Geography, History and Human Universal Culture:

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(2)- The origin of El Argar: steppes and Semites. We analyze the latest genetic study​

As Cristina Rihuete has declared for ABC « An important point is that these steppe migrations have been considered as a conquest, an invasion, but our study shows that, although there is indeed an ancient ancestry , it is not a new generation, but rather it was hatching for several centuries. It is not about someone new who suddenly came and did something different ».
Indeed, steppe ancestry had been dominating Iberia for several centuries and, as geneticists David Reich and Carles Lalueza-Fox , from the Institute of Evolutionary Biology, had already announced, at that time they hadreplaced practically the entire male population , but they did not introduce a new culture, with the exception of the so-called " eastern bell-shaped glass ", but rather generally adopted the customs of the peoples already existing in the Copper Age .

In this regard and in order to explain this substitution, several theories have circulated that do not seem credible to us: a strange disease that only affected the male population? A sexual preference for the appearance of newcomers? In our view, only a process of conquest and violent elimination of men would make sense of all this and justify why the ancient Chalcolithic cities such as Moroccan LowThey so considerably reinforced their defenses with imposing walls and a large number of bastions around 2,500 BC , precisely the dates on which it is estimated that the descendants of the Yamnaya would begin to enter the peninsula. To this we add another 'coincidence': the human remains thrown into the ' fifth pit ' in Jaén which, if properly studied, could have been the key to detecting a violent invasion.

However, this data does not clarify the peculiarities of the Argaric culture: its funerary customs (individual burials in cista and pithoi ), its innovative defensive and urban architecture that breaks with the previous circular models, its undecorated and standardized ceramics, the strong stratification society with trousseaus never seen before such as diadems and dilators for the ruling class... a cultural model that does not resemble anywhere else on the western continent, so it would be difficult to attribute it to innovations introduced by the steppe shepherd-warriors.

For his part , Roberto Risch clarifies that the great surprise has been finding ancestors from the central and eastern Mediterranean .

Expansion of the Yamnaya steppe peoples 5,000-6,000 years ago and of the first Anatolian Neolithic farmers 8,000-9,000 years ago. Source: Wolfgang Haak for "The Conversation"​

Expansion of the Yamnaya steppe peoples 5000-6000 years ago and predominant Y lineages - CSIC, Science magazine​

Ideal reconstruction of the chalcolithic city of Moroccans Low (Jaén) by Narciso Zafra. Note the different lines of the wall with more than 100 calculated bastions​

Vessel burial (pithos). Burial found in La Almoloya, Pliego, Murcia. Source: UAB/ASOME​

Pieces of the trousseau found in tomb 38 at the La Almoloya site, Pliego, Murcia. Source: UAB/ASOME​

"It is a component that we knew nothing about. While there were populations moving through Europe from east to west , there were also others that transited the Mediterranean . And these two migratory flows coincided in the peninsular southeast with a very dynamic and developed local population but apparently with some crisis. The three form the origin of El Argar."
(Robert Rich.)


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(3)- The origin of El Argar: steppes and Semites. We analyze the latest genetic study​

Said 'surprise' component would be the individual found in the oldest settlement, La Bastida, whose lineage Y belongs to the E1b haplotype (E1b1b1a1b1 / E-L618), one of the characteristic lineages of Afro-Asian peoples whose closest subclades ('brother' E-V22 and 'father' E-Z1919 ) are found precisely among the Canaanite or Proto-Semite peoples of the Levant Mediterranean. We do not think it is a coincidence that the R0a female Afrasian -Semitic lineage has also appeared , in this case in a woman from La Almoloya who in turn has been found in Sicily, being this island the most probable route that would connect both shores of the Mediterranean.

Although it is a low percentage (14% of the samples in La Bastida and only 2% in all of El Argar), this fact would confirm the theory that we have been defending: that although the founders of the Argaric culture were Canaanite settlers , time they would be overwhelmed and conquered by the steppe peoples who by that time would be well settled in the peninsula and would be much more numerous. In fact, in more recent settlements such as La Almoloya , there is no longer any non-steppe male lineage, proof that the new masters generally did not tolerate the existence of competing men from other lineages and apparently yes to women.

Hypothesis of the authors of this article on the origin and the Mediterranean route followed by the Afrasian-Semitic couple (E-L618 and R0a) founders of El Argar from Canaanite lands (sister lineage E-V22 and paternal lineage E-Z1919) passing through Sicily (female lineage R0a). Modification of the authors of this article on map of Eupedia.com​

Paternal lineages involved in the origin of the Afrasian languages (Semitic, Egyptian, Berber...) from which the E-L618 found in El Argar comes from​

Regarding the individual E1b found in La Bastida , it has been dated between 2132-1949 BC , that is, in the first stage of the Argar , and may be among its founders. It should be noted that he was a child and that in addition to being buried in an urn (a system that seems to be more characteristic of the elites or of a higher social group), he presented various offerings, including some pieces of sheep , and according to Andúgar, Celdrán , Fregueiro, Lull, Micó, Oliart, Rihuete (2021), few child burials seem to deserve this type of offerings.

Idealization of an Argaric cist burial under the house itself. Source: Almería Provincial Council​

As for the sublineage of E1b1b1a1b1 or E-L618 , the highest frequency values in antiquity are usually found among Afrasian-Semitic peoples (Egypt and lands of Canaan) followed by some Neolithic sites (of Afrasian-Anatolic origin) of the Eastern Europe (Hungary and Croatia), a single archaeological site in Iberia ( Barcelona , very old, from the early Neolithic), and in the Central Mediterranean ( Sicily , but only in medieval times). No confirmed presence yet in Crete , or Greece , or any other Aegean island .

Archaeological comparison of utensils, jewelry, burials and architecture between El Argar and the peoples of the Near East​

Comparing the Argaric culture and the regions of the eastern Mediterranean, we have, for example, a wall almost identical to that of La Bastida at the Tel Dan site (Israel) that even incorporates the bastions of the " truncated pyramid " type that we can also find in the " Cerro del Lightning " in Almeria.

In the same way, urban planning and housing construction (rectangular in shape) is very similar to what we have been finding throughout the Levant Mediterranean during the Bronze Age and breaks completely with the previous Iberian tradition of circular housing, except for some specialized buildings such as the metallurgical workshops of Los Millares .

Another fundamental element is the types of burials that are a clear sign of population transfer due to their high ideological-religious value that gives cultural unity to the human group. There are two that prevail in the Argar: in cista (rectangular area delimited by stone slabs) and in pithos or vessel (apparently more characteristic of the ruling elite). In both individual cases, burial under one's own home is very common. We see all this reflected in the copper and bronze societies of the Near East , that is, centuries before the Argaric society did so.

Finally, there is an element that would also help confirm our hypothesis and that is the presence of the " J2 " type ancestry (see attached map Fig.1 ), also called " Iranian " because this is its ancient place of origin. Although this ancestry spread during the Bronze Age to various places in the Eastern Mediterranean, it has the highest frequency precisely in the Canaanite region and in the interior of Anatolia , being present to a lesser extent in Sardinia and Crete , other candidate islands to be places of passage on the sea voyage that would connect both ends of the Mediterranean.

Wall of Tel Dan (Israel) with Argaric type wall and bastions. Source: Jim Black​

Vessel burial (pithos) in Sidon, Lebanon, 2nd millennium BC, mostly children under 13 years of age​

Vessel burial at Megiddo, Israel. Bronze Age. Source: "The Megiddo Expedition"​

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(4 & End)- The origin of El Argar: steppes and Semites. We analyze the latest genetic study​

Fig.1 - Map of ancestries during the Early Bronze Age, ca. 2200-1750 BC C. (First and Second Phases of El Argar). Author: Carlos Quiles (2020). Legend about ancestors: Authors of this article.​

Note from the map that Iranian ancestry is much higher among Middle Bronze Age Anatolian lineages (having neither E1b1b1 nor R0a clades ) and among lineages from the lands of Canaan (with paternal E1b1b1 and maternal R0a clades as identified). at El Argar) than between the Minoans and Mycenaeans (which neither have E1b1b1 nor R0a clades). But they all share the J2 lineage , a dominant paternal clade in Iranian ancestry. Therefore, the notable percentage of increase in Iranian ancestry in the genetic composition of the Argarics does not necessarily have to respond to aMycenaean or Minoan , nor from anywhere else in the Aegean or Anatolian, but could well respond to an origin in paternal and maternal lineages from the lands of Canaan , as in fact the clades R0a (maternal) and E1b1b1a1b1 / EL618 ( paternal) found in the two individuals from El Argar (La Almoloya and La Bastida respectively).

Bibliography​

Abdul Massih, Jeanine. The archaeological heritage of Lebanon. Near Eastern Archeology 73:2–3 (2010).​

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Carrillo Garcia, Jose Andres. 'The Argar and the exogenous. Common features and interactions in relation to the Mediterranean and Europe.' Master Thesis, National University of Distance Education (Spain). Faculty of Geography and History, 2018.​

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A. Militarev in Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis, P. Bellwood, C. Renfrew, Eds. (The MacDonald Institute, Cambridge, 2003).​

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C. Ehret, I AM Keita, and Paul Newman. “The Origins of Afroasiatic,” Science 306 (3 December 2004): 1680-1681.​

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Fulvio Cruciani, Beniamino Trombetta, Federica Crivellaro, Roberto Pascone, University of Cambridge Sapienza University of Rome, 'Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12 Article in Molecular Biology and Evolution · July 2007 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msm049 · Source: PubMed.​

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Vanessa Villalba-Mouco, Camila Oliart, Cristina Rihuete-Herrada, Ainash Childebayeva, Adam B. Rohrlach, María Inés Fregeiro, Eva Celdrán Beltrán, Carlos Velasco-Felipe, Franziska Aron, Wolfgang Haak, et al, 'Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age–Bronze Age transition in southern Iberia', Science Advances • 17 Nov 2021 • Vol 7, Issue 47 • DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi7038.​

El origen de El Argar: esteparios y semitas. Analizamos el último estudio genético

A la luz del reciente estudio hispano-alemán publicado en la revista

argarica.es

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"500 years before the Great Pyramid of Cheops was built, Jaen (Marroquíes Bajos) wass started to build.
In the apogee, iwould have about 35 hectares of walled city and another 100 outside walls, and an estimated 11,000 inhabitants. The walls would be 5 or 6 concentric circles flooded with the contribution of drinking water from nearby rivers, with walls 2 meters thick (the wall or moat-ring 5 would be about 11 kilometers in perimeter)...(?)"

Ideal reconstruction of the chalcolithic city of Moroccans Low (Jaén) by Narciso Zafra. Note the different lines of the wall with more than 100 calculated bastions​

National Geographic & James Cameron expedition in Morroquines Bajos-Jaén.

(1-) Low Moroccans (Jaén city)​

depopulated, historical heritage of Andalusia of archaeological importance in Jaén, Spain

Moroccans Low is the name given to an archaeological site located in the city of Jaén , specifically in the old northern outskirts of the city, where a garden space was located beyond the railway station , an area that after the urban growth of In recent years, it currently houses the Boulevard and the Andrés de Vandelvira Park. It is a settlement declared as an Archaeological Zone by the Junta de Andalucía , and where four defined phases of occupation can be seen: Chalcolithic , Iberian , Roman and medieval Islamic .

General data
Location
Low Moroccans
Asset of Cultural Interest Historical Heritage of Spain
Country	Spain
Community	Andalusia
Province	Jaen
Location	Jaen
coordinates	37°46′55″N 3°47′13″W / 37.78194444 , -3.78694444
Category	Archaeological area
Statement	Order of October 22, 2003
Construction	Neolithic - 20th century
Style	Neolithic , Copper Age , Iberian stage , Roman stage , Islamic stage

Idealized representation of the configuration of the Moroccan Low Pits.
The urban growth of the city has been a great obstacle in terms of the conservation of the settlement, although the various archaeological excavation campaigns that have taken place intensively since 1995 have made it possible to recover all the information concerning structures and material remains, allowing thus advancing global knowledge of the settlement before its definitive dismantling. A plot of 6,000 square meters has also been safeguarded, located in the area where, according to the indications, the center of the settlement would be found in its Chalcolithic phase, and which still remains to be excavated for the most part, although the excavations that have been carried out in the years 2002 and 2003 have confirmed this idea. This plot is intended to house the future Interpretation Center for Moroccans in the Netherlands.

The agreement that allowed the conservation of the archaeological remains on this surface was signed between private entities and public institutions that protect heritage, and consisted of the distribution of the number of buildings to be built on this plot, in other buildings to be built in the future, which explains that the urban panorama of the northern area of Jaén is uneven in terms of its height.

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phasesEdit​

NeolithicEdit​

The first evidence of occupation found in the Archaeological Zone reflects the existence of a small seasonal Neolithic camp, dated to the second half of the IV millennium BC. C. , composed of semi-subterranean structures between 1 and 1.5 m in diameter, dedicated to various uses (funeral, productive, etc.).

 

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Ideal reconstruction of the chalcolithic city of Moroccans Low (Jaén) by Narciso Zafra. Note the different lines of the wall with more than 100 calculated bastions​

(2-) Low Moroccans (Jaén city)​

National Geographic & James Cameron expedition in Morroquines Bajos-Jaén.

ChalcolithicEdit​

View of the Archaeological Zone of Marroquíes Holandas, to the north of Federico Mayor Zaragoza street. Year 2005


During the Chalcolithic (beginning of the 3rd millennium to the middle of the 2nd millennium BC ) the settlement consisted of a macro-village that reached 35 hectares confirmed by excavation and more than 100 estimated with clearly defined and still shared functions (housing, defensive, funerary, storage, etc.), where the reuse of structures and remodeling would be constant, which explains the complex stratigraphy observed. The inhabited space was organized in a series of concentric rings delimited by a defensive system of water ditches excavated in the geological base (with a U or V section).), flanked on the inside with wooden palisades and adobe or stone walls, sometimes with bastions and entrances. The system of moats allowed water to be collected from the springs of Cerro de Santa Catalina (where the Castillo de Santa Catalina stands today ), thus facilitating its distribution to the orchard areas that remained between the respective moats. Up to four safe rings and two other probable rings have been counted, with an extension of 30 safe ha and 120 probable ha in the extreme case. In this way, the diameter would range between 650 m certain to 1900 m probable. Even today it is possible to notice on the map of Jaén the legacy of thetopography of the settlement, since two urban roads ( Doctor Eduardo García-Triviño López and Federico Mayor Zaragoza ) run in a curve, since they were planned on the old railway track, which took advantage of the embankments that erosion accumulated on the remains of the Chalcolithic walls of one of these rings. [ 1 ]

The structures intended for habitat would be located in the rings defined between the ditches and palisades. These structures would also be excavated in the rock, with a circular floor plan and flared section, and with variable sizes and depths. Other conical or cylindrical-conical structures can also be seen, made with a vegetal network of branches and mud, whose perimeter would be defined by a trench excavated in the rock, and supported by posts nailed in holes dug likewise, giving an image similar to an Indian tipi . . Finally, a third type of habitat structure would be oval or circular huts with a stone plinth .


Residential buildings under construction next to archaeological excavations, in the archaeological zone of Moroccan Netherlands. Year 2005
Other structures to highlight are those intended for storage, which make up a landscape of numerous silos excavated in the rock, with a circular floor plan and flared or U -shaped section . Regarding funerary structures, pits with multiple burials stand out, with characteristics similar to those intended for habitat, as well as pithoi .

Due to these characteristics, this settlement has been pointed out as a unique habitat model of the prehistory of Western Europe .

 

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Ideal reconstruction of the chalcolithic city of Moroccans Low (Jaén) by Narciso Zafra. Note the different lines of the wall with more than 100 calculated bastions​

(3 & End-) Low Moroccans (Jaén city)​

Iberian phaseEdit​

The Iberian settlement is smaller than the previous ones. In this case, most of the constructions are semi-excavated in the rock and made with perishable materials.

roman phaseEdit​

Instead, levels corresponding to the Roman period are identified in various areas. The remains found indicate a Republican Roman chronology and an important occupation in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. C., in the absence of new data. Various structures related to irrigated cultivation stand out from this period, such as canals, small ponds and a large opus caementicium cistern , designed to take advantage of the great horticultural potential of the area. It has also been possible to document materials from the residential part of a villa , stucco , tesserae, together with apsidal -plan constructions .

The excavation of one of the lots brought to light a burial necropolis with anthropomorphic tombs excavated in the geological substrate. Preliminary dating indicates a late Roman or early medieval Christian chronology.

islamic phaseEdit​

The occupation of Moroccans in the Hispano-Muslim era has been proven in most of the excavated sites. Several peculiar circumstances of the settlement of this period can be highlighted, such as the density of the dispersion of emirate constructions, the rapid destruction of the caliphal dwellings and the complex configuration of the set of Almohad constructions .

The central sector of this Archaeological Zone is characterized by the reuse of Roman structures during the Almohad period, as well as remains of buildings from the Emirate and Caliphate periods . Also noteworthy in this area is the discovery of a possible hydraulic mill.

Christian-contemporary phaseEdit​

Finally, constructions related to the most recent occupation of the area from the first Christian settlement to the present day are preserved, such as a pottery or scattered rural buildings.

Low Moroccans at National GeographicEdit​

The site is mentioned in the National Geographic documentary , " The Resurgence of Atlantis ", produced by James F. Cameron with a script based on the investigations of the Cuban writer Georgeos Díaz-Montexano [ 2 ] , reproduced in numerous countries (more than 175 and in 45 languages). This documentary has managed to give greater visibility to the site, allowing some construction interventions on it, which were already underway or approved, to be canceled and reconsidered. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

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ReferencesEdit​

1. ↑ Serrano Peña, José Luis and others. The paleomorphology of Moroccan Lowlands. First proposals. Journal of the University of Jaén. 2002
2. ↑ "In Moroccan Netherlands we are missing a golden opportunity." "Georgeos Díaz-Montexano, the adviser of the James Cameron documentary, insists that there are plenty of arguments to link Atlantis with the site" Andalucía Information, 9/26/2018
3. ↑ "In this way, a project that has been projected on the floor of the Boulevard for almost two decades could change its location to favor the archaeological site, which was even compared by scientists in a National Geographic study with a civilization of ancient Atlantis thanks to singularities that seem to replicate the city to which Plato alluded." "The Board offers to move the City of Justice." Jaen Newspaper, 07/21/2017
4. ↑ "The well-known director of films such as 'Titanic', 'Avatar' or 'Terminator' visited Jaén to record 'The Rising of Atlantis', specifically the archaeological remains found on the grounds of the City of Justice, and although This is a legend without a scientific basis, already launched a few years ago, and it has caused people to talk again, and a lot, about Low Moroccans, so much so that the City Council wants to study the enhancement of what remains undeveloped in the Expansión Norte neighborhood. , whose construction coincided with the 'real estate boom' and there was hardly any space or interest left for one of the largest settlements in Europe from the Chalcolithic period (more than 4,000 years old)"Archaeological Gardens for Low Moroccans. In the heat of the legend of Atlantis, the City Council will study to enable the public plots of the Boulevard. José M. Liébana, Ideal, JAEN, March 8, 2017

• This article is a work derived from the provision related to the process of declaration or initiation of a cultural or natural asset published in BOJA No. 22 on November 25, 2003 ( text ), text that is free of known restrictions under the copyright in accordance with the provisions of article 13 of the Spanish Intellectual Property Law .

Marroquíes Bajos - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

es.m.wikipedia.org

National Geographic & James Cameron expedition in Morroquines Bajos-Jaén.

 

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1- Excavaciones iniciales de Marroquínes Bajos (Jaén) :

 

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2- Excavaciones iniciales de Marroquínes Bajos (Jaén) :

National Geographic & James Cameron expedition in Morroquines Bajos-Jaén.

Ideal reconstruction of the chalcolithic city of Moroccans Low (Jaén) by Narciso Zafra. Note the different lines of the wall with more than 100 calculated bastions​

 

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The Battle of Aliala and the End of Tartesso :​

Brief history of Tartessos

Tartessos was a kingdom whose formation still remains a mystery but which dates back to approximately 1300 BC and whose extension in its period of maximum splendor included the peninsular south from the Tagus to the Segura with a northern limit in Sierra Morena. The location of its capital Tartessos (a city-state that gave its name to its entire area of influence) in the absence of archaeological data is also uncertain. However, it is known that it occupied the SW area of the Iberian Peninsula, around the mouth of the Guadalquivir, Odiel and Tinto rivers.

The wealth of Tartessos was based on its abundance of silver and other mineral deposits, also its climate and soils were appropriate for the cultivation of vines, olive trees and wheat, the fundamental basis of the diet of the Mediterranean peoples.

Its political organization, which was superior to those of the rest of the Iberian peoples: the Territorial State. This had the center in a city that constituted the capital and whose head was a monarch. As for the society of Tartessos, it was divided into classes or castes: an enriched mercantile class, landowners, several intermediate classes and slaves at the base.

The Tartessians practiced advanced agriculture, were good navigators and fishermen, worked metals and knew writing (having an alphabet similar to the Iberian one). Mining (silver, copper, gold) and tin trafficking (the Cassiterides route) led them to an active commercial exchange.

Around the year 1,100 a. C. (later according to other authors) the Phoenicians of Tire founded Gadir to trade with Tartessos, especially attracted by its wealth in metals, to this foundation other diverse ones located on the coast of Malaga and the lower Guadalquivir (Sexi, Malaca, Abdera , Port Menestheo, Spal). It is unknown if the colonizers' relationship with Tartessos was always peaceful. The Phoenician colonial element from 800 BC seems decisive in the splendor of this culture, without its interrelation with local power being known at the moment.

In the 7th century BC, King Argantonius helped the Greeks of Phocaea, with whom he also briefly traded, in their fight against the Persians. Finally Focea invaded by the Persians, the Phocaeans focus their power in the Tyrrhenian Sea where the ancient metropolis has a very active colonial center in Massalia (Marseille). The Phocaean Greeks are defeated in Corsica at the naval battle of Alalia (535 BC) by an occasional alliance of Etruscans and Carthaginians. The Carthaginians were colonial Phoenicians who had taken over from the Phoenicians of the metropolis in the trade of the Western Mediterranean, after the submission of the Phoenicians of Tire to the Assyrians (573 BC).

After the defeat of the Phocaean Greeks in Alalia and with the terrain cleared of its competition with them for trade with the Iberian coasts, Carthage was able to take over the area and establish its own colonies in the northwestern part of Africa and the southeastern part of the peninsula. . Carthage soon closed the Straits of Gibraltar and seized a trade monopoly with the wealthy Tartessos. Around 500 BC, the kingdom of Tartessos and its port capital seem to have been annihilated by an intervention by Carthage, by a commercial decline or by a change in its marshy geological environment, circumstances that have not yet been fully clarified.

After that last date, it seems that there were some uprisings of the Tartessians, such as the attacks on Gadir, in which it was forced to ask Carthage for help, which easily dominated the rebellions. Gadir would now play a dual role: centralizing core of trade and also the largest center of power in the region, which is why it later became confused with the disappeared Tartessos.

From the 5th century BC there is no longer any historical record of Tartessos. From this moment on, this area (SW of the Iberian Peninsula) was divided into smaller states governed by kinglets of the tribes called Túrdetanos, Túrdulos, & Oretanos, cultural successors of the Tartessians.
View attachment 18124952

Iberic Kingdom of Oretania

In my area, after the dissolution of the great Kingdom of Tartesso, we entered the Iberian Culture (in the southern third of Portugal, Andalusia, Murcia, and southern Extremadura and Castilla-La Mancha, very indebted to the Tartessian past; plus Phoenician/Greek in Valencia, Baleares Islands, Catalonia, and southwestern France).

Etnical/Political Iberia (1 & 2), linguistic Iberia (3) :

In my area, the Iberian Kingdom of Oretania arose, which had as its central spine the highest and wildest part of Sierra Morena, and extended in its "northern province" throughout the current province of Ciudad Real and the western half of Albacete (Castilla-La Mancha), and in "the southern province", through the eastern band of the current province of Cordoba, and the actual province of Jaen (Andalusia).

Oretanians coins:

Note the use of the Eight Pointed Tartessian Star in reverses.

And another symbol on the anverse side of the first coin, another symbol that can also be observed in other later cultures (although in this case it could not be an autochthonous symbol such as the Tartessian Star, but rather introduced by Phoenician contact) : Venus (8-pointed star) cradled by the Crescent Moon.

 

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Iberic Kingdom of Oretania

It is said that although the Turdetans inherited more of the splendid culture of Tartessos (equivalent to the Phoenician or Etruscan) between 900 and 500 BC, the Oretanos would inherit their supposedly fierce warfare earlier, (from 1300 to 900 BC).

Different Ibérics warriors (1°), Oretanian and Turdetanian warriors (3°), and Oretanians warriors:

 

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And it is that, no matter how beautiful our flowers are, it is proven that through my Monte Adentro we were already as rude as donkeys since the time of Oretania and even of Tartessos...
...We have been training for more than 3,000 years...

Stele of Bronze Age (Tartessic' times) warriors in the area of the later Iberian Kingdom of Oretania:

(The writer Machado already said it: "In Spain, for every head that thinks, there are a hundred that attack"):

 

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That if, although a calm, reasoned (and boring) appeal to pacifism, was not going to distract us at all from the great fun that comes with killing opponents (or ours, in the absence of opponents, or what the hell, ours and the opposites at the same time: the parties, the more crowded, the more fun...)... that they prepare us a good soiree and party with music and dancing... If it is that they say that music tames the worst beasts... or at least, entertains them dancing:

Video:

CAVE PAINTINGS IN DESPEÑAPERROS, NATURAL HISTORICAL ROUTE​

Despeñaperros is a place that hides an Iberian sanctuary where a multitude of votive offerings have been found, which are figures that were used to make offerings to the gods and cave paintings.

Cave paintings of the shelter of the organs​

This deposit is located on the Cerro de los Órganos , within the limits of the Despeñaperros Natural Park . The painted motifs are located in a vertical isolation of the rock 1.50 meters from the ground, facing Northeast and protected by a visor. It contains the two well-known triangular anthropomorphs with an eye-shaped headdress and a third bi-triangular with raised hands next to a schematic deer with large dark red antlers.

In 1970 the “Los Órganos” shelter was published, discovered a short time before by a shepherd. It is located in a shelter located almost at the top, going up the large alley that opens to the left of the rocky outcrop, in the direction of travel, at an altitude of about 890 metres. It is accessed through the aforementioned alley and through a narrow corridor 1 meter wide, as a natural bench.

The paintings are protected by a visor and are located in a vertical smoothing of the rock. This is one of the most attractive groups of all schematic art where a propitiatory ritual dance for deer hunting is represented. Its color is dark red.

The Dancers :


left to right, the first figure is a bitriangular anthropomorphic (system of two triangles joined by the vertices) very faded with raised hands, having four fingers per hand. She is about a woman, possibly an idol or a priestess.

The position of his hands has a ritual character and the attire that adorns his head could lead one to think of a possible sacred character. The headdress has three "bars" on each side and the buns are touching the head and the upper plumes.

The lower triangle seems to represent a skirt, observing a very feminine movement of the figure, caused by a slight deviation in the union of the triangles at the vertices.


The figure to the right of the previous one represents a man, you can see that it is taller than the previous one, it has less graceful movements, it wears a short skirt that indicates much longer legs, it has much stronger arms and hands , and the headdress and shoulders is totally different, although it also indicates a religious type headdress.

This figure has separate "buns" from the head and two parallel horizontal "bars" below on each side.



To the right is a deer with an indication of its antlers, tail, phallus and head with its mouth open, in an attitude of bellowing. This figure has almost lost half of its body and the two front legs.

Under it there is a bow accompanied by 5 arrows, whose point has been differentiated by means of a finer and more independent trace. Next to him a very lost figure but in which you can see the hands raised, as if scaring the prey, which turns its head to look at said figure.

To the left of this group of figures there is a black Pectiniform and other figures.

More:​

Pinturas Rupestres en Despeñaperros, ruta histórico natural - El Mesón de Despeñaperros

Pinturas Rupestres en Despeñaperros, ruta histórico natural desde el Restaurante Hotel Mesón Despeñaperros en Santa Elena. 953 664 100

www.xn--elmesondespeaperros-63b.es

Do you want to know all the cave paintings that you will find in the Despeñaperros park? Come travel through history in the middle of nature with the Hotel Mesón Despeñaperros:

To enjoy the history that Santa Elena houses , stay at the Mesón Despeñaperros , an ideal place to discover the cave paintings of Despeñaperros. For its good location, an authentic place, good value for money, and its gastronomy will not leave you indifferent.

Cave paintings in Despeñaperros, natural historical route​

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[Montuno]

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[Microbeman]

 

[Montuno]

In fact, @tobedetermined, long before the end of Stonenghe construction, very close to the Spanish Almagro you visited, the "villages" were already like this...:

Motilla de Azuer (Ciudad Real, Castilla-La Mancha; Spain) 2.200 before Christ.
(And beware that this is a very little village compared not only with the contemporary Cadiz or Huelva that is known, but with cities with up to five of kilométrics concentric circular walls surrounded by moats/artificial water channels, with a millennium older, like Jaen or Los Millares (Murcia) ). :

View attachment 18124342 View attachment 18124343 View attachment 18124344 View attachment 18124345 View attachment 18124346 View attachment 18124347 View attachment 18124348
The last, reconstruction of another more little "Motilla" : "Village or town raised naturally or artificially above the ground, fortified, and with a canalization for access to drinking water."

In fact, @tobedetermined, long before the end of Stonenghe construction, very close to the Spanish Almagro you visited, the "villages" were already like this...:

Motilla de Azuer (Ciudad Real, Castilla-La Mancha; Spain) 2.200 before Christ.
(And beware that this is a very little village compared not only with the contemporary Cadiz or Huelva that is known, but with cities with up to five of kilométrics concentric circular walls surrounded by moats/artificial water channels, with a millennium older, like Jaen or Los Millares (Murcia) ). :

View attachment 18124342 View attachment 18124343 View attachment 18124344 View attachment 18124345 View attachment 18124346 View attachment 18124347 View attachment 18124348
The last, reconstruction of another more little "Motilla" : "Village or town raised naturally or artificially above the ground, fortified, and with a canalization for access to drinking water."

These warlike Bronze Age humans of my area from around the 10th century BC, who would end up forming the Iberian Kingdom of Oretania, are the ones who inhabited the "Motillas" that I showed before, from about 4000 BC, until the early Tartessian period:

Motilla de Azuer (Ciudad Real, Castilla-La Mancha; Spain) 2.200 before Christ.

(With sweet reggae music...)

 

[Montuno]

Motilla de Azuer (Ciudad Real, Castilla-La Mancha; Spain) 2.200 before Christ.

Part of the documentary films and excavations that NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC and James Cameron are making/promoting in their study "In Search of Atlantis" (in which they believe that the civilization that collapsed due to the tsunamis and the rise of the sea level in the Gulf of Cadiz, before Tartessos, was what the Egyptians and Greeks called Atlantis; and that Tartessos would be some survivors of that hecatomb with part of their cultural heritage), in Motilla de Azuer, during their investigations:

(French):



(Spanish):



Here, their a little more to SouthWest:
(English):



Full films in English:

 

[Three Berries]

My area of Illinois was invaded by the French Canadians back in the late 1700s. They used the river for travel and my area was on the main road. Most towns around are either named after Indians or the French.

Geographically my county is the result of a moraine glacial dam break and it scoured out the limestone. Sand 300 feet deep in some places and north of me 10 miles only a few feet of dirt. Flat as a pancake and great farming areas.

 

[Montuno]

View attachment 18125137

The seeds ? This...you see..., ejem...,they were eaten by my feathered serpent, as a dessert after my astronomical calculus homework...You believe me, don't you?

 

[Montuno]

My area of Illinois was invaded by the French Canadians back in the late 1700s. They used the river for travel and my area was on the main road. Most towns around are either named after Indians or the French.

Arrggghh...Damn Frankish crusaders.... I would send my warriors in my fleet to help you.... But precisely in my here (Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba or Hispanic-Islamic Emirate of al-Andalus) and in my now (year 884), also an invading horde takes advantage of one of our rivers (Guadalquivir) as a fluvial highway to penetrate from the Atlantic in the interior of our Emirate.
They are Vikings, and they also have something of French, because they come from their base in the island of Noirmotier ....

But do not be alarmed: al-lāh guides the sword of our emir, and plans to border the river with the impaled bodies of the defeated, or hang them from palm trees, and force those who surrender to become peaceful artisan cheesemakers (no kidding).

And then, if necessary, we'll take a ride to Illinois (fuck you Columbus and Vikings, we'll get there first), and we'll push back that Frankish scum (I'm joking) to Potiers...

Sincerely signed :

ʿĪsà b. Šuhayd, háyib of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān II.

Viking attack on Seville (1) :​

attack occurred during the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba in 844

Map of Europe showing Viking activities during the Viking Age . The green areas show those regions subject to attacks and looting by the Vikings.

The Viking attack on Seville took place in the year 844 at the time of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba . After attempting to ravage the coasts of what are now the territories of Spain and Portugal, a Viking fleet reached Seville on September 25 by going up the Guadalquivir , and took the city on October 3. The Vikings sacked the city and surrounding areas. Emir Abd ar - Rahman II of Córdoba mobilized and sent a large force to the command of the hajib(chief minister) Isa ibn Shuhayd to deal with the Vikings. After a series of clashes, the Muslim army manages to defeat the Vikings on November 11 or 17. Seville is recovered, and the remaining Viking troops leave Spain. After this attack, the Muslims reinforce their army and build more ships and military fortifications to protect the coast. The rapidity of the military response in 844 and the subsequent improvements in defense capacity somewhat discouraged subsequent attacks by the Vikings, who nevertheless tried again in 859. [ 2 ]

Viking attack on Seville
belligerents
Commanders
forces in combat
Low
Part of Viking Expansion
Date	25 September - 11 or 17 November 844
Place	Seville and surrounding area, Emirate of Córdoba (currently part of Spain)
Outcome	Muslim Victory
Noirmoutier Vikings , France . [ 1 ] Al Andalus Emirate of Cordoba Banu Qasi
It is unknown Isa ibn Shuhayd Musa ibn Musa al-Qasi
16,000 men, 80 ships [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is unknown
Some 1,000 killed in battle, 400 captured and executed [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It is unknown
[ edit data at Wikidata ]

Historians such as Hugh N. Kennedy and Neil Price compare the swift Muslim response to the attack in 844, and the subsequent construction of fortifications, with the weak responses of the contemporary Carolingians and Anglo -Saxons against the Vikings. [ 2 ] [ 6 ]

BackgroundEdit​

The Iberian Peninsula in the 9th century

After the Abbasid revolution that overthrew the Umayyad caliphate , the Muslims of the Iberian Peninsula (which the Muslims called Al-Andalus ) declared an independent emirate in 756 , with its capital in Córdoba. [ 7 ] The Umayyad-ruled emirate received numerous refugees fleeing the revolution in the Middle East, and was soon the center of important achievements, discoveries, and intellectual activity. [ 7 ] The 844 raid was the first confirmed large-scale Viking raid on the peninsula. [ 7 ]During this period, Al-Andalus was under an unstable peace with the Christian Iberians and Franks to the north, characterized by constant skirmishes and occasional military campaigns in a kind of demilitarized region that stretched between them. [ 7 ] There may have been small Viking raids into the Basque Country in the early 9th century before the expedition that culminated in the attack on Seville. [ 7 ]

 

[Montuno]

Viking attack on Seville (2) :​

attack occurred during the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba in 844

Pre-attack eventsEdit​

Viking attack on La Coruña
belligerents
Commanders
forces in combat
Low
Part of Viking Expansion
Date	July 31, 844
Place	La Coruna
Outcome	Decisive Asturian victory [ 8 ]
Kingdom of Asturias vikings
Ramiro I of Asturias A stranger
150 ships
70 ships burned down [ 8 ] Large human losses [ 9 ]
[ edit data at Wikidata ]

The Viking fleet, whose leader or leaders are unknown for certain, sailed from their base at Noirmoutier in the Loire estuary in France . [ 7 ] Before attacking Seville, the fleet was sighted off the coast of France and in the French rivers ( Seine , Loire , and Garonne ). [ 10 ] They devastated Asturias , ruled by the Christian king Ramiro I , but suffered significant losses in La Coruña and were defeated by Ramiro in theTower of Hercules . The fleet then sailed south and attacked the Atlantic coast. They took the Muslim city of Lisbon in August September 844. The date was indicated as the Hijri month of Dhu al-Hijjah 229 H, coinciding with August 20 to September 17, 844 [ 11 ] and they occupied it for 13 days , during which they had several skirmishes with the Muslims. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The governor of Lisbon, Wahballah ibn Hazm , wrote about the attack on Emir Abd ar-Rahman II of Córdoba, who was the leader of the Muslims in the peninsula. [ 14 ][ 2 ] After leaving Lisbon, the Vikings sailed south and pillaged the Spanish towns of Cádiz , Medina Sidonia , and Algeciras , and possibly the Abbasid-controlled town of Asilah in Morocco . [ 5 ]