Whatever you figure out, you can't create negative pressure in the area around the gas fired equipment or you'll keep having the same dangerous problem.
Carbon monoxide detectors are extremely reasonable in price, so do yourself a favor- put one upstairs & one downstairs.
^^^ this.
most basements where i am at are like yours photo... current place i am at too.
two ways to deal the problem:
1. buy a new water heater that is designed to both pull air in from the outside & exhaust back out (a closed loop) . these units are more expensive than urs + you will likely have to cut a hole to accomodate a new air intake pipe, so it's even more expensivr w the labor. it's a conversion against the original design of ur house... a project. the existing water heater isnt designed to work that way & cant be retrofitted... its a new heater + new pipe + labor.
2. frame off the existing water heater & create a small enclosure around it. then hook up a small fan on a scrubber outside of that heater compartment & vent tube it to blow into that area... creating positive air pressure of scrubbed air surrounding the heater. fan scrubber combo only has to be big enough to counteract the pull of your other fans. you will be creating two different pressure zones in thr basement... positive around the heater, negative everywhere else. much cheaper option & works great. co monitor will verify.