Officials fear "bath salts" are growing drug problem

[NOKUY]

WTF.....

http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110122/ap_on_re_us/us_dangerous_bath_salts

Officials fear bath salts are growing drug problem


FULTON, Miss. – When Neil Brown got high on bath salts, he took his skinning knife and slit his face and stomach repeatedly. Brown survived, but authorities say others haven't been so lucky after snorting, injecting or smoking powders with such innocuous-sounding names as Ivory Snow, Red Dove and Vanilla Sky.

Some say the effects of the powders are as powerful as abusing methamphetamine. Increasingly, law enforcement agents and poison control centers say the bath salts with complex chemical names are an emerging menace in several U.S. states where authorities talk of banning their sale.

From the Deep South to California, emergency calls are being reported over exposure to the stimulants the powders often contain: mephedrone and methylenedioxypyrovalerone, also known as MDPV.

Sold under such names as Ivory Wave, Bliss, White Lightning and Hurricane Charlie, the chemicals can cause hallucinations, paranoia, rapid heart rates and suicidal thoughts, authorities say. The chemicals are in bath salts and even plant foods that are sold legally at convenience stores and on the Internet. However, they aren't necessarily being used for the purposes on the label.

Mississippi lawmakers this week began considering a proposal to ban the sale of the powders, and a similar step is being sought in Kentucky. In Louisiana, the bath salts were outlawed by an emergency order after the state's poison center received more than 125 calls in the last three months of 2010 involving exposure to the chemicals.

In Brown's case, he said he had tried every drug from heroin to crack and was so shaken by terrifying hallucinations that he wrote one Mississippi paper urging people to stay away from the bath salts.

"I couldn't tell you why I did it," Brown said, pointing to his scars. "The psychological effects are still there."

While Brown survived, sheriff's authorities in one Mississippi county say they believe one woman overdosed on bath salts there. In southern Louisiana, the family of a 21-year-old man says he cut his throat and ended his life with a gunshot. Authorities are investigating whether a man charged with capital murder in the December death of a Tippah County, Miss., sheriff's deputy was under the influence of the bath salts.

The stimulants aren't regulated by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, but are facing federal scrutiny. Law officers say some of the substances are being shipped from Europe, but origins are still unclear.

Gary Boggs, an executive assistant at the DEA, said there's a lengthy process to restrict these types of designer chemicals, including reviewing the abuse data. But it's a process that can take years.

Dr. Mark Ryan, director of Louisiana's poison control center, said he thinks state bans on the chemicals can be effective. He said calls about the salts have dropped sharply since Louisiana banned their sale in January.

Ryan said cathinone, the parent substance of the drugs, comes from a plant grown in Africa and is regulated. He said MDPV and mephedrone are made in a lab, and they aren't regulated because they're not marketed for human consumption. The stimulants affect neurotransmitters in the brain, he said.

"It causes intense cravings for it. They'll binge on it three or four days before they show up in an ER. Even though it's a horrible trip, they want to do it again and again," Ryan said.

Ryan said at least 25 states have received calls about exposure, including Nevada and California. He said Louisiana leads with the greatest number of cases at 165, or 48 percent of the U.S. total, followed by Florida with at least 38 calls to its poison center.

Dr. Rick Gellar, medical director for the California Poison Control System, said the first call about the substances came in Oct. 5, and a handful of calls have followed since. But he warned: "The only way this won't become a problem in California is if federal regulatory agencies get ahead of the curve. This is a brand new thing."

In the Midwest, the Missouri Poison Center at Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center received at least 12 calls in the first two weeks of January about teenagers and young adults abusing such chemicals, said Julie Weber, the center's director. The center received eight calls about the powders all of last year.

Dr. Richard Sanders, a general practitioner working in Covington, La., said his son, Dickie, snorted some of the bath salts and endured three days of intermittent delirium. Dickie Sanders missed major arteries when he cut his throat. As he continued to have visions, his physician father tried to calm him. But the elder Sanders said that as he slept, his son went into another room and shot himself.

"If you could see the contortions on his face. It just made him crazy," said Sanders. He added that the coroner's office confirmed the chemicals were detected in his son's blood and urine.

Sanders warns the bath salts are far more dangerous than some of their names imply.

"I think everybody is taking this extremely lightly. As much as we outlawed it in Louisiana, all these kids cross over to Mississippi and buy whatever they want," he said.

A small packet of the chemicals typically costs as little as $20.

In northern Mississippi's Itawamba County, Sheriff Chris Dickinson said his office has handled about 30 encounters with bath salt users in the past two months alone. He said the problem grew last year in his rural area after a Mississippi law began restricting the sale of pseudoephedrine, a key ingredient in making methamphetamine.

Dickinson said most of the bath salt users there have been meth addicts and can be dangerous when using them.

"We had a deputy injured a week ago. They were fighting with a guy who thought they were two devils. That's what makes this drug so dangerous," he said.

But Dickinson said the chemicals are legal for now, leaving him no choice but to slap users with a charge of disorderly conduct, a misdemeanor.

Kentucky state lawmaker John Tilley said he's moving to block the drug's sale there, preparing a bill for consideration when his legislature convenes shortly. Angry that the powders can be bought legally, he said: "If my 12-year-old can go in a store and buy it, that concerns me."

 

[Private Joker]

Not cool

 

[dubwise]

Wow. I've never heard of that. That's pretty screwed up. Good thing I'm not into that kind of crap.

 

[RudolfTheRed]

at least they aren't doing JENKUM anymore hahaha

anyone else remember this?

i love the slang names they give in particularly leroy jenkum.... hahaha -- might have to change up user name to that one.

 

[dubwise]

dude....that's nasty. We smoked weed when we were kids....and drank cheap ass 40's of Old English 800. We never crapped in a bottle, peed in said bottle, set it in the window and waited......then inhaled the liquid fart gas. That's so screwed up.

 

[angustotse]

Anyone know what's in that stuff?

Noticed it at my local smoke shop not too long ago

 

[HighDesertJoe]

Who thinks of this shit jezzz.

 

[NOKUY]

Anyone know what's in that stuff?

Noticed it at my local smoke shop not too long ago

pulled this off another forum:

....(i was just curious too....that shit ain't for me no way)

An overview of Bath Salt products (cocaine & meth replacements)
So far I have read about the following 'bath salt' products being marketed as cocaine and meth replacements:

* snow blow
* snow
* blow
* Ivory Wave now rebranded as Vanilla Sky
* snowberry
* charge+
* blowout
* white
* hurricane charlie
* white gold
* dusted
* F1
* Toot
* Star Dust
* Space Dust
* Raz
* Shake & Vac




Horror stories about mephedrone and Ivory Wave are piling up. Please see the Mephedrone forum, and check threads about ivory wave.

Did I miss any 'bath salts' or similar snuff products?



Re: An overview of Bath Salt products (cocaine & meth replacements)
that's a pretty complete list.

as far as we know, the ingredients reported (no analysis has been done on any of these products) to be / have been used in the manufacture of the ( exclusively Irish ?) bathsalts, and "snuffs" :

4-methylmethcathinone/ 4MMC / Mephedrone : the ideal suspect due to the current mephedrone explosion, could be in a lot of things
4-fluoromethcathinone /4-FMC/ Flephedrone - for Charge +
3-fluoromethcathinone /3-FMC

β-CFT, WIN-35,428/ (-)-2-β-Carbomethoxy-3-β-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane : one "informed" claim as the active ingredient for Ivory wave / vanilla sky - unconfirmed to this day, expensive and complex synth ---- now retracted and identifying the subste as M.D.P.V.

other possible candidates mentioned, for other actual "legal highs" as well :

M.D.P.V. (cut, possibly used in quite a few products ivory wave & vanilla skies)

)Desoxypipradrol / 2-diphenylmethylpiperidine (2-DPMP)

for pills
4-Fluoromethamphetamine /4-FMA
4-FA



other betaketone / cathinone derivates :

BK-PMMA /4-Methoxymethcathinone / methedrone
BK-MBDB / butylone
BK-MDMA / methylone

and of course caffeine powder, vitamins, amino acids as usual, sometimes used to dilute a products potency.

this ingredient list probably expends to more "legal high" products, the great majority of which are sold in the U.K.

--------------------------------------

 

[NOKUY]

.........

Mephedrone, also known as 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC), or 4-methylephedrone, is a synthetic stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes. Slang names include meph,[4] drone,[5] MCAT.[6] It is reportedly manufactured in China and is chemically similar to the cathinone compounds found in the khat plant of eastern Africa. It comes in the form of tablets or a powder, which users can swallow, snort or inject, producing similar effects to MDMA, amphetamines and cocaine.

As well as producing the intended stimulant effects, negative side effects occur when mephedrone is used, with teeth grinding being the most common. The metabolism of mephedrone has been studied in rats and humans, with the metabolites being able to be detected in urine after usage. Nothing is known about the potential neurotoxicity of mephedrone, but scientists have suggested possible dangers associated with its use based on its similarity to other drugs. Several people have died after consuming mephedrone, but some deaths that the media attributed to the drug were later determined to have been caused by other factors.

Mephedrone was first synthesised in 1929 but did not become widely known until it was rediscovered in 2003. By 2007 mephedrone was reported to be available for sale on the internet, by 2008 law enforcement agencies had become aware of the compound and by 2010 it had been reported in most of Europe, being particularly prevalent in the United Kingdom. Mephedrone was first made illegal in Israel in 2008, followed by Sweden later that year. In 2010 it was made illegal in many European countries and in December 2010, the EU ruled it illegal across Europe. In Australia, New Zealand, the USA and Canada it is considered illegal as an analog of other illegal drugs and is controlled by laws similar to the Federal Analog Act.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 History
o 1.1 In the United Kingdom
* 2 Effects
o 2.1 Intended effects
o 2.2 Side effects
o 2.3 Long-term effects
* 3 Typical use and consumption
o 3.1 Harm reduction
* 4 Pharmacology
o 4.1 Metabolism
o 4.2 Toxicity
+ 4.2.1 Deaths
# 4.2.1.1 Sweden
# 4.2.1.2 UK
# 4.2.1.3 USA
* 5 Chemistry
o 5.1 Appearance
o 5.2 Synthesis
* 6 Legal status
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links

[edit] History

According to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, the synthesis of mephedrone was first reported in 1929 by Saem de Burnaga Sanchez in the Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France, under the name "toluyl-alpha-monomethylaminoethylcetone",[1]:17[7] but the compound remained an obscure product of academia until 2003, when it was "re-discovered" and publicised by an underground chemist on The Hive website, working under the pseudonym "Kinetic."[8] Kinetic posted on the site, "I’ve been bored over the last couple of days and had a few fun reagents lying around, so I thought I’d try and make some 1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-methylaminopropanone hydrochloride, or 4-methylmethcathinone." before going on to describe that after taking it he had a "fantastic sense of well-being that I haven’t got from any drug before except my beloved Ecstasy."[9] A drug similar to mephedrone, containing cathinone, was sold legally in Israel from around 2004, under the name hagigat. When this was made illegal, the cathinone was modified and the new products were sold by the neorganics company.[10][11][12] The Psychonaut Research Project, an EU organisation that searches the internet for information regarding new drugs, first identified mephedrone in 2008. Their research suggests that the drug first became available to purchase on the internet in 2007.[13] Mephedrone was first seized in France in May 2007 after police sent a tablet that they assumed to be ecstasy to be analysed, with the discovery being discussed in a paper titled "Is 4-methylephedrone, an “Ecstasy” of the twenty first century?"[14] The drug was used in early products, such as Neodoves pills, by the legal high company Neorganics,[15][16] but the range was discontinued in January 2008 after the government of Israel, where the company is based, made mephedrone illegal.[5] Mephedrone was reported as having been sold as ecstasy in the Australian city of Cairns, along with ethylcathinone in 2008.[17][18] Europol noted that they became aware of it in 2008, after it was found in Denmark, Finland and the UK.[19] The Drug Enforcement Agency noted it was present in the United States in July 2009.[20] By May 2010, mephedrone had been detected in every one of the 22 EU member states that reported to Europol, as well as in Croatia and Norway.[1]:21 It was reportedly manufactured in China, but it has since been made illegal there.[21] In March 2009, Druglink magazine reported that it only cost a "couple hundred pounds" to synthesise a kilogram of mephedrone.[10] The Daily Telegraph reported that manufacturers were making "huge amounts of money" from selling the drug.[22] In January 2010 Druglink magazine reported that dealers in Britain spent £2,500 to ship one kilogram from China but could sell it for £10 a gram making a profit of £7,500.[9][23] A later report, in March 2010, stated that the wholesale price of mephedrone was £4000 per kilogram.[24]
[edit] In the United Kingdom
The number of samples analysed by the Forensic Science Service of seized MDMA, piperazines and cathinones between the third quarter of 2005 and the first quarter of 2010. MDMA seizures in blue, piperazine seizures in orange and cathinone seizures in purple[25]

Between the summer of 2009 and March 2010 the use of mephedrone grew rapidly in the UK, with it being readily available at music festivals, head shops and on the internet.[26] A survey of Mixmag readers in 2009, found that it was the fourth most popular street drug in the United Kingdom, behind cannabis, cocaine, and ecstasy.[24] The drug is used by a diverse range of social groups. Whilst the evidence is anecdotal, researchers, charity workers, teachers and users have reported widespread and increasing use of the drug. The drug's rapid growth in popularity was believed to be related to both its availability and legality.[26] Fiona Measham, a criminologist at The University of Lancaster, believes that the emergence of mephedrone was also related to the decreasing purity of ecstasy and cocaine on sale in the UK,[26] a view reinforced in a report by the National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse.[27] The average cocaine purity fell from 60% in 1999 to 22% in 2009 and about half of ecstasy pills seized in 2009 contained no MDMA,[28] and by June 2010, almost all pills seized in the UK, contained no MDMA.[29] A similar pattern was observed in the Netherlands, with the number of ecstacy tablets containing no MDMA rising from 10% in mid 2008 to 60% by mid 2009 and with mephedrone being detected in 20% of ecstacy tablets by mid 2009.[30] The decrease of MDMA was thought in part, to be due to the seizure of 33 tonnes of sassafras oil, the precursor to MDMA, in Cambodia in June 2008, which could have been used to make 245 million doses of MDMA.[9] According to John Ramsey, a toxicologist at St George’s University London, the emergence of mephedrone was also related to the UK government banning the benzylpiperazine class of drugs.[10] Mephedrone was available on at least 31 websites based in the UK in December 2009; by March 2010 there were at least 78 online shops, half of which sold amounts of less than 200 grams and half that also sold bulk quantities. The price per gram varied from £9.50 to £14.[1]:11 Between July 2009 and February 2010, UK health professionals accessed the National Poisons Information Service's (NPIS) entry on mephedrone 1664 times and made 157 telephone inquiries; the requests increased month on month over this period. In comparison over a similar time period, the entries for cocaine and MDMA were accessed approximately 2400 times.[31] After mephedrone was made illegal, the number of inquiries to the NPIS fell substantially, to only 19 in June 2010.[32]

Media organisations including the BBC and The Guardian, as well as a news section in the Annals of Botany[33] (later corrected[34]), incorrectly reported that mephedrone was commonly used as a plant fertiliser. In fact sellers of the drug described it as "plant food" because it was illegal to sell the compound for human consumption.[28] In late 2009, UK newspapers began referring to the drug as meow or miaow (sometimes doubled as meow meow or miaow miaow), a name that was almost unknown on the street at the time.[35] In November 2009, the tabloid newspaper, The Sun published a story stating that a man had ripped off his own scrotum whilst using mephedrone,[36] but this story was later shown to be an online hoax.[37] Other myths that the media often repeated during 2010 were that mephedrone had led to the deaths of over 20 people, that teachers were unable to confiscate the drug off pupils and that the government was too slow to ban the drug.[38] The Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) have suggested that the media coverage of the drug led to increased usage of it.[39]

A survey of 1000 secondary school pupils and university students in Tayside, conducted in February 2010, found that 20% of them had previously taken mephedrone. Although at the time it was available legally over the internet, only 10% of users reported purchasing it online, with most purchasing it from street dealers. Of those who had used mephedrone, 97% said that it was easy or very easy to obtain. Around 50% of users reported at least one negative effect associated with the use of mephedrone, with teeth grinding being the most common.[40]

On 30 March 2010, Alan Johnson, then the Home Secretary, announced that mephedrone would be made illegal "within weeks" after the ACMD sent him a report on the use of cathinones.[41][42] Prior to the ban being announced, Dr Polly Taylor, a member of the ACMD resigned, saying she "did not have trust" in the way the government would use the advice given by the ACMD.[43] Eric Carlin, a member of the ACMD and former chairman of the English Drug Education Forum, also resigned after the announcement that mephedrone would be made illegal. He said that the decision by the Home Secretary was "unduly based on media and political pressure" and there was "little or no discussion about how our recommendation to classify this drug would be likely to impact on young people's behaviour."[44] Some ex-members of the ACMD, and various charity groups have expressed concern regarding the banning of the drug, arguing it will inevitably criminalise users, particularly young people.[45] Others have expressed concern that the drug will now be left in the hands of black market dealers, who will only compound the problem.[46] The ACMD had run into problems with the UK Government in 2009 regarding drugs policy, after the government did not follow the advice of the ACMD to reclassify MDMA and cannabis, culminating in the dismissal of the ACMD chairman, David Nutt after he reiterated the ACMD's findings in an academic lecture.[47] Eric Carlin's resignation was specifically linked to the criminalisation of mephedrone, and he stated: "We need to review our entire approach to drugs, dumping the idea that legally-sanctioned punishments for drug users should constitute a main part of the armoury in helping to solve our country’s drug problems. We need to stop harming people who need help and support".[48] An editorial in the April 2010 edition of The Lancet questioned the decision to ban mephedrone, saying that the ACMD did not have enough evidence to judge the potential harms caused by mephedrone and arguing that policy makers should have sought to understand why young people took it and how they can be influenced to not take it.[39] In Chemistry World, John Mann professor of chemistry at Queen's University Belfast, suggested that the UK create a law similar to the Federal Analog Act of the United States, which would have made mephedrone illegal as an analog of cathinone.[49] In August 2010, James Brokenshire, the Home Office drugs minister, announced plans to create a new category in the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, through the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Bill, that would allow new legal highs to be made temporarily illegal, without the need for a vote in parliament or advice from the ACMD, as was required to categorise mephedrone.[50][51][52]

According to the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs, since mephedrone was made illegal a street trade in the drug has emerged, with prices around double those prior to the ban, at £20-£25 per gram.[53] In September 2010, Druglink reported that the ban had had a mixed effect on mephedrone use, with it decreasing in some areas, remaining similar in others and becoming more prevalent in some areas.[54] An online survey of 150 users after the ban, 63% said that they were continuing to use mephedrone, half of those used the same amount and half said they used less. Compared to previous surveys, more users purchased it off dealers, rather than the internet. The average price per gram was £16, compared to around £10 before the ban.[55] Professor Shiela Bird, a statistician at the Medical Research Council, has suggested that the ban of mephedrone may lead to more cocaine related deaths. In the first 6 months of 2009, the number of cocaine related deaths fell for the first time in four years, and fewer soldiers tested positive for cocaine in 2009 than in 2008. She suggested that this may have been due to users switching to mephedrone from cocaine, but cautioned that before full figures are available for 2009 and 2010, it will be difficult to determine whether mephedrone saved lives, rather than cost them.[56][57] Other supposedly legal drugs have filled the gap in the market since mephedrone was made illegal, including naphyrone (NRG-1) (since made illegal)[58] and Ivory Wave, which has been found to contain MDPV, a compound made illegal at the same time as mephedrone. However it is possible that some products branded as Ivory Wave do not contain MDPV.[59] When tested, some products sold six weeks after mephedrone was banned, advertised as NRG-1, NRG-2 and MDAI were found to be mephedrone.[60]
[edit] Effects

There have been no formal published studies into the effects of mephedrone psychological and behavioural effects of mephedrone on humans, nor on animals from which the potential effects could be extrapolated. As a result the only information available comes from users themselves and clinical reports of acute mephedrone toxicity.[1]:12 Psychologists at Liverpool John Moores University were to conduct research into the effects of mephedrone on up to 50 students already using the drug, when it was still legal in the UK.[61] At the time the study was proposed, Les Iversen, the chair of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs called the experiments "pretty unethical".[62] The study was discontinued in August 2010, following the change in the legal status of the drug.[63]
[edit] Intended effects

Users have reported that mephedrone causes euphoria, stimulation, an enhanced appreciation for music, an elevated mood, decreased hostility, improved mental function and mild sexual stimulation; these effects are similar to the effects of cocaine, amphetamines and MDMA. These effects last different amounts of time, depending on the way the drug is taken. When taken orally, users report they can feel the effects within 15–45 minutes, when snorted the effects are felt within minutes and peak within half an hour. The effects last for between two and three hours when taken orally or nasally, but only half an hour if taken intravenously.[1]:12 Out of 70 Dutch users of mephedrone, 58 described it as an overall pleasant experience and 12 described it as being an unpleasant experience.[30] A survey of UK users, who had previously taken cocaine, found that most users found it produced a better quality and longer lasting high, was less addictive and carried the same risk as using cocaine.[3]
[edit] Side effects

According to drugs counsellors on Teesside, UK, mephedrone can cause hallucinations, nausea, vomiting, blood circulation problems, rashes, anxiety, paranoia, fits and delusions.[64] According to the drugs advice charity, Crew2000, other side effects may include poor concentration, poor short-term memory, increased heart rate, abnormal heart beats, anxiety, depression, increased sweating, dilated pupils, the inability to normally open the mouth, and teeth grinding.[65] When snorted it can also cause nose bleeds and nose burns.[64] A survey conducted by the National Addiction Centre, UK found that 51% of mephedrone users said they suffered from headaches, 43% from heart palpitations, 27% from nausea and 15% from cold or blue fingers,[66] indicative of vasoconstriction occurring.[31] Doctors at Guy's Hospital, London reported that of 15 patients they treated after taking mephedrone in 2009, 53.3% were agitated, 40% tachycardic, 20% had systolic hypertension and 20% had seizures; three required treatment with benzodiazepines, predominantly to control their agitation. They reported that none of their patients suffered from cold or blue peripheries, contrary to other reports. Nine out of the 15 of patients had a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 15 indicating that they were in a normal mental state, 4 had a GCS below 8, but these patients all reported using a central nervous system depressant, most commonly GHB, with mephedrone. The patients also reported polydrug use of a variety of compounds.[67]
[edit] Long-term effects

Almost nothing is known about the long-term effects of the drug due to the short history of its use.[66] BBC News reported that one person who used the drug for 18 months became dependent on the drug, in the end using it twice a week, had to be admitted to a psychiatric unit after he started experiencing hallucinations, agitation, excitability and mania.[1]:13[68] Because of its similarity to cathinone, John Mann, has posited that mephedrone may cause impotence with long-term use.[69]
[edit] Typical use and consumption

Mephedrone can come in the form of capsules, tablets or white powder that users may swallow, snort or inject.[70] It is sometimes sold mixed with methylone in a product called bubbles in the UK[71] and also mixed with other cathinones including ethcathinone, butylone, fluoromethcathinone and methedrone.[1]:9 The Guardian reported that some users compulsively redose, consuming their whole supply when they are only meant to use a small dose[72] and there have been other similar reports of users craving mephedrone, suggesting that it may be addictive.[1]:13[30] A survey conducted in late 2009 by the National Addiction Centre (UK) found 41.3% of readers of Mixmag had used mephedrone in the last month, making it the fourth most popular drug amongst clubbers. Of those, two thirds snorted the drug and the average dosage per session was 0.9g; the length of sessions increased as the dosage increased. Users who snorted the drug reported using more per session than those who took it orally (0.97 g compared to 0.74 g) and also reported using it more often (5 days per month compared to 3 days per month).[3] An Irish study of people on a methadone treatment program for heroin addicts found that 29 out of 209 patients tested positive for mephedrone usage.[73]
[edit] Harm reduction
See also: Responsible drug use

The drugs advice charity Lifeline recommends that to reduce the potential harm caused by using mephedrone, users should only use mephedrone occasionally (less than weekly), use less than 0.5g per session, dose orally rather than snorting the drug and avoid mixing it with alcohol and other drugs. Users should also drink plenty of water whilst taking the drug as it causes dehydration.[4]
[edit] Pharmacology

Very little is known about the pharmacology of mephedrone.[74] Writing in the British Medical Journal, psychiatrists stated that given its chemical structure, "mephedrone is likely to stimulate the release of, and then inhibit the reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters".[75] The cathinone derivatives methcathinone and methylone, act in a similar way to amphetamines mainly acting on catecholamine transporters so it is expected that mephedrone also acts in this way. The actions of amphetamines and cathinones are determined by the differences in how they bind to noradrenalin, dopamine and serotonin transporters.[74] Molecular modelling of mephedrone suggests it is more hydrophilic than methyl-amphetamines which may account for the higher doses required to achieve a similar effect, because mephedrone is less able to cross the blood-brain barrier.[1]:12[76] Of the two enantiomers, it is thought that the S form is more potent than the R form, based on the fact that this applies to cathinone.[74] Professor David Nutt, former chair of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) in the UK has said "people are better off taking ecstasy or amphetamines than those [drugs] we know nothing about" and "Who knows what's in [mephedrone] when you buy it? We don't have a testing system. It could be very dangerous, we just don't know. These chemicals have never been put into animals, let alone humans."[77] Les King, a former member of the ACMD, has stated that mephedrone appears to be less potent than amphetamine and ecstasy but that any benefit associated with this could be negated by users taking larger amounts. He also told the BBC "all we can say is [mephedrone] is probably as harmful as ecstasy and amphetamines and wait until we have some better scientific evidence to support that."[78]
[edit] Metabolism

Based on the analysis of rat and human urine by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, mephedrone is thought to be metabolised by three phase I pathways. It can be demethylated to the primary amine (producing compounds 2, 3 and 4) the ketone group can be reduced (producing 3) or the tolyl group can be oxidised (producing 5 and 6). It is thought that 5 and 6 are further metabolised by conjugation to the glucuronide and sulfate derivatives. Knowledge of the primary routes of metabolism should allow the intake of mephedrone to be confirmed by drug tests, as well as more accurate determination of the cause of side effects and potential for toxicity.[79]

 

[StealthDragon]

wow I had never heard of this...it immediately reminded me of the jenkim stuff lol.

...it's kinda like chlorine for the ole genepool I spoze...if your dumb enough to snort bathcrystals or huff the fumes of your own shit just to get high...then good riddance.

never underestimate the power of stupid people in large groups.

 

[sailsinthesun]

What I think is crazy is that some of them are actually marketed as a cocaine/meth replacement. Look at some of the names, along with the fact they're sold in smoke shops...

* snow blow
* snow
* blow
* Ivory Wave
* snowberry (strain name wtf?)
* white gold
* dusted

 

[HOPS5K]

and this is Ted Williams with KCRK, telling you to avoid Jenkem.

 

[Rysam]

What happened to the good ol days of just grabbing a cat and cheezing the night away?
http://www.southparkstudios.com/clips/164808/cheesing-my-f-ing-brains-out

 

[RudolfTheRed]

this is what happens when you make drugs illegal. this is why i think all drugs should be legal and regulated properly. people don't stop doing drugs just because there illegal, they either do them, or look for new legal highs to bypass the system. id rather regulate hard drugs like heroin, making sure people get clean needles, purer heroin, and clinical help rather than making them illlegal so people are forced to do things like bath salts, or keyboard duster, and other shit like that. at least with drugs like heroin we know how to treat it and the side effects, etc. people doing these new drugs we don't know anything about them and that makes it even worse. just legalize all drugs and regulate them properly so its done safely, and you wont have these problems.

 

[NOKUY]

this is what happens when you make drugs illegal. this is why i think all drugs should be legal and regulated properly. people don't stop doing drugs just because there illegal, they either do them, or look for new legal highs to bypass the system. id rather regulate hard drugs like heroin, making sure people get clean needles, purer heroin, and clinical help rather than making them illlegal so people are forced to do things like bath salts, or keyboard duster, and other shit like that. at least with drugs like heroin we know how to treat it and the side effects, etc. people doing these new drugs we don't know anything about them and that makes it even worse. just legalize all drugs and regulate them properly so its done safely, and you wont have these problems.

true story

 

[Stress_test]

Medical Merry Jenkim?

Man, that almost made me choke reading that shit...

 

[Budsmith]

desperate?!?!... no thanks ill keep my green

 

[whodare]

i dare ya to drink the jenkum water...

 

[sh1wn]

Did any body notice that the cop's last name is dickinson?

 

[Hash Zeppelin]

How to make Jenkums 101

How to make Jenkums 101

step 1. snort bath salts to numb thought process.
step 2. Eat only at Chipoltle for no less than 21 days
step 3. collect large urine and fecal samples
step 4. pour samples into 2 liter bottle and stretch balloon over top.
step 5. leave in sun for 2 days
step 6. snort more bath salts.
step 7. inhale gas collected in balloon.
step 8. become hooker for bath salts and jenkums concentrate made by fat kids.

congratulations! kill yourself.