Plant Physiology - How this will help to better grow

[acespicoli]

May this help us to provide the environment necessary for plants to thrive
Id like to see problems and success of different scenarios
and critique the physiology behind those observations
Discuss different theories etc...

Jan Baptist van Helmont
published what is considered the first quantitative experiment in plant physiology in 1648. He grew a willow tree for five years in a pot containing 200 pounds of oven-dry soil. The soil lost just two ounces of dry weight and van Helmont concluded that plants get all their weight from water, not soil. In 1699, John Woodward published experiments on growth of spearmint in different sources of water. He found that plants grew much better in water with soil added than in distilled water.

Stephen Hales is considered the Father of Plant Physiology for the many experiments in the 1727 book, Vegetable Staticks;[10] though Julius von Sachs unified the pieces of plant physiology and put them together as a discipline. His Lehrbuch der Botanik was the plant physiology bible of its time.[11]

Researchers discovered in the 1800s that plants absorb essential mineral nutrients as inorganic ions in water. In natural conditions, soil acts as a mineral nutrient reservoir but the soil itself is not essential to plant growth. When the mineral nutrients in the soil are dissolved in water, plant roots absorb nutrients readily, soil is no longer required for the plant to thrive. This observation is the basis for hydroponics, the growing of plants in a water solution rather than soil, which has become a standard technique in biological research, teaching lab exercises, crop production and as a hobby

Plant physiologists study fundamental processes of plants, such as photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutrition, plant hormone functions, tropisms, nastic movements, photoperiodism, photomorphogenesis, circadian rhythms, environmental stress physiology, seed germination, dormancy and stomata function and transpiration. Plant physiology interacts with the fields of plant morphology (structure of plants), plant ecology (interactions with the environment), phytochemistry (biochemistry of plants), cell biology, genetics, biophysics and molecular biology.

 

[Creeperpark]

May this help us to provide the environment necessary for plants to thrive
Id like to see problems and success of different scenarios
and critique the physiology behind those observations
Discuss different theories etc...

View attachment 19095820
Jan Baptist van Helmont
published what is considered the first quantitative experiment in plant physiology in 1648. He grew a willow tree for five years in a pot containing 200 pounds of oven-dry soil. The soil lost just two ounces of dry weight and van Helmont concluded that plants get all their weight from water, not soil. In 1699, John Woodward published experiments on growth of spearmint in different sources of water. He found that plants grew much better in water with soil added than in distilled water.

Stephen Hales is considered the Father of Plant Physiology for the many experiments in the 1727 book, Vegetable Staticks;[10] though Julius von Sachs unified the pieces of plant physiology and put them together as a discipline. His Lehrbuch der Botanik was the plant physiology bible of its time.[11]

Researchers discovered in the 1800s that plants absorb essential mineral nutrients as inorganic ions in water. In natural conditions, soil acts as a mineral nutrient reservoir but the soil itself is not essential to plant growth. When the mineral nutrients in the soil are dissolved in water, plant roots absorb nutrients readily, soil is no longer required for the plant to thrive. This observation is the basis for hydroponics, the growing of plants in a water solution rather than soil, which has become a standard technique in biological research, teaching lab exercises, crop production and as a hobby


View attachment 19095822
Plant physiologists study fundamental processes of plants, such as photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutrition, plant hormone functions, tropisms, nastic movements, photoperiodism, photomorphogenesis, circadian rhythms, environmental stress physiology, seed germination, dormancy and stomata function and transpiration. Plant physiology interacts with the fields of plant morphology (structure of plants), plant ecology (interactions with the environment), phytochemistry (biochemistry of plants), cell biology, genetics, biophysics and molecular biology.

Very helpful thank you, friend.

 

[acespicoli]

molecular biology.

The following list describes a viewpoint on the interdisciplinary relationships between molecular biology and other related fields.[27]

• Molecular biology is the study of the molecular underpinnings of the biological phenomena, focusing on molecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms and interactions.
• Biochemistry is the study of the chemical substances and vital processes occurring in living organisms. Biochemists focus heavily on the role, function, and structure of biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids.[28]
• Genetics is the study of how genetic differences affect organisms. Genetics attempts to predict how mutations, individual genes and genetic interactions can affect the expression of a phenotype[29]

https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/163/1/335/6052757

https://www.icmag.com/threads/olfactory-art.18132454/#post-18752781

Sire Lines & "Y" They Matter

Been interested in this topic for awhile now, maybe some others are as well? Questions why is cannabis important to us? Which genes are sex linked ? What are the current and future implications of culling males and hermaphrodites ? Is saving only female plants degrading the varieties and whole...

www.icmag.com

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.18.517131v1.full.pdf

One of the many
70 unanswered questions in this species is the origin of THCA in plants that lack a functional THCAS
71 gene, with some suggestions that it could be produced as a side product of one or more of the
72 other related synthases, in particular CBCA synthases (Onofri et al., 2015). This remains a
73 significant unsolved problem.

this thread is broad, just a quick note

2022.11.18.517131v1.full.pdf

drive.google.com

file or workgroup

Biogeochemical cycle - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

 

[acespicoli]

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), also known as adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. ADP consists of three important structural components: a sugar backbone attached to adenine and two phosphate groups bonded to the 5 carbon atom of ribose. The diphosphate group of ADP is attached to the 5’ carbon of the sugar backbone, while the adenine attaches to the 1’ carbon.[1]

Adenosine diphosphate - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate[2] that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis. Found in all known forms of life, it is often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" for intracellular energy transfer.[3]

When consumed in a metabolic process, ATP converts either to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or to adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Other processes regenerate ATP. It is also a precursor to DNA and RNA, and is used as a coenzyme. An average adult human processes around 50 kilograms (about 100 moles) daily.[4]

From the perspective of biochemistry, ATP is classified as a nucleoside triphosphate, which indicates that it consists of three components: a nitrogenous base (adenine), the sugar ribose, and the triphosphate.

Adenosine triphosphate - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Cellularly, ATP is found in the mitochondria which is currently referred to as the energy powerhouse of the cell. Cells are made up of complex, self-replicating processes that make life possible and require energy. Energy is therefore the ability of an organism to do work in order to create change and requires ATP in order to accept and release energy.*

 

[acespicoli]

Nitrogen cycle - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Phosphorus cycle - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Potassium cycle - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

 

[acespicoli]

Some of the more well-known biogeochemical cycles are shown below:

• 
  Carbon cycle
• 
  Oxygen cycle
• 
  Nutrient cycle
• 
  Sulfur cycle
• 
  Rock cycle
• 
  Water cycle

Many biogeochemical cycles are currently being studied for the first time. Climate change and human impacts are drastically changing the speed, intensity, and balance of these relatively unknown cycles, which include:

• the mercury cycle,[49] and
• the human-caused cycle of PCBs.[50]
• 
  Chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms.
• 
  Kerogen cycle[51][52]
• 
  Coal is a reservoir of carbon

Biogeochemical cycles always involve active equilibrium states: a balance in the cycling of the element between compartments. However, overall balance may involve compartments distributed on a global scale.

As biogeochemical cycles describe the movements of substances on the entire globe, the study of these is inherently multidisciplinary. The carbon cycle may be related to research in ecology and atmospheric sciences.[53] Biochemical dynamics would also be related to the fields of geology and pedology.[54]

See also​

[edit]

• Environment portal
• 
  Ecology portal
• 
  Earth sciences portal

• Carbonate–silicate cycle
• Ecological recycling
• Great Acceleration
• Hydrogen cycle
• Redox gradient

 

[acespicoli]

The dust around a star is critical to forming celestial objects around it. Dust around stars contains elements such as carbon and iron which can help form planetary systems.
When a star is in its forming disk, otherwise known as the T Tauri phase, it is ejecting extremely hot winds dominated by positively charged particles called protons and neutral helium atoms. Although much of the material from the disk is still falling on the star, small groups of lucky dust particles are crashing into one another, clumping into larger objects.
Dust clumps become pebbles, pebbles become larger rocks that grind together to expand. The presence of gas helps particles of solid material stick together. Some break apart, but others hold on. These are the building blocks of planets, sometimes called "planetesimals."


Where the disk is colder, far enough from the star that water can freeze, tiny fragments of ice hitch a ride with dust. Dirty snowballs can amass into giant planetary cores. These colder regions also allow gas molecules to slow down enough to be drawn onto a planet. This is how Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, the gas giants of our solar system, are thought to have formed. Jupiter and Saturn are thought to have formed first and quickly within the first 10 million years of the solar system.
In the warmer parts of the disk, closer to the star, rocky planets begin to form. After the icy giants form there’s not a lot of gas left for the terrestrial planets to accrete. Planets that are rocky like Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars may take tens of millions of years to form after the birth of the star. The details of exactly where planets prefer to form in disks is still a mystery and an ongoing area of research.
Once planets form around a star they are referred to as planetary systems, which are defined as sets of gravitationally bound objects that orbit a star. They can consist of one or more planets, but may also include dwarf planets, asteroids, natural satellites, meteoroids, and comets. The Sun and its planets, including Earth, is known as the solar system. The term "extrasolar" system and "exoplanet" system refer to planetary systems other than our own.

How Do Planets Form? - NASA Science

How do planets form? The dust around a star is critical to forming celestial objects around it.

science.nasa.gov

 

[acespicoli]

Evolution is not a ladder to perfection,
but a branching tree of diversity, with each species adapted to their unique ecological niche.

 

[acespicoli]

The gene sequences for the THCA and CBDA synthases are nearly identical supporting the idea that they come from the same gene which was duplicated millions of years ago. Over time, one or both gene copies became scrambled by invading retroelements, and by evolving separately, they eventually came to produce two different enzymes -- CBDA synthase found in hemp (fibre-type), and THCA synthase in drug-type (marijuana).

Because the enzymes are so similar at the DNA level, until this study it was not even clear if they are encoded by separate genes or by two versions of the same gene. Adding to the confusion was the fact that most strains produce both CBD and THC despite breeders' efforts to grow hemp varieties free from the mind-altering THC for users looking to avoid it.

The chromosome map now clearly shows that two distinct genes are at play which should make it possible to separate them during breeding to grow plants without THC.

 

[acespicoli]

Retrotransposons (also called Class I transposable elements) are mobile elements which move in the host genome by converting their transcribed RNA into DNA through the reverse transcription.[1]

Reverse transcriptase - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Central dogma of molecular biology - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

 

[acespicoli]

Natural occurrences​

Ions are ubiquitous in nature and are responsible for diverse phenomena from the luminescence of the Sun to the existence of the Earth's ionosphere. Atoms in their ionic state may have a different color from neutral atoms, and thus light absorption by metal ions gives the color of gemstones. In both inorganic and organic chemistry (including biochemistry), the interaction of water and ions is often relevant for understanding properties of systems; an example of their importance is in the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which provides the energy for many reactions in biological systems.

 

[acespicoli]

The formulation of the central dogma of molecular biology was summarized by Maynard Smith:

If the central dogma is true, and if it is also true that nucleic acids are the only means whereby information is transmitted between generations, this has crucial implications for evolution. It would imply that all evolutionary novelty requires changes in nucleic acids, and that these changes – mutations – are essentially accidental and non-adaptive in nature. Changes elsewhere – in the egg cytoplasm, in materials transmitted through the placenta, in the mother's milk – might alter the development of the child, but, unless the changes were in nucleic acids, they would have no long-term evolutionary effects.
— Maynard Smith

Gene-centered view of evolution - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Some great quotes in the above article

• Evolutionary biology
• Genetic anthropomorphism

The limits of the application of reductionism are claimed to be especially evident at levels of organization with greater complexity, including living cells,[35] neural networks (biology), ecosystems, society, and other systems formed from assemblies of large numbers of diverse components linked by multiple feedback loops.[35][36]

neural networks (biology)

 

[acespicoli]

Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation

Calvin cycle - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Though it is also called the "dark reaction", the Calvin cycle does not actually occur in the dark or during night time. This is because the process requires NADPH, which is short-lived and comes from light-dependent reactions. In the dark, plants instead release sucrose into the phloem from their starch reserves to provide energy for the plant. The Calvin cycle thus happens when light is available independent of the kind of photosynthesis (C3 carbon fixation, C4 carbon fixation, and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)); CAM plants store malic acid in their vacuoles every night and release it by day to make this process work.[2]

24 hour light or 18/6 better ?

 

[acespicoli]

Primary sources of energy​

Phototrophs absorb light in photoreceptors and transform it into chemical energy.
Chemotrophs release chemical energy.

The freed energy is stored as potential energy in ATP, carbohydrates, or proteins. Eventually, the energy is used for life processes such as moving, growth and reproduction.

Plants and some bacteria can alternate between phototrophy and chemotrophy, depending on the availability of light.

Primary nutritional groups - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org