new interesting findings

[Sam_Skunkman]

Azaghal,
It is interesting for those who have not seen it, I will leave it up.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Another not new, not Cannabis specific, but maybe interesting?

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3474957/

Effect of Soil Nutrient on Production and Diversity of Volatile Terpenoids from Plants
E Ormeño* and C Fernandez

Curr Bioact Compd. 2012 Jan; 8(1): 71–79.

Abstract
Terpenoid production (emission and storage) within foliage plays direct and indirect defensive and protective functions for the plant, mediates complex trophic relationships and controls the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere. Both biotic and abiotic conditions alter terpenoid production, with herbivory, light and temperature effects being reasonably well understood. In this manuscript, the state of the science about nutrient effect on terpenoid production is reviewed. The focus is on isoprene emissions and mono- and sesquiterpenoid emissions and concentrations according to fertilizing treatments and their potential interaction with other environmental factors. Ecological, physiological, biochemical and biophysical hypothesis formulated over research investigations are exposed and several points are highlighted as future research perspectives which could help to elucidate the apparent contrasting results.

 

[Gram Paw smurf]

Found the 1 in the 1st post stating cbn was found in the 8 plus weekers.
Been wondering for a while if there's a threshold to how quickly it could be harvested which would suggest there's some what of a time limitation as to how fast the cbga can be reached and converted to thca or cbda.
Would be interesting to know if the process from there is any faster differentiating between the thca synthase or cbda synthase themselves also with the cbda synthase being the older/more evolved process of the 2.
That'd suggest that maybe thca synthase conversion might be able to be sped up over time theoretically.

Aywho, thnx for all the interesting reads.
Lots of good stuff to go through.

cheers,......................................gps

 

[Sam_Skunkman]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26577065


J Psychopharmacol. 2015 Nov 17. pii: 0269881115615104. [Epub ahead of print]
The effect of five day dosing with THCV on THC-induced cognitive, psychological and physiological effects in healthy male human volunteers: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover pilot trial.
Englund A1, Atakan Z2, Kralj A2, Tunstall N2, Murray R2, Morrison P2.

Abstract
RATIONALE:
Cannabis is mostly grown under illegal and unregulated circumstances, which seems to favour a product increasingly high in its main cannabinoid ∆-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). ∆-9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) is a relatively untested cannabinoid which is said to be a cannabinoid receptor neutral antagonist, and may inhibit the effects of THC.
OBJECTIVES:
To explore the safety and tolerability of repeated THCV administration and its effects on symptoms normally induced by THC in a sample of healthy volunteers.
METHODS:
Ten male cannabis users (<25 use occasions) were recruited for this within-subjects, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over pilot study. 10mg oral pure THCV or placebo were administered daily for five days, followed by 1mg intravenous THC on the fifth day.
RESULTS:
THCV was well tolerated and subjectively indistinguishable from placebo. THC did not significantly increase psychotic symptoms, paranoia or impair short-term memory, while still producing significant intoxicating effects. Delayed verbal recall was impaired by THC and only occurred under placebo condition (Z=-2.201, p=0.028), suggesting a protective effect of THCV. THCV also inhibited THC-induced increased heart rate (Z=-2.193, p=0.028). Nine out of ten participants reported THC under THCV condition (compared to placebo) to be subjectively weaker or less intense (χ2=6.4, p=0.011). THCV in combination with THC significantly increased memory intrusions (Z=-2.155, p=0.031).
CONCLUSION:
In this first study of THC and THCV, THCV inhibited some of the well-known effects of THC, while potentiating others. These findings need to be interpreted with caution due to a small sample size and lack of THC-induced psychotomimetic and memory-impairing effect, probably owing to the choice of dose.



FYI, I did THCV/THC trials 15 years ago, unpublished, but we found much the same, THCV is not for recreational users unless they like their THC tuned down. THCV delays THC onset, reduces peak experiences, and maybe lengthens the reduced effects.
-SamS

 

[Sam_Skunkman]

Not an article but interesting.
-SamS


http://cannabis-med.org/members/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Pertwee.pdf

New potential therapeutic applications for certain phytocannabinoids revealed by pharmacological discoveries
Roger Pertwee

 

[Sam_Skunkman]

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwcyJZbpGU4sNzFLQzBZRHh2R0k/view

Multidimensional analysis of Cannabis volatile constituents: Identification of 5,5-dimethyl-1-vinylbicyclo[2.1.1]hexane as a volatile marker of Hashish, the resin of Cannabis sativa.

Journal of Chromatography A Nov 2014 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.045

 

[Sam_Skunkman]

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1556-4029.12448/abstract

Journal of Forensic Sciences
Volume 59, Issue 4
July 2014
Pages 919–926

A PCR marker Linked to a THCA synthase Polymorphism is a Reliable Tool to Discriminate Potentially THC-Rich Plants of Cannabis sativa L.
Authors
Christina Staginnus Ph.D.,
Siegfried Zörntlein Ph.D.,
Etienne de Meijer Ph.D.
First published: 3 March 2014Full publication history
DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12448View/save citation
Cited by: 3 articlesRefresh citation countCiting literature

†The nucleotide sequences reported in this paper are deposited in the NCBI GenBank under accession numbers JQ935235–JQ935244.
Abstract

Neither absolute THC content nor morphology allows the unequivocal discrimination of fiber cultivars and drug strains of Cannabis sativa L. unequivocally. However, the CBD/THC ratio remains constant throughout the plant's life cycle, is independent of environmental factors, and considered to be controlled by a single locus (B) with two codominant alleles (BT and BD). The homozygous BT/BT genotype underlies the THC-predominant phenotype, BD/BD is CBD predominant, and an intermediate phenotype is induced by the heterozygous state (BT/BD). Using PCR-based markers in two segregating populations, we proved that the THCA synthase gene represents the postulated B locus and that specific sequence polymorphisms are absolutely linked either to the THC-predominant or the THC-intermediate chemotype. The absolute linkage provides an excellent reliability of the marker signal in forensic casework. For validation, the species-specific marker system was applied to a large number of casework samples and fiber hemp cultivars.

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http://www.fsigenetics.com/article/S1872-4973(14)00167-7/abstract

FSI Genetics November 2014Volume 13, Pages 185–186

Nomenclature proposal and SNPSTR haplotypes for 7 new Cannabis sativa L. STR loci

-----------------------

Sequence heterogeneity of cannabidiolic- and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-synthase in Cannabis sativa L. and its relationship with chemical phenotype.
Phytochemistry
http://www.pubfacts.com/detail/2586...annabinolic-acid-synthase-in-Cannabis-sativa-
Phytochemistry 2015 Aug 9;116:57-68. Epub 2015 Apr 9.
Chiara Onofri, Etienne P M de Meijer, Giuseppe Mandolino


Sequence variants of THCA- and CBDA-synthases were isolated from different Cannabis sativa L. strains expressing various wild-type and mutant chemical phenotypes (chemotypes). Expressed and complete sequences were obtained from mature inflorescences. Each strain was shown to have a different specificity and/or ability to convert the precursor CBGA into CBDA and/or THCA type products. The comparison of the expressed sequences led to the identification of different mutations, all of them due to SNPs. These SNPs were found to relate to the cannabinoid composition of the inflorescence at maturity and are therefore proposed to have a functional significance. The amount of variation was found to be higher within the CBDAS sequence family than in the THCAS family, suggesting a more recent evolution of THCA-forming enzymes from the CBDAS group. We therefore consider CBDAS as the ancestral type of these synthases.

 

[Sam_Skunkman]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26708108

Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015 Dec 28. doi: 10.1038/npp.2015.367. [Epub ahead of print]
Oral Cannabidiol does not Alter the Subjective, Reinforcing or Cardiovascular Effects of Smoked Cannabis.
Haney M1, Malcolm RJ2, Babalonis S3, Nuzzo PA3, Cooper ZD1, Bedi G1, Gray KM2, McRae-Clark A2, Lofwall MR3, Sparenborg S4, Walsh SL3.

Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), a constituent of cannabis with few psychoactive effects, has been reported in some studies to attenuate certain aspects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) intoxication. However, most studies have tested only one dose of CBD in combination with one dose of oral THC making it difficult to assess the nature of this interaction. Further, the effect of oral CBD on smoked cannabis administration is unknown. The objective of this multi-site, randomized, double-blind, within-subject laboratory study was to assess the influence of CBD (0, 200, 400, 800 mg, p.o.) pretreatment on the reinforcing, subjective, cognitive, and physiological effects of smoked cannabis [0.01 (inactive), 5.30-5.80% THC]. Non-treatment-seeking, healthy cannabis smokers (n=31; 17M,14F) completed 8 outpatient sessions. CBD was administered 90 min prior to cannabis administration. The behavioral and cardiovascular effects of cannabis were measured at baseline and repeatedly throughout the session. A subset of participants (n=8) completed an additional session to measure plasma CBD concentrations after administration of the highest CBD dose (800 mg). Under placebo CBD conditions, active cannabis (1) was self-administered by significantly more participants than placebo cannabis, and (2) produced significant, time-dependent increases in ratings of 'High,' 'Good Effect,' ratings of the cannabis cigarette (eg, strength, liking) and heart rate relative to inactive cannabis. CBD, which alone produced no significant psychoactive or cardiovascular effects, did not significantly alter any of these outcomes. Cannabis self-administration, subjective effects, and cannabis ratings did not vary as a function of CBD dose relative to placebo capsules. These findings suggest that oral CBD does not reduce the reinforcing, physiological or positive subjective effects of smoked cannabis.Neuropsychopharmacolo gy accepted article preview online, 28 December 2015. doi:10.1038/npp.2015.367.

 

[strandloper]

"The amount of variation was found to be higher within the CBDAS sequence family than in the THCAS family, suggesting a more recent evolution of THCA-forming enzymes from the CBDAS group. We therefore consider CBDAS as the ancestral type of these synthases."


"These findings suggest that oral CBD does not reduce the reinforcing, physiological or positive subjective effects of smoked cannabis."

thanks for the info

 

[Sam_Skunkman]

Genomic and Chemical Diversity in Cannabis
http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2015/12/13/034314.full.pdf
Ryan C Lynch, Daniela Vergara, Silas Tittes, Kristin White, C.J. Schwartz, Matthew J Gibbs, Travis C Ruthenburg, Kymron deCesare, Donald P Land, Nolan C Kane

Plants of the Cannabis genus are the only producers of phytocannabinoids, terpenoid compounds that strongly interact with evolutionarily ancient endocannabinoid receptors shared by most bilaterian taxa. For millennia, the plant has been cultivated for these compounds, but also for food, rope, paper, and clothing. Today, specialized varieties yielding high-quality textile fibers, nutritional seed oil or high cannabinoid content are cultivated across the globe. However, the genetic identities and histories of these diverse populations remain largely obscured. We analyzed the nuclear genomic diversity among 339 Cannabis varieties, and demonstrate the existence of at least three major groups of diversity. As well as being genetically distinct, each group produces unique cannabinoid and terpenoid content profiles. This combined analysis of population genomic and trait variation informs our understanding of the potential uses of different genetic variants for medicine and agriculture, providing valuable insights and tools for a rapidly emerging, valuable legal industry.

----------------

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00949

Evolution of the Cannabinoid and Terpene Content during the Growth of Cannabis sativa Plants from Different Chemotypes

J. Nat. Prod., Article ASAP
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00949
Publication Date (Web): February 2, 2016

Oier Aizpurua-Olaizola†‡, Umut Soydaner†, Ekin Öztürk†, Daniele Schibano†, Yilmaz Simsir†, Patricia Navarro‡, Nestor Etxebarria‡, and Aresatz Usobiaga*‡


The evolution of major cannabinoids and terpenes during the growth of Cannabis sativa plants was studied. In this work, seven different plants were selected: three each from chemotypes I and III and one from chemotype II. Fifty clones of each mother plant were grown indoors under controlled conditions. Every week, three plants from each variety were cut and dried, and the leaves and flowers were analyzed separately. Eight major cannabinoids were analyzed via HPLC-DAD, and 28 terpenes were quantified using GC-FID and verified via GC-MS. The chemotypes of the plants, as defined by the tetrahydrocannabinolic acid/cannabidiolic acid (THCA/CBDA) ratio, were clear from the beginning and stable during growth. The concentrations of the major cannabinoids and terpenes were determined, and different patterns were found among the chemotypes. In particular, the plants from chemotypes II and III needed more time to reach peak production of THCA, CBDA, and monoterpenes. Differences in the cannabigerolic acid development among the different chemotypes and between monoterpene and sesquiterpene evolution patterns were also observed. Plants of different chemotypes were clearly differentiated by their terpene content, and characteristic terpenes of each chemotype were identified.

( interesting paper where they show Cannabinoid ratios stay constant. They still refer to a singleco-dominate locus for CBD/THC while newer ones agree there are two. )-SamS

 

[MJPassion]

Sam,
Where can I get an explination of the 3 chemotypes?

 

[Sam_Skunkman]

There are 5 chemotypes
High THC
CBD/THC
High CBD
High CBG
No Cannabinoids

as well as unnumbered like for the Propyl homologues and THCV/THC/CBD or other Cannabinoid combos.

 

[Skinny Leaf]

What was the high potency sativa they used? The same old purple kush that gets passed around?

Some of the cannabinoid studies are a little sketchy. To many other variables that are left unaccounted for and quite possibly will never be accounted for. Marijuana is way more complex than simple cannabinoid to receptor relationships.

Plus, Sam, some of this you already told us without all the large scholarly words. Before, these studies were done.

Here is a high potency sativa they can study. Guess where these beans came from.

 

[Gizmo]

Haze x Skunk ?

 

[OneStonedPony]

There are 5 chemotypes
High THC
CBD/THC
High CBD
High CBG
No Cannabinoids

Do you know of any High CBG strains in circulation. There are already a good number of High CBD ones to be had.

The reason I ask is I have an Aunt with Fibromyalgia that has constant muscle pain and inflamation.

In your opinion would a High CBD or High CBG plant be more beneficial in her case ?

 

[Chimera]

CBG predominance is rare, only a few hemp vars show it and they max out at about 3-4% total cannabs.

Your aunt can probably benefit most from THC and CBD. CBD is effective for inflammation, and THC is most effective for pain.

 

[OneStonedPony]

Thank you Chimera. I didn't know that CBG was that rare. A friend of mine has a Cannatonic cut he had tested that is 9 % THC and 6 % CBD. He was wanting to do some trading so I'm going to take him up on his offer. My Aunt said she wouldn't be opposed to vaping or medibles. I'm going to see what I can do for her.

 

[Chimera]

If your aunt isn't a regular cannabis consumer, you might consider checking out a CBD solution that doesn't have THC in it.

The problem with type 2 vars (mixed THC/CBD meds) is that you have to take in THC to get the desired dose of CBD, which means your CBD dose is limited by how much THC you can tolerate. This is not a big deal for recreational smokers who are used to the high, but if you are not a cannabis consumer already, the high from THC can limit how much CBD you can comfortably take in.

 

[OneStonedPony]

She has never used cannabis before. I never thought she'd consider it, because of how she was raised, all super religious. I'll hit up a local dispensary for some CBD only concentrate and let her try that first. I'd like to see her get some relief. She's a sweet person who suffers from a unpleasant medical condition. I really feel for her. Thank you again.

 

[Chimera]

OSP, you are a good nephew. See if you can find her some CBD tincture or oil, something she can consume without smoking. Those new vape pens with CO2 oil work wonders for "naive" cannabis users. She can have a few puffs and titer a dose without getting whacked. It;s really important she doesn't get a big dose and gets 'scared off' of the medicine that might really help her.

Good luck with it all.
-Chimera

 

[Sam_Skunkman]

Very good paper. One of the very best recently. Chimera bred many of the plants used. Free on sci-hub.io
-SamS

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26651562


J AOAC Int. 2015 Nov-Dec;98(6):1503-22. doi: 10.5740/jaoacint.15-116.
Development and Validation of a Reliable and Robust Method for the Analysis of Cannabinoids and Terpenes in Cannabis.
Giese MW1, Lewis MA, Giese L, Smith KM.

Abstract
The requirements for an acceptable cannabis assay have changed dramatically over the years resulting in a large number of laboratories using a diverse array of analytical methodologies that have not been properly validated. Due to the lack of sufficiently validated methods, we conducted a single- laboratory validation study for the determination of cannabinoids and terpenes in a variety of commonly occurring cultivars. The procedure involves high- throughput homogenization to prepare sample extract, which is then profiled for cannabinoids and terpenes by HPLC-diode array detector and GC-flame ionization detector, respectively. Spike recovery studies for terpenes in the range of 0.03-1.5% were carried out with analytical standards, while recovery studies for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, cannabidiolic acid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid, and cannabigerolic acid and their neutral counterparts in the range of 0.3-35% were carried out using cannabis extracts. In general, accuracy at all levels was within 5%, and RSDs were less than 3%. The interday and intraday repeatabilities of the procedure were evaluated with five different cultivars of varying chemotype, again resulting in acceptable RSDs. As an example of the application of this assay, it was used to illustrate the variability seen in cannabis coming from very advanced indoor cultivation operations.