Clones, Mother plants, How to "Clean" cuttings!

[bloyd]

Air layering...rooting clones on the plant.

Ideally you want to prepare a site with nodes then put plugs/coco/moss around it.
View attachment 19144013
View attachment 19144011
View attachment 19144009
It's particularly good for older plants, I can't remember exactly how old but circa 60 days in flower when I cloned it.
View attachment 19144012
Check out Air layering it's a handy to know.

What are you doing to prepare the node? Do you use wire ties below the node from the start of the process?

 

[Mate Dave]

All you need to reverse sex in unstable breeds is photo-period. That sorted the men from the ladyboys for decades...

 

[CocoNut 420]

What are you doing to prepare the node? Do you use wire ties below the node from the start of the process?

Hey bud, thanks I edited the post for clarification, I'm just cutting the nodes off and using rooting gel basically preparing a site where it's likely to root but not always like in the photo.

I forgot about the wire that's to restrict the flow of sap, before using a strangle I didn't have great success, I wind it tight enough to bite in and restrict sap but not cut it off completely, you can see the scar on the bud clone.

 

[acespicoli]

Hey bud, thanks I edited the post for clarification, I'm just cutting the nodes off and using rooting gel basically preparing a site where it's likely to root but not always like in the photo.

I forgot about the wire that's to restrict the flow of sap, before using a strangle I didn't have great success, I wind it tight enough to bite in and restrict sap but not cut it off completely, you can see the scar on the bud clone.

Plant Cell and Tissue Types​

PARENCHYMA​

Parenchyma cells, the progenitor of all other cell types, are composed of thin walled, globular, more or less undifferentiated cells. Parenchyma cells comprise many soft tissues of plants (e.g., pith, cortex, leaf mesophyll, etc.). These cells also compose the horizontal rays in wood. Parenchyma cells retain the ability to divide throughout their lives, so they are important in vegetative regeneration and wound healing. For example, roots growing from a stem cutting are created and differentiate from parenchyma cells that are scattered throughout the stem and spring into action when cued by hormonal changes that a new structure is needed. Most of the "work" of plants (e.g., photosynthesis, carbohydrate storage, metabolism, secretion, and biosynthesis) occurs in parenchyma cells. As parenchyma is incorporated into vascular tissue (rays in wood for example), it also helps in the movement of water and solutes throughout the plant body. Because parenchyma tissue is composed of only one cell type, parenchyma is called a simple tissue.

Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Enriched with Amber for In Vitro Plant Rooting

In this work, a new material for in vitro plant rooting based on highly dispersed polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) enriched with amber powder was synthesized and investigated. PAAG was synthesized by homophase radical polymerization with ground amber addition. Fourier transform infrared...

www.mdpi.com

spatially cross-linked polyacrylamide hydrogel with immobilized amber was synthesized. It was demonstrated that in terms of its physicochemical and rheological properties, the obtained material is similar to agar-agar and can be used as its substitute for in vitro rooting of plants

Trees form new structures (gum plugs, tyloses) to seal off severed vessels.

Amber - Wikipedia

en.m.wikipedia.org

 

[acespicoli]

Agarwood, aloeswood, eaglewood, gharuwood or the Wood of Gods, commonly referred to as oud or oudh (from Arabic: عود, romanized: ʿūd, pronounced [ʕuːd]), is a fragrant, dark and resinous wood used in incense, perfume, and small hand carvings. It forms in the heartwood of Aquilaria trees after they become infected with a type of Phaeoacremonium mold, P. parasitica. The tree defensively secretes a resin to combat the fungal infestation. Prior to becoming infected, the heartwood mostly lacks scent, and is relatively light and pale in colouration. However, as the infection advances and the tree produces its fragrant resin as a final option of defense, the heartwood becomes very dense, dark, and saturated with resin. This product is harvested, and most famously referred to in cosmetics under the scent names of oud, oodh or aguru; however, it is also called aloes

Reminds me of Nevils tale Ganja farmers of Nepal splitting the cannabis trees and inserting the head of a cobra in the split to prevent it from closing there by making the grown cannabis more potent.

Please excuse the interruption

 

[acespicoli]

DIY Aero Cloner the EZ-Cloner Replica in 10 Easy Steps!

just a sec, this is gonna require a bowl... ah lovely, all ready to go, are you? whether it be because you're sick of poor results or slowness or humidity domes, or because you wanna start the right way the first time, i understand your need for roots, so here is a simple step-by-step guide to...

www.icmag.com

 

[acespicoli]

Preparation of silver nanoparticles​

In a typical experiment, 1 mM of silver nitrate solution was prepared by dissolving 16.9 mg of AgNO3 in 100 ml of deionized water and the solution was kept in an ice bath for half an hour. 10 mM of both IAA and IBA was prepared, separately. At the beginning of the reaction, 5 ml of 1 mM ice cold silver nitrate solutions was taken in test tubes. Then IAA and IBA solutions were separately added and mixed in test tubes containing aqueous AgNO3. The time of addition of IAA and IBA in a silver nitrate solution was considered as the starting of the reaction and both mixtures were subjected to continuous stirring in a water bath at 60–70 °C until the transparent solution changed into yellow color. The color change indicates the formation of colloidal nanoparticles stabilized by IAA (at 700 μl) and IBA (at 800 μl). The IAA- and IBA-stabilized AgNPs were characterized and carried out for in vitro and ex vitro experimental studies.

Nanobiotechnology approach using plant rooting hormone synthesized silver nanoparticle as “nanobullets” for the dynamic applications in horticulture – An in vitro and ex vitro study​

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.09.022


Some of us already using silver nitrate in STS its cheap ad easy to aquire
We already know its effective against some types of infections, increased success ?

 

[acespicoli]

Rooting compound concentrations can range from 500–10,000 parts per million (ppm) depending on the type of cutting and the hormone used. [1, 2, 3]
Concentrations by cutting type [1]

• Herbaceous and softwood cuttings: 500–1,500 ppm
• Woodier tissue: 1,000–3,000 ppm
• Semi-hardwood cuttings: Up to 5,000 ppm
• Hardwood cuttings: Up to 10,000 ppm

How to use [4]

• Dip the cut ends of cuttings into the rooting hormone
• Tap off excess powder or liquid
• Use a thin layer of rooting hormone

Common rooting mediums Coarse sand, Vermiculite,
A mix of equal parts peat moss and vermiculite,
and A mix of equal parts peat moss and perlite. [5]
Tips for using rooting hormone [6]

• Avoid applying too much rooting hormone, as it can damage the cutting
• Avoid applying rooting hormone to the foliage, as it can deform leaves
• Provide bottom heat to promote root growth

ROOT SETTING HORMONES​

In some species root formation can be promoted by pretreatment with root setting hormones (RSH) before they are inserted in the rooting medium. There are three principal ways of application:

1. The chemical is mixed with talcum powder and the slightly moistured bases of the cuttings are dipped in the powder so that some powder will adhere.
2. The chemical is diluted in water to a concentration of ≈ 20–200 ppm (parts per million). The basal part of the cuttings are then soaked in the solution for about 24 hours.
3. The chemical is dissolved in 50% alcohol at a concentration of ≈ 500–10,000 ppm. The basal part of the cuttings are then dipped in the solution for 4–5 sec.

Root setting hormones can be made from a solution of the active chemical (e.g. indolebutyric acid (IBA) or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)) or it can be purchased from forestry or horticulture dealers under various commercial names such as IBA, Proportion, Seradix, Rootone, etc. For the specific use of these remedies reference is made to the individual instructions.

Certain precautions and tips when applying Root Setting Hormones are given below:

• Sometimes a fungicide can with preference be mixed with the RSH since it will save one work portion.
• RSH is best absorbed from a new cut surface. If the cuttings have been kept or stored for some length of time, a new fresh cut should be made.
• RSH will deteriorate with time. If a solution has been kept for a long time, its effectiveness should be checked before large scale use. Tomato leaves are sensitive to RSH and therefore good check plants. Treat some leaves with RSH and let them root together with some non-treated leaves.
• Concentration and length of time for absorption are critical. Some species will require only a brief treatment with low concentration whereas others may require a prolonged treatment with a more concentrated dilution. Instructions following the individual remedies give guidelines on use for various plant species.

Note: Alcohol is toxic to the plants. Too long time in a concentrated solution containing alcohol may kill the cuttings.

• RSH can deteriorate with long time uses. Use only small portions of RSH in a container at the time and then refill.
• For rational application, dip a number of cuttings at the time, not one by one.

 

[acespicoli]

TY - JOUR
AU - Akinyele, Adejoke
PY - 2010/12/01
SP - 127
EP - 133
T1 - Effects of growth hormones, rooting media and leaf size on juvenile stem cuttings of Buchholzia coriacea Engler
VL - 53
JO - Ann. For. Res
ER -

This is a point im making and was able to find some data to reinforce my suspicions on mg/l concentrations in media vs dipping in compound and dropping in hole
Another way to look at this, lets say for example you use no media... maybe a aero cloner that sprays a intermittent spray every 15 minutes for 5 minutes
You dip your cutting in rooting hormone and set it in the aero misting cloner

after your cuttings get the first misting (shower) how much rooting hormone is still available to the cutting to assist in root signal ?
By mixing a ppm of hormone per liter of water we are much more equipped to keep the cutting supplied with the correct amount of auxin during the course of root formation.

We are giving the clones a nutrient supply ?


We describe the role of auxin in establishing the root apical meristem and discuss how the tight spatiotemporal regulation of auxin distribution controls transitions between cell division, cell growth, and differentiation. This includes the localized reestablishment of mitotic activity required to elaborate the root system via the production of lateral roots. We also summarize recent discoveries on the effects of auxin and auxin signaling and transport on the control of lateral root gravitropic setpoint angle (GSA), a critical determinant of the overall shape of the root system. Finally, we discuss how environmental conditions influence root developmental plasticity by modulation of auxin biosynthesis, transport, and the canonical auxin signaling pathway.

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol

. 2022 May 17;14(4):a039933.
doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039933.

Auxin in Root Development​

 

[acespicoli]

To mix a rooting solution from IBA powder (Indole-3-Butyric Acid), you need to carefully measure the desired amount of IBA powder and dissolve it in a specific volume of sterile water, typically using a small amount of alcohol to help with dissolving, and then dilute further based on the desired concentration for your plant cuttings; always follow the instructions on the IBA powder packaging for the correct ratio and method. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Key steps: [1, 3, 4]

• Gather materials: [1, 3, 4]
  • IBA powder (check the concentration) [1, 3, 4]
  • Sterile water (distilled or purified) [2, 6]
  • A small container for mixing [3, 6, 7]
  • Optional: A small amount of ethanol (to aid in dissolving the powder) [2, 3, 6]
• Calculate the concentration: [1, 2, 4]
  • Consult the instructions on your IBA powder to determine the appropriate concentration for your plant type. [1, 2, 4]
  • Most commonly, concentrations are measured in parts per million (ppm). [1, 8]
• Mixing the solution: [1, 3, 9]
  • Measure the IBA powder: Accurately weigh out the required amount of IBA powder based on your desired concentration. [1, 3, 9]
  • Dissolve in a small amount of alcohol (optional): Add the IBA powder to a small amount of ethanol to help it dissolve completely. [2, 3, 6]
  • Add to water: Slowly add the dissolved IBA powder to your sterile water, stirring gently until fully mixed. [1, 2, 3]
  • Adjust volume: Add more water if needed to reach the desired final volume and concentration. [1, 2, 3]

Important considerations: [2, 6]

• Sterile water: Always use sterile water to prevent contamination. [2, 6]
• Storage: Store the prepared IBA solution in a dark container and refrigerate to maintain potency. [2, 6]
• Application methods: Depending on the plant type, you can apply the IBA solution by dipping the cut end of the cutting into the solution, misting the cutting, or soaking it for a short period. [1, 2, 6]

Generative AI is experimental.
[1] http://www.rooting-hormones.com/IBAmethd.htm
[2] https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/mf3105.pdf
[3] https://goldbio.com/uploads/documents/7b49c81937e6f85a069f2b913d61eb47.pdf
[4] https://cactusculture.com.au/learni...e-for-cacti-cutting-indole-3-butryic-acid-iba
[5] https://growers-inc.com/hormodin-3-rooting-hormone-8-oz/
[6] http://www.rooting-hormones.com/
[7] http://www.rooting-hormones.com/IBAsalts.htm
[8] http://www.rooting-hormones.com/advliq.htm
[9] http://www.rooting-hormones.com/storage.htm

 

[acespicoli]

• Solubility:
  Unlike pure IBA which is not water soluble, "IBA Water Soluble Salt" is readily dissolved in water, allowing for easy mixing of rooting solutions.

Indole-3-butyric acid - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Related compounds
Related	auxin indole-3-acetic acid

We want good spatiotemporal coverage of out cutting with IBA during the entire rooting process - most recommendations are for single application 30 seconds

Definition of SPATIOTEMPORAL

having both spatial and temporal qualities; of or relating to space-time… See the full definition

www.merriam-webster.com

Mechanism​

Although the exact method of how IBA works is still largely unknown, genetic evidence has been found that suggests that IBA may be converted into IAA through a similar process to β-oxidation of fatty acids. The conversion of IBA to IAA then suggests that IBA works as a storage sink for IAA in plants.[6] There is other evidence that suggests that IBA is not converted to IAA but acts as an auxin on its own.[7]

this is why I say make sure it stays in reach of the plant,

Plant gene regulation​

IAA enters the plant cell nucleus and binds to a protein complex composed of a ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), and a ubiquitin ligase (E3), resulting in ubiquitination of Aux/IAA proteins with increased speed.[11] Aux/IAA proteins bind to auxin response factor (ARF) proteins, forming a heterodimer, suppressing ARF activity.[12] In 1997 it was described how ARFs bind to auxin-response gene elements in promoters of auxin regulated genes, generally activating transcription of that gene when an Aux/IAA protein is not bound.[13]

IAA inhibits the photorespiratory-dependent cell death in photorespiratory catalase mutants. This suggests a role for auxin signalling in stress tolerance.[14]

No_58_March1981.pdf

drive.google.com

Parts per million (ppm) can be expressed as a decimal by dividing the number of parts by one million (1,000,000). For example, 400 ppm is equal to 0.0004.

ppm to mg per liter conversion

ppm to mg per liter conversion calculator

www.rapidtables.com

 

[acespicoli]

Physiology​

Adventitious root formation refers to roots that form from any structure of a plant that is not a root; these roots can form as part of normal development or due to a stress response.[7] Adventitious root formation from the excised stem cutting is a wound response.

At a molecular level when a cutting is first excised at the stem there is an immediate increase in jasmonic acid, known to be necessary for adventitious root formation.[8] When the cutting is excised from the original root system the root inhibiting hormones, cytokinin and strigolactone, which are made in the root and transported to the stem, decrease in concentration.[7] Polyphenol degradation decreases, increasing auxin concentration. The increased auxin concentration increases nitric oxide concentration which initiates root formation through a MAPK signal cascade and a cGMP-dependent pathway that both regulate mitotic division and are both necessary for the initiation of adventitious root formation.[9] The root primordia form from cambial cells in the stem.[7] In propagation of detached succulent leaves and leaf cuttings, the root primordia typically emerges from the basal callous tissue after the leaf primordia emerges.[5]

It was known as early as 1935 that when indolyl-3-acetic acid (IAA), also known as auxin, is applied to the stem of root cuttings, there is an increase in the average number of adventitious roots compared to cuttings that are not treated. Researchers also applied this compound to stems without leaves that normally would not have any root formation and found that auxin induced root formation, thus determining auxin is necessary for root formation.[10] Identification of this hormone has been important to industries that rely on vegetative propagation,[7] as it is sometimes applied to fresh cuttings to stimulate root growth.

 

[CocoNut 420]

Space, time and effort saving method for finding mums.
I cut clones from my new plants after they start flowering, initially they don't do much but sit there then slowly start to re veg gaining speed back into vegging growth.
Clones

Mums same day as clones.

Timed right the clones are reverting back to veg at the same time we can test the mums and keep anything worthwhile with minimal time and effort invested in the uncertain outcome.

 

[acespicoli]

Since IBA is not completely soluble in water, it is typically dissolved in 75% or purer alcohol for use in plant rooting, making a solution of between 10,000 and 50,000 ppm. This alcohol solution is then diluted with distilled water to the desired concentration. IBA is also available as a salt, which is soluble in water. The solution should be kept in a cool, dark place for best results.

This compound had been thought to be strictly synthetic; however, it was reported that the compound was isolated from leaves and seeds of maize and other species. In maize, IBA has been shown to be biosynthesized in vivo from IAA and other compounds as precursors.[1] This chemical may also be extracted from any of the Salix (Willow) genus.[2]

Root growth and development​

Auxins promote root initiation.[32] Auxin induces both growth of pre-existing roots and root branching (lateral root initiation), and also adventitious root formation. As more native auxin is transported down the stem to the roots, the overall development of the roots is stimulated.

If the source of auxin is removed, such as by trimming the tips of stems, the roots are less stimulated accordingly, and growth of stem is supported instead.

In horticulture, auxins, especially NAA and IBA, are commonly applied to stimulate root initiation when rooting cuttings of plants. However, high concentrations of auxin inhibit root elongation and instead enhance adventitious root formation. Removal of the root tip can lead to inhibition of secondary root formation.

auxins

 

[acespicoli]

Auxins are a class of plant hormones (or plant growth substances) with some morphogen-like characteristics. Auxins have a cardinal role in coordination of many growth and behavioral processes in the plant's life cycle and are essential for plant body development. Auxins promote root initiation. Auxin induces both growth of pre-existing roots and adventitious root formation, i.e., branching of the roots. As more native auxin is transported down the stem to the roots, the overall development of the roots is stimulated. If the source of auxin is removed, such as by trimming the tips of stems, the roots are less stimulated accordingly, and growth of stem is supported instead.
In horticulture, auxins, especially NAA and IBA, are commonly applied to stimulate root initiation when rooting cuttings of plants. However, high concentrations of auxin inhibit root elongation and instead enhance adventitious root formation. Removal of the root tip can lead to inhibition of secondary root formation.
So, the correct answer is 'Auxin'

Space, time and effort saving method for finding mums.
I cut clones from my new plants after they start flowering, initially they don't do much but sit there then slowly start to re veg gaining speed back into vegging growth.
Clones
View attachment 19150243
Mums same day as clones.
View attachment 19150244
Timed right the clones are reverting back to veg at the same time we can test the mums and keep anything worthwhile with minimal time and effort invested in the uncertain outcome.

Nice looking healthy plants and clones, love the reveg look it really reveals the plasticity of the leaves.
Good for your breeding programs to save the cuttings im sure, "only one can be the best". to quote Giants.

I like your style ​

 

[acespicoli]

Azospirillum brasilense - Wikipedia​

en.wikipedia.org


From Azo's
"
AZOS specializes in the highly-efficient conversion of the N2 form of nitrogen into plant-available ammoniacal nitrogen.
Plant Growth Promoter - With the increased accessibility of nitrogen in the soil, AZOS can catalyze a natural growth hormone within plants that help promote more root and vegetative growth. AZOS is great for rooting out cuttings, transplants, and water-borne applications throughout various plant stages.
"
Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of an Azospirilium brasilense indole-3-pyruvate decarboxylase gene. Molec. Gen. Genet. 243, 463–472 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00280477 Abstract. Azospirillum brasilense isolated from the rhizosphere of different plants has the ability to excrete indole-3-acetic acid ...

Fig. 1.
Quality ratings used to evaluate (A) shoot quality and (B) root quality 4 weeks after treatment of ‘I3’ hemp cuttings. Quality was ranked on a 0–4 relative scale, with 4 representing the highest quality rating. A rating of 0 for shoots means that the shoot remained the same size as the initial cutting and did not produce any new leaves. A rating of 0 for roots means the cutting produced no roots.

McLeod, A., Vining, K., Hoskins, T., & Contreras, R. (2022). Impact of Indole-3-butyric Acid Concentration and Formulation and Propagation Environment on Rooting Success of ‘I3’ Hemp by Stem Cuttings. HortTechnology, 32(3), 321-324. Retrieved Feb 12, 2025, from https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH05016-21

 

[acespicoli]

Clonex 0.31% IBA
Hormex 0.80% IBA

Looking at the above bugsby the comparison reasons are obvious?
Comparison spreadsheet of rooting accessories - suggestions and comments edits welcome

 

[acespicoli]

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2021.100437

Effect of medium on growth and rooting of cuttings of Rosa hybrid ' Sherbet' (A) and 'Alibaba' (B) TO, Tosilee Medium; EL, Ellepot; RW, rockwool cube; RC, phenolic foam RC; PU 14, Oasis PU 14-S1; TP-S1, Oasis TP-S1; PU-7B, Oasis PU-7B; PU 15, Oasis PU 15-S1.

Is rockwool worth the investment - inert high MC and aeration

Oasis

ITEM #	DESCRIPTION	PLUG DIMENSION (L X W X D)	PRODUCT SIZE (L X W)	UNITS PER CASE
87-09990​	PLAIN SHEET​	N/A​	10" X 20"​	20​
5015​	50CT​	1 3/4" X 1 3/4" X 1 1/2"​	10" X 20"​	20​
5010​	104CT​	1 5/16" X 1” X 1 1/2”​	10" X 20"​	20​
5012​	104CT NO HOLE​	1 5/16" X 1” X 1 1/2”​	10" X 20"​	20​
5005​	162CT​	7/8” X 27/32” X 1 1/2”​	10" X 20"​	20​
5036​	276CT​	7/8” X 13/16” X 1 1/2”​	10" X 20"​	20​

​

grow-guide---cannabis-edition.pdf

drive.google.com

Growdan - Rockwool

 

[acespicoli]

Mother plants should be culled and re-started from fresh cuttings every 3-4 months
to avoid proliferation of latent viroids. Retaining individual mother plants for extended periods of time will typically lead to a
gradual decrease in cutting quality, vigor, and rooting time.

Well theres that

In silico gene expression profiling in Cannabis sativa​

DOI:10.12688/f1000research.10631.1

 

[acespicoli]

During the early reproductive stage of development (2–3.5 wk post floral induction), non-senescent inflorescences with green–white carpels were excised from apical and axillary shoots of several individual plants from each cultivar. Bracts and leaves were removed and explants (Fig. 1C) were surface-sterilized with a 1-min submersion in ethanol, washed in sterile water for 5 s and then again for 45 s, then submerged in a solution of 10% v/v commercial bleach for 10 min, followed by three rinses in sterile water for 5 min each. Explants were blotted dry on filter paper and temporarily placed in a sealed GA7 culture vessel to prevent desiccation.

Going to add a few of these cleaning clone examples, algae is a thing amazing how persistent it can be at times.