What's new

Cannabis Seed Morphology

acespicoli

acespicoli

Well-known member
Mentor
✅
BA.png


black afghan kandahar macro.png
black afghan kandahar.png
Black Afhani - Kandahar USC @Cristalin

1736319885977.png

1736481425075.png

Figure 5.
Type specimens of C. sativa subsp. indica var. afghanica. Neotype on left (a), epitype on right (b).

A classification of endangered high-THC cannabis (Cannabis sativa subsp. indica) domesticates and their wild relatives

Two kinds of drug-type Cannabis gained layman’s terms in the 1980s. “Sativa” had origins in South Asia (India), with early historical dissemination to Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Americas. “Indica” had origins in Central Asia (Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkestan). We have assigned unambiguous...
phytokeys.pensoft.net
 
Last edited:
acespicoli

acespicoli

Well-known member
Mentor
✅

Attachments

  • 1736440929683.png
    1736440929683.png
    332.4 KB · Views: 18
  • 1736869164140.png
    1736869164140.png
    4.8 MB · Views: 14
Last edited:
Mate Dave

Mate Dave

Propagator
ICMag Donor
Veteran
Cool thread. Interesting stuff. I've been reading about ants and their dispersal of seeds. Here's a few papers that you might find interesting



https://www.researchgate.net/public...s_and_Impacts_Germination_in_Ricinus_communis

Less fit Lamium amplexicaule plants produce more dispersible seeds - Scientific Reports

Theory predicts that less fit individuals would disperse more often than fitter ones (Fitness Associated Dispersal, FAD hypothesis). To test this prediction under laboratory conditions, an entire life cycle of Lamium amplexicaule plants and the preferences of its dispersal agent, Messor ebeninus...
www.nature.com
 

Attachments

  • Structural Characteristics of Shells in a Fibrous Cultivar of Cannabis sativa L.pdf
    7.3 MB · Views: 21
Last edited:
Mate Dave

Mate Dave

Propagator
ICMag Donor
Veteran
Something that interests me a lot in more recent times is the evolvement of seed treatments, not those to assist sowing seeds, more the techniques used to break seed dormancy priming and stratification.

I'm not trying to grow anything found in a burial chamber more looking at optimising plant processes.

Priming seems can be broken into 2 types Liquid & Gas.

Here's a couple papers outlining the process. It's nothing new. I can't find a cannabis specific study as of yet with treatment of ethylene direct. The last paper is Cannabis specific.

Gas-priming as a novel simple method of seed treatment with ethylene, hydrogen cyanide or nitric oxide - Acta Physiologiae Plantarum

The gases used: ethylene (C2H4), hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and nitric oxide (NO) showed a high activity as inductors of germination in primary dormant or non-dormant seeds exposed to stress or suboptimal temperatures. So far, research on the role of ethylene, hydrogen cyanide and nitric oxide has...
link.springer.com

5686176


Seed Priming with Phytohormones: An Effective Approach for the Mitigation of Abiotic Stress - PMC

Plants are often exposed to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, heat, cold, and heavy metals that induce complex responses, which result in reduced growth as well as crop yield. Phytohormones are well known for their regulatory role in plant ...
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

 
Last edited:
acespicoli

acespicoli

Well-known member
Mentor
✅
1736985579163.png

The structure of the Cannabis seed microbiome. A The heat tree shows the relative abundance (node colour) and the number of taxa (node size) of the identified seed endophytes on different taxonomic levels. B Dimensionality reduction of the amplicon sequencing variants (ASVs) using UMAP shows bacterial community composition based on a Bray–Curtis dissimilarity matrix, with significant differences between genotypes and domestication grades (P ≤ 0.001). The inset plot shows the separation distances between samples in the different domestication grades. Colours indicate different domestication grades and shape different chemotypes. C Mean relative abundance of the highly abundant (> 5%) members of the microbiome inhabiting seeds of different genotypes on genus level. Different genera are grouped according to bacterial classes using the same colour hue. Blue corresponds to Gammaproteobacteria, red to Bacilli, violet to Actinobacteria, yellow to Alphaproteobacteria, and pink to Bacteroidia, and the remaining genera are displayed in grey as Other. Genotypes with THC content > 0.3% are marked with *
https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-024-01951-5#Fig2

Wild again: recovery of a beneficial Cannabis seed endophyte from low domestication genotypes. Microbiome 12, 239 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-024-01951-5

Conclusion​

This study addresses critical knowledge gaps related to the assembly of the Cannabis seed-endophytic microbiome. It reveals that Cannabis breeding is linked to alterations of seed microbial communities, which potentially led to the loss of bacteria with functional significance. These results highlight the importance of preserving seed microbiomes in plant breeding to support sustainable plant health and growth enhancement in Cannabis.

Further, a seed bacterial isolate (Bacillus frigoritolerans C1141) associated with low domestication genotypes, and with genes associated with bio-fertilization, bioremediation and phytohormone production, increased plant growth by 42.3% at the time of harvest, under field conditions.

Peribacillus frigoritolerans WS 1085, 6720 _ Type strain _ DSM 8801, ATCC 25097, CCUG 43489, CIP 67.20, JCM 11681 _ BacDiveID_1846.pdf

drive.google.com

Endophyte - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org
 
Last edited:
acespicoli

acespicoli

Well-known member
Mentor
✅
Last edited:
acespicoli

acespicoli

Well-known member
Mentor
✅
figure 1
Drawings of modern cannabis seeds, adapted from Small and Cronquist 1976. 1 C. sativa ssp. sativa (hemp cultivar), 2 C. sativa ssp. sativa var. spontanea (narrow leaf hemp type ancestor), 3 C. sativa ssp. indica (drug cultivar), 4 C. sativa ssp. indica var. asperrima/kafiristanica (narrow leaf drug type ancestor), scale bar 2 mm. Note the distinctive protruding caruncle in the shattering wild varieties 2 and 4
figure 4
Location of Haimenkou and other sites mentioned in text: 1 Okinoshima; 2 Zhuzhai; 3 Torihama; 4 Yanggua; 5 Hamin Mangha; 6 Jinchankou; 7 Buziping; 8 Kunal; 9 Hetapatti; 10 Erdaojingzi; 11 Shimoyakebe; 12 Gaocheng Taixi; 13 Dazingzhuang; 14 Senuwar; 15 Haimenkou; 16 Guangzhuang; 17 Jiayi; 18 Yanghai; 19 Shinchangdong; 20 Laoguanshan M2; 21 Laoguanshan M3; 22 Marquis Haihun Graveyard; 23 Qara Qorum; 24 Karakhoja; 25 Astana. Made with QGIS

figure 5
data from Emboden 1974; Small and Cronquist 1976; Russo 2007; Taheri-Garavand et al. 2012; Piluzza et al. 2013; Small 2015; Bouayoun et al. 2018; Asadi et al. 2019; McPartland and Small 2020; Moon et al. 2020; Kaliniewicz et al. 2021
Comparison of modern cannabis achene measurements (shown corrected by -10%, see Table 2 and ESM 2 for original and corrected measurements; see ESM 1 Fig. S1 for indication of provenance;
figure 7
Archaeological data from Kasahara 1987; Lee 2003; Saraswat and Pokharia 2003; Saraswat 2004; Rösch et al. 2005; Jiang et al. 2006; Chen 2007; Kobayashi et al. 2008; Zhou et al. 2011; Chen et al. 2012; Jia et al. 2013; Sun 2014; Yang 2014; Jiang et al. 2016; Pokharia et al. 2017; Bestel et al. 2018; Chen et al. 2019; Dal Martello 2020; Bai et al. 2021; Jiang et al. 2021
figure 8
Diagram showing suggested evolution of cannabis, with proposed timeline (approximate in 1,000s of years BP [kya]) of phylum divergence and range expansion events in eastern Eurasia in light of archaeological evidence presented in this paper. For example, post-glacial expansion and radiation takes place between 20,000 and 12,000 BP, domestication episodes take place between 10,000 and 5,000 BP, and special use subspecies are established variously before or after 3,000 BP


Morphometric approaches to Cannabis evolution and differentiation from archaeological sites: interpreting the archaeobotanical evidence from bronze age Haimenkou, Yunnan. Veget Hist Archaeobot 33, 503–518 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-023-00966-6

This is the BEST phylo tree ?
:thinking:
 
acespicoli

acespicoli

Well-known member
Mentor
✅
Some of the earliest finds of cannabis in the world come from the site of Okinoshima, Japan; these have been directly dated to around 8000 BC (8280−7660 cal BC, NUTA2-12809, Kobayashi et al. 2008; Kudo et al. 2009). The widths of these seeds fall outside the size range of wild cannabis, and lack the caruncle of var. asperrima/kafiristanica, thus we can infer that these are likely already a domesticated form of ssp. indica. Similarly to Okinoshima seeds, cannabis seeds reported from another Jomon site, Torihama (ca. 5000 BC, Kudo et al. 2009) also, from the photographs, lack a caruncle and no prominent abscission scar is evident (cf. online resource 1 Table S1 in McPartland and Hegman 2018). Whilst the find was interpreted as evidence for introduction and cultivation in Japan (Kobayashi et al. 2008), the early date would suggest that potentially it represents one of the earliest known East Asian domesticates. In China, the earliest reported grains come from Zhuzhai (ca. 5900−5800 BC, Bestel et al. 2018), and their size is greater than known wild seeds, suggesting possible cultivation of cannabis in the Middle Yellow River region of China at an early date. Since there is no evidence for contact between Japan and China at this time for any dispersal of crops (e.g. rice, millets, azuki bean and soybean all only appear to disperse across these regions after 3500 BC, Stevens and Fuller 2017), cultivation of cannabis plausibly had begun independently in at least China and Japan.

Use for fibre and for edible seeds would have been pre-requisites for selection for specialized varieties within ssp. indica var. chinensis, which evolved larger seeds, with the largest found in those varieties specialized for oilseed use. Archaeologically, such large grains have been reported from at least 4000 BC in China (e.g. Yanghua, Gaocheng Taixi), and from perhaps 2000 BC in India (e.g. Hetapatti). This implies that by the 2nd millennium BC, differentiation of hemp for fibre and/or oil seed varieties (ssp. chinensis) from wild varieties had taken place across broader East and South Asia. The selection process for larger seeds is unclear. One possibility is a phase of competitive selection (sensu Allaby et al. 2022), brought about by denser planting or more intensive field preparation, including manuring. Denser planting could also drive selection for taller plants, which came to characterize fibre varieties. It is also possible that larger seeds were brought on by allometric links to larger overall plant size, suggested as playing a role in some domestication processes (Milla and Matesanz 2017).
1737858292291.png

YuMa1 and YuMa2 are grown for grain/
1737858611179.png

Han NE - Strain that grew the world's tallest hemp plant

screenshot-www_mdpi_com-2025_01_25-21_36_59.png


Growing larger with domestication: a matter of physiology, morphology or allocation?​


R. Milla, S. Matesanz
First published: 11 January 2017

https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12545
 

Attachments

  • 1737858764854.png
    1737858764854.png
    622.6 KB · Views: 13
Last edited:
acespicoli

acespicoli

Well-known member
Mentor
✅
Genetic use restriction technology (GURT), also known as terminator technology or suicide seeds, is designed to restrict access to "genetic materials and their associated phenotypic traits."[2] The technology works by activating (or deactivating) specific genes using a controlled stimulus in order to cause second generation seeds to be either infertile or to not have one or more of the desired traits of the first generation plant.[3][4]

Genetic use restriction technology - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

This is happening :thinking:

Benefits and risks
 
  • Sad
Reactions: Gry
You must log in or register to reply here.

Latest posts

Latest posts

Top