] and given by them the name cannabinol was later found by the same workers [1899]to be a mixture, and the name cannabinol wast ransferred to that portion of the active resin yielding acrystalline acetate,M.P.75°. A good deal of confusion was introduced by later workers, who, although failing to obtain a crystalline acetate, nevertheless applied the name cannabinol to their products. The situation was largely clarified by Cahn [1931], who confirmed the observations of Wood Spivey & Easterfield and established for cannabinol the formula C21H2,O2.The con- stitution of cannabinol has been investigated by Cahn [1930-33] and by Bergel [1932], and for it the former proposed structure (I) in which only the positions of the hydroxyl and n-amyl groups are to be regarded as uncertain.
Isolation, structure and partial synthesis of an active constituent of hashish.
Journal of the American Chemical Society 86 (8): 1646–1647. Gaoni Y, Mechoulam R (1964).
Hashish (marihuana) ~ the psychotomimetically active resin of the female flowering tops of Cannabis sativa L. is one of the most widely used illicit narcotic drugs. A number of groups have reported the isolation of active constituents.2 Most of these substances are not fully characterized, and comparisons with or between them are difficult.
doi: 10.1021/ja01062a046
Journal of the American Chemical Society 86 (8): 1646–1647. Gaoni Y, Mechoulam R (1964).
Hashish (marihuana) ~ the psychotomimetically active resin of the female flowering tops of Cannabis sativa L. is one of the most widely used illicit narcotic drugs. A number of groups have reported the isolation of active constituents.2 Most of these substances are not fully characterized, and comparisons with or between them are difficult.
doi: 10.1021/ja01062a046
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On the preparations of the Indian hemp (Cannabis indica); their effects on the animal system in health, and their utility in the treatment of tetanus and other convulsive diseases.
Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society, Bengal 71– 102, 421–426 (1843) O’Shaughnessy, W.B.
Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society, Bengal 71– 102, 421–426 (1843) O’Shaughnessy, W.B.
Science. 1940 Jun 21;91(2373):602-3.
A PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PRINCIPLE FROM CANNABIS SATIVA (MARIHUANA).
Haagen-Smit AJ, Wawra CZ, Koepfli JB, Alles GA, Feigen GA, Prater AN.
DOI: 10.1126/science.91.2373.602
A PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PRINCIPLE FROM CANNABIS SATIVA (MARIHUANA).
Haagen-Smit AJ, Wawra CZ, Koepfli JB, Alles GA, Feigen GA, Prater AN.
DOI: 10.1126/science.91.2373.602
A brief history of cannabinoid and endocannabinoid pharmacology as inspired by the work of British scientists
TRENDS in Pharmacological Sciences Vol.27 No.3 March 2006
Vincenzo Di Marzo 2006
DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2006.01.010
British scientists have played a leading role in the long history of cannabinoid and endocannabinoid research. Such research has progressed from the first crucial evaluation of the medicinal properties of Cannabis sativa in the Western world to pioneering studies of the chemical constituents of this plant, the development of in vitro biological assays to study cannabinoids, the identification of the mechanism of action of cannabinoids, the discovery of endocannabinoids and the assessment of their therapeutic implications. Stemming from the many innovative ideas and achievements of these researchers, I provide a personal view of where these studies have led us thus far and where they are
likely to take us in the future.
TRENDS in Pharmacological Sciences Vol.27 No.3 March 2006
Vincenzo Di Marzo 2006
DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2006.01.010
British scientists have played a leading role in the long history of cannabinoid and endocannabinoid research. Such research has progressed from the first crucial evaluation of the medicinal properties of Cannabis sativa in the Western world to pioneering studies of the chemical constituents of this plant, the development of in vitro biological assays to study cannabinoids, the identification of the mechanism of action of cannabinoids, the discovery of endocannabinoids and the assessment of their therapeutic implications. Stemming from the many innovative ideas and achievements of these researchers, I provide a personal view of where these studies have led us thus far and where they are
likely to take us in the future.
A historical overview of chemical research on cannabinoids
Raphael Mechoulam , Lumı´r Hanus
Chemistry and Physics of Lipids
108 (2000) 1–13
The chemical research on the plant cannabinoids and their derivatives over two centuries is concisely reviewed. The
tortuous path leading to the discovery of the endogenous cannabinoids is described. Future directions, which will
probably be followed are delineated.
doi: 10.1016/S0009-3084(00)00184-5
Raphael Mechoulam , Lumı´r Hanus
Chemistry and Physics of Lipids
108 (2000) 1–13
The chemical research on the plant cannabinoids and their derivatives over two centuries is concisely reviewed. The
tortuous path leading to the discovery of the endogenous cannabinoids is described. Future directions, which will
probably be followed are delineated.
doi: 10.1016/S0009-3084(00)00184-5
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Cannabis indica. Part II. Isolation of cannabidiol from Egyptian hashish. Observations on the structure of cannabinol.
J. Chem. Soc., 649–653 5 (1940)
Jacob, A. and Todd, A.R.
DOI: 10.1039/JR9400000649
Cannabidiol, C21H3002, a typical constituent of American hemp resin (Adams,Hunt, and Clark, J. Amer. Chem. SOG., 1940, 62, 196), has been isolated from hashish of Egyptian origin, where it was accompanied by an approximately equal amount of cannabinol.
The simultaneous occurrence of these substances and their resemblance in many reactions lend support to the view that cannabidiol has a structure of the type suggested by Adams, Hunt, and Clark (ZOG. cit.). Cannabidiol contains two double bonds and its absorption spectrum indicates that neither double bond is conjugated with the aromatic nucleus. The structure of cannabinol is discussed ; of four possible structures, (I) and (111) seem most in keeping with the available evidence.
J. Chem. Soc., 649–653 5 (1940)
Jacob, A. and Todd, A.R.
DOI: 10.1039/JR9400000649
Cannabidiol, C21H3002, a typical constituent of American hemp resin (Adams,Hunt, and Clark, J. Amer. Chem. SOG., 1940, 62, 196), has been isolated from hashish of Egyptian origin, where it was accompanied by an approximately equal amount of cannabinol.
The simultaneous occurrence of these substances and their resemblance in many reactions lend support to the view that cannabidiol has a structure of the type suggested by Adams, Hunt, and Clark (ZOG. cit.). Cannabidiol contains two double bonds and its absorption spectrum indicates that neither double bond is conjugated with the aromatic nucleus. The structure of cannabinol is discussed ; of four possible structures, (I) and (111) seem most in keeping with the available evidence.
Cannabis indica. Part X. The essential oil from Egyptian hashish
J. L. SIMONSEN and A. R. TODD (1942)
Examination of the essential oil from Egyptian hashish shows that the lower-boiling “ terpenefraction ” consists mainly of p-cymene with small amounts of 1-methyl-4-isopropenylbenzene and unidentified optically active material. From the higher-boiling fraction of the oil, humulene (α-caryophyllene) has been isolated. A hypothetical scheme for the biogenesis of cannabinol and related compounds is discussed in the light of these findings.
J. L. SIMONSEN and A. R. TODD (1942)
Examination of the essential oil from Egyptian hashish shows that the lower-boiling “ terpenefraction ” consists mainly of p-cymene with small amounts of 1-methyl-4-isopropenylbenzene and unidentified optically active material. From the higher-boiling fraction of the oil, humulene (α-caryophyllene) has been isolated. A hypothetical scheme for the biogenesis of cannabinol and related compounds is discussed in the light of these findings.
Structure of cannabinol. III Synthesis of cannabinol, 1-hydroxy-3-n-amyl-6,6,9-trimethyl-dibenzopyran.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 62, 2204–2207
Adams, R. et al. (1940)
'The synthesis of 1 -hydroxy-3-n-amyl-6,6,9-trimethyl-6-dibenzopyran (I), the previously postulated formula for cannabinol,la has now been accomplished by an unequivocal method. It proved to be cannabinol and its derivatives were identical with those obtained from cannabinol. These results also establish with certainty that the
product obtained by the condensation of 4-methyl-2-bromobenzoic acid and olivetol followed by conversion of the pyrone to the pyran must have structure II
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 62, 2204–2207
Adams, R. et al. (1940)
'The synthesis of 1 -hydroxy-3-n-amyl-6,6,9-trimethyl-6-dibenzopyran (I), the previously postulated formula for cannabinol,la has now been accomplished by an unequivocal method. It proved to be cannabinol and its derivatives were identical with those obtained from cannabinol. These results also establish with certainty that the
product obtained by the condensation of 4-methyl-2-bromobenzoic acid and olivetol followed by conversion of the pyrone to the pyran must have structure II
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Marijuana Equivalency in Portion and Dosage
An assessment of physical and pharmacokinetic relationships in marijuana production and consumption in Colorado
Prepared for the Colorado Department of Revenue (2015)
The original legislation to legalize and regulate marijuana in Colorado does not explicitly restrict marijuana concentrates and infused edibles. Over time, these marijuana products have become more popular, prompting new legislation to remedy the omission. House Bill 14-1361 now stipulates limits upon marijuana flower portions, “or their equivalent.”
This study provides scientific and data driven evidence in order to understand these equivalencies. The results provide comparisons between marijuana flower, concen- trates and infused products specifically for Colorado’s marijuana market.
Equivalency can be viewed from three perspectives: production, dosing, and market price. The first perspective relates to physical production, where infused edibles or concentrates are traced back into their corresponding weight of flower or trim inputs. This enables the conversion from non-flower products into a common flower-based denominator, so that aggregate use can be measured across different marijuana product types.
An assessment of physical and pharmacokinetic relationships in marijuana production and consumption in Colorado
Prepared for the Colorado Department of Revenue (2015)
The original legislation to legalize and regulate marijuana in Colorado does not explicitly restrict marijuana concentrates and infused edibles. Over time, these marijuana products have become more popular, prompting new legislation to remedy the omission. House Bill 14-1361 now stipulates limits upon marijuana flower portions, “or their equivalent.”
This study provides scientific and data driven evidence in order to understand these equivalencies. The results provide comparisons between marijuana flower, concen- trates and infused products specifically for Colorado’s marijuana market.
Equivalency can be viewed from three perspectives: production, dosing, and market price. The first perspective relates to physical production, where infused edibles or concentrates are traced back into their corresponding weight of flower or trim inputs. This enables the conversion from non-flower products into a common flower-based denominator, so that aggregate use can be measured across different marijuana product types.
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THE ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATION OF DELTA 1-TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL, THE MAJOR ACTIVE CONSTITUENT OF HASHISH.
Raphael Mechoulam, Yehiel Gaoni
DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)90646-4
We have recently the reported the isolation, structure elucidation and partial synthesis of (-)- A’-tetrahydrocannabinol the major active principle in hashish, as well as a total
reported synthesis of the racemate of I. We wish now to present data showing that the absolute configuration of the naturally occuring (-)-I is D. relative to D-(+)-glyceraldehyde.
Adams has reported that tetrahydrocannabidiol (III) obtained by reduction of cannabidiol which has since been shown to possess structure II, can be oxidized to menthane carboxylic acid (IVa). The anilide of IVa, thus obtained did not depress the melting point of the anilide of IVa prepared from menthol (V) through the menthyl chloride (VI) followed by carbonation of the Grignard derivative of VI. Unfortunately the rotation of the anilide of IVa prepared by the degradation of the natural product was not reported.
Raphael Mechoulam, Yehiel Gaoni
DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)90646-4
We have recently the reported the isolation, structure elucidation and partial synthesis of (-)- A’-tetrahydrocannabinol the major active principle in hashish, as well as a total
reported synthesis of the racemate of I. We wish now to present data showing that the absolute configuration of the naturally occuring (-)-I is D. relative to D-(+)-glyceraldehyde.
Adams has reported that tetrahydrocannabidiol (III) obtained by reduction of cannabidiol which has since been shown to possess structure II, can be oxidized to menthane carboxylic acid (IVa). The anilide of IVa, thus obtained did not depress the melting point of the anilide of IVa prepared from menthol (V) through the menthyl chloride (VI) followed by carbonation of the Grignard derivative of VI. Unfortunately the rotation of the anilide of IVa prepared by the degradation of the natural product was not reported.
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Ancient Cannabis Burial Shroud in a Central Eurasian Cemetery
HONGEN JIANG, LONG WANG, MARK D. MERLIN, ROBERT C. CLARKE,
YAN PAN, YONG ZHANG, GUOQIANG XIAO, AND XIAOLIAN DING
Economic Botany, Vol 70(X), 2016, 9 pp.
DOI: 10.1007/s12231-016-9351-1
An extraordinary cache of ancient, well-preserved Cannabis plant remains was recently discovered in a tomb in the Jiayi cemetery of Turpan, NW China. Radiometric dating of this tomb and the archeobotanical remains it contained indicate that they are approximately 2800–2400 years old. Both morphological and anatomical features support the identification of the plant remains as Cannabis. Research discussed in this paper describes 13 nearly whole plants of Cannabis that appear to have been locally produced and purposefully arranged and used as a burial shroud which was placed upon a male corpse. This unique discovery provides new insight into the ritualistic use of Cannabis in prehistoric Central Eurasia. Further- more, the fragmented infructescences of Cannabis discovered in other tombs of the Jiayi cemetery, together with similar Cannabis remains recovered from coeval tombs in the ancient Turpan cemetery along with those found in the Altai Mountains region, reveal that Cannabis was used by the local Central Eurasian people for ritual and/or medicinal purposes in the first millennium before the Christian era.
HONGEN JIANG, LONG WANG, MARK D. MERLIN, ROBERT C. CLARKE,
YAN PAN, YONG ZHANG, GUOQIANG XIAO, AND XIAOLIAN DING
Economic Botany, Vol 70(X), 2016, 9 pp.
DOI: 10.1007/s12231-016-9351-1
An extraordinary cache of ancient, well-preserved Cannabis plant remains was recently discovered in a tomb in the Jiayi cemetery of Turpan, NW China. Radiometric dating of this tomb and the archeobotanical remains it contained indicate that they are approximately 2800–2400 years old. Both morphological and anatomical features support the identification of the plant remains as Cannabis. Research discussed in this paper describes 13 nearly whole plants of Cannabis that appear to have been locally produced and purposefully arranged and used as a burial shroud which was placed upon a male corpse. This unique discovery provides new insight into the ritualistic use of Cannabis in prehistoric Central Eurasia. Further- more, the fragmented infructescences of Cannabis discovered in other tombs of the Jiayi cemetery, together with similar Cannabis remains recovered from coeval tombs in the ancient Turpan cemetery along with those found in the Altai Mountains region, reveal that Cannabis was used by the local Central Eurasian people for ritual and/or medicinal purposes in the first millennium before the Christian era.
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RCC bought a hemp burial shroud in Korea, quite beautiful, but he will wait to use it.
-SamS
-SamS
