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DIY Organic Potting Mix's for Grass - Ace Spicoli

acespicoli

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Soil bacteria considered necessary for healthy plant growth are called
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Figure 1. The sophisticated and efficient network of functional interactions created by PGPR to support plants’ health and performances in response to adverse environmental conditions and abiotic stresses. Abbreviations: EPS (exopolysaccarides); ABA (abscisic acid); IAA (indol2-3-acetic acid); HCN (hydrogen cyanide); VOCs (volatile organic compounds); ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid).


Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 1231; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031231

Keywords:
phytoremediation; rhizosphere; plant-microbe interaction; metal uptake; hydrocarbon rhizodegradation; marginal soils; drought; salinity

"Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)"
which primarily function by fixing atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for plants, producing plant hormones, and making nutrients locked in the soil more accessible to roots, thus promoting overall plant health and growth.

Key points about beneficial soil bacteria:
  • Nitrogen fixation:
    Bacteria like Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium form symbiotic relationships with legumes, converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form plants can utilize, reducing the need for nitrogen fertilizers.

  • Nutrient solubilization:
    Certain bacteria can break down complex mineral compounds in the soil, making nutrients like phosphorus more readily available to plants.

  • Phytohormone production:
    Some bacteria produce plant hormones like auxins and cytokinins which can stimulate root development, cell division, and shoot growth.

  • Disease suppression:
    Beneficial bacteria can sometimes inhibit the growth of harmful pathogens in the soil, protecting plant roots from disease.

Examples of beneficial soil bacteria:
  • Rhizobium:Primarily involved in nitrogen fixation with legumes

  • Bradyrhizobium:Another nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with legumes

  • Pseudomonas:Can solubilize phosphorus and produce plant growth hormones

  • Azospirillum:Nitrogen fixing bacteria that can colonize plant roots

  • Bacillus: Produces various beneficial compounds including antibiotics and exopolysaccharides

Very interesting topic :thinking:
 

acespicoli

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"Similia similibus solventur".

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Front. Plant Sci., 10 December 2020
Sec. Plant Nutrition
Volume 11 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.590774

Interesting NPK rocks and micros for a long term reusable substrate
Soil microbial response to seaweed fertilizer treatment

Nitrogen source
Bedrock is a significant source of nitrogen for ecosystems and soils, providing up to 26% of the nitrogen in ecosystems.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaweed_fertiliser (kelp extract)

With some promix and compost 🤷‍♂️

Keeping microbes alive requires constant saturation
 
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acespicoli

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Montmorillonite

Cation exchange capacity (CEC)

The CEC of a soil depends upon the amount and type of soil colloids present. The clay content, the type of clay minerals present, and the organic matter content determine a soil's CEC.

Colloid
CEC, cmol(+) /kg*
kaolinite​
3 - 15​
illite​
20 - 40​
montmorillonite​
60 - 100​
soil organic matter, humus, etc.​
100 - 300​
 

acespicoli

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Redox reactions in biology​

[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Top: ascorbic acid (reduced form of Vitamin C)
Bottom: dehydroascorbic acid (oxidized form of Vitamin C)
Enzymatic browning is an example of a redox reaction that takes place in most fruits and vegetables.
Many essential biological processes involve redox reactions. Before some of these processes can begin, iron must be assimilated from the environment.[25]

Cellular respiration, for instance, is the oxidation of glucose (C6H12O6) to CO2 and the reduction of oxygen to water. The summary equation for cellular respiration is:

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
The process of cellular respiration also depends heavily on the reduction of NAD+ to NADH and the reverse reaction (the oxidation of NADH to NAD+). Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary, but photosynthesis is not the reverse of the redox reaction in cellular respiration:

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Biological energy is frequently stored and released using redox reactions. Photosynthesis involves the reduction of carbon dioxide into sugars and the oxidation of water into molecular oxygen. The reverse reaction, respiration, oxidizes sugars to produce carbon dioxide and water. As intermediate steps, the reduced carbon compounds are used to reduce nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to NADH, which then contributes to the creation of a proton gradient, which drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and is maintained by the reduction of oxygen. In animal cells, mitochondria perform similar functions.

See also: Membrane potential
Free radical reactions are redox reactions that occur as part of homeostasis and killing microorganisms. In these reactions, an electron detaches from a molecule and then re-attaches almost instantly. Free radicals are part of redox molecules and can become harmful to the human body if they do not reattach to the redox molecule or an antioxidant.

The term redox state is often used to describe the balance of GSH/GSSG, NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH in a biological system such as a cell or organ. The redox state is reflected in the balance of several sets of metabolites (e.g., lactate and pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate), whose interconversion is dependent on these ratios. Redox mechanisms also control some cellular processes. Redox proteins and their genes must be co-located for redox regulation according to the CoRR hypothesis for the function of DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts.


 

acespicoli

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An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. The gradient consists of two parts:

  • The chemical gradient, or difference in solute concentration across a membrane.
  • The electrical gradient, or difference in charge across a membrane.
If there are unequal concentrations of an ion across a permeable membrane, the ion will move across the membrane from the area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration through simple diffusion. Ions also carry an electric charge that forms an electric potential across a membrane. If there is an unequal distribution of charges across the membrane, then the difference in electric potential generates a force that drives ion diffusion until the charges are balanced on both sides of the membrane.

Electrochemical gradients are essential to the operation of batteries and other electrochemical cells, photosynthesis and cellular respiration, and certain other biological processes.

 

acespicoli

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ron exists in a range of oxidation states from -2 to +7; however, on Earth it is predominantly in its +2 or +3 redox state and is a primary redox-active metal on Earth.[13] The cycling of iron between its +2 and +3 oxidation states is referred to as the iron cycle. This process can be entirely abiotic or facilitated by microorganisms, especially iron-oxidizing bacteria. The abiotic processes include the rusting of iron-bearing metals, where Fe2+ is abiotically oxidized to Fe3+ in the presence of oxygen, and the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ by iron-sulfide minerals. The biological cycling of Fe2+ is done by iron oxidizing and reducing microbes.[14][15]

Iron is an essential micronutrient for almost every life form. It is a key component of hemoglobin, important to nitrogen fixation as part of the Nitrogenase enzyme family, and as part of the iron-sulfur core of ferredoxin it facilitates electron transport in chloroplasts, eukaryotic mitochondria, and bacteria. Due to the high reactivity of Fe2+ with oxygen and low solubility of Fe3+, iron is a limiting nutrient in most regions of the world.

 

acespicoli

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Main article: Galvanic cell
A galvanic cell (voltaic cell), named after Luigi Galvani (Alessandro Volta), is an electrochemical cell that generates electrical energy from spontaneous redox reactions.[3]


Galvanic cell with no cation flow
A wire connects two different metals (e.g. zinc and copper). Each metal is in a separate solution; often the aqueous sulphate or nitrate forms of the metal, however more generally metal salts and water which conduct current.[4] A salt bridge or porous membrane connects the two solutions, keeping electric neutrality and the avoidance of charge accumulation. The metal's differences in oxidation/reduction potential drive the reaction until equilibrium.[1]

Key features:

 

acespicoli

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Faraday introduced new terminology to the language of chemistry:
electrode (cathode and anode), electrolyte, and ion (cation and anion).

By definition:

  • The anode is the electrode where oxidation (loss of electrons) takes place (metal A electrode); in a galvanic cell, it is the negative electrode, because when oxidation occurs, electrons are left behind on the electrode.[10] These electrons then flow through the external circuit to the cathode (positive electrode) (while in electrolysis, an electric current drives electron flow in the opposite direction and the anode is the positive electrode).
  • The cathode is the electrode where reduction (gain of electrons) takes place (metal B electrode); in a galvanic cell, it is the positive electrode, as ions get reduced by taking up electrons from the electrode and plate out (while in electrolysis, the cathode is the negative terminal and attracts positive ions from the solution). In both cases, the statement 'the cathode attracts cations' is true.
By their nature, galvanic cells produce direct current.

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acespicoli

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screenshot-en_wikipedia_org-2025_01_01-06_30_45.png

Chemistry

See also: concentration cell, electrode potential, and table of standard electrode potentials
The term typically applies in electrochemistry, when electrical energy in the form of an applied voltage is used to modulate the thermodynamic favorability of a chemical reaction. In a battery, an electrochemical potential arising from the movement of ions balances the reaction energy of the electrodes. The maximum voltage that a battery reaction can produce is sometimes called the standard electrochemical potential of that reaction.[citation needed]



Biological context

The generation of a transmembrane electrical potential through ion movement across a cell membrane drives biological processes like nerve conduction, muscle contraction, hormone secretion, and sensation. By convention, physiological voltages are measured relative to the extracellular region; a typical animal cell has an internal electrical potential of (−70)–(−50) mV.[2]: 464 

An electrochemical gradient is essential to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The final step of cellular respiration is the electron transport chain, composed of four complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Complexes I, III, and IV pump protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space (IMS); for every electron pair entering the chain, ten protons translocate into the IMS. The result is an electric potential of more than 200 mV. The energy resulting from the flux of protons back into the matrix is used by ATP synthase to combine inorganic phosphate and ADP.[6][2]: 743–745 

Similar to the electron transport chain, the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis pump protons into the thylakoid lumen of chloroplasts to drive the synthesis of ATP. The proton gradient can be generated through either noncyclic or cyclic photophosphorylation. Of the proteins that participate in noncyclic photophosphorylation, photosystem II (PSII), plastiquinone, and cytochrome b6f complex directly contribute to generating the proton gradient. For each four photons absorbed by PSII, eight protons are pumped into the lumen.[2]: 769–770 

Several other transporters and ion channels play a role in generating a proton electrochemical gradient. One is TPK3, a potassium channel that is activated by Ca2+ and conducts K+ from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma, which helps establish the electric field. On the other hand, the electro-neutral K+ efflux antiporter (KEA3) transports K+ into the thylakoid lumen and H+ into the stroma, which helps establish the pH gradient.[7]



Ion gradients


Diagram of the Na+-K+-ATPase.
Since the ions are charged, they cannot pass through cellular membranes via simple diffusion. Two different mechanisms can transport the ions across the membrane: active or passive transport.[citation needed]

An example of active transport of ions is the Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA). NKA is powered by the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and an inorganic phosphate; for every molecule of ATP hydrolized, three Na+ are transported outside and two K+ are transported inside the cell. This makes the inside of the cell more negative than the outside and more specifically generates a membrane potential Vmembrane of about −60 mV.[5]

An example of passive transport is ion fluxes through Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl− channels. Unlike active transport, passive transport is powered by the arithmetic sum of osmosis (a concentration gradient) and an electric field (the transmembrane potential). Formally, the molar Gibbs free energy change associated with successful transport is[citation needed] Δ�=��ln⁡(�in�out)+(��)�membrane
{\displaystyle \Delta G=RT\ln {\!\left({\frac {c_{\rm {in}}}{c_{\rm {out}}}}\right)}+(Fz)V_{\rm {membrane}}}
where R represents the gas constant, T represents absolute temperature, z is the charge per ion, and F represents the Faraday constant.[2]: 464–465 

In the example of Na+, both terms tend to support transport: the negative electric potential inside the cell attracts the positive ion and since Na+ is concentrated outside the cell, osmosis supports diffusion through the Na+ channel into the cell. In the case of K+, the effect of osmosis is reversed: although external ions are attracted by the negative intracellular potential, entropy seeks to diffuse the ions already concentrated inside the cell. The converse phenomenon (osmosis supports transport, electric potential opposes it) can be achieved for Na+ in cells with abnormal transmembrane potentials: at +70 mV, the Na+ influx halts; at higher potentials, it becomes an efflux.[citation needed]
 
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acespicoli

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The Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme is active (i.e. it uses energy from ATP). For every ATP molecule that the pump uses, three sodium ions are exported and two potassium ions are imported.[1] Thus, there is a net export of a single positive charge per pump cycle. The net effect is an extracellular concentration of sodium ions which is 5 times the intracellular concentration, and an intracellular concentration of potassium ions which is 30 times the extracellular concentration.[1]

 

acespicoli

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ZElementNo. of electrons/shellElectron configuration[n 1]
4beryllium2, 2[He] 2s2
12magnesium2, 8, 2[Ne] 3s2
20calcium2, 8, 8, 2[Ar] 4s2
38strontium2, 8, 18, 8, 2[Kr] 5s2
56barium2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2[Xe] 6s2
88radium2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2[Rn] 7s2

NameLithiumSodiumPotassiumRubidiumCaesiumFrancium
Atomic number31119375587
Standard atomic weight[note 7][57][58]6.94(1)[note 8]22.98976928(2)39.0983(1)85.4678(3)132.9054519(2)[223][note 9]
Electron configuration[He] 2s1[Ne] 3s1[Ar] 4s1[Kr] 5s1[Xe] 6s1[Rn] 7s1
Melting point (°C)180.5497.7263.3839.3128.44?
Boiling point (°C)1342883759688671?
Density (g·cm−3)0.5340.9680.891.5321.93?
Heat of fusion (kJ·mol−1)3.002.602.3212.192.09?
Heat of vaporisation (kJ·mol−1)13697.4279.16966.1?
Heat of formation of monatomic gas (kJ·mol−1)16210889.682.078.2?
Electrical resistivity at 25 °C (nΩ·cm)94.748.873.9131208?
Atomic radius (pm)152186227248265?
Ionic radius of hexacoordinate M+ ion (pm)76102138152167?
First ionisation energy (kJ·mol−1)520.2495.8418.8403.0375.7392.8[67]
Electron affinity (kJ·mol−1)59.6252.8748.3846.8945.51?
Enthalpy of dissociation of M2 (kJ·mol−1)106.573.657.345.644.77?
Pauling electronegativity0.980.930.820.820.79?[note 10]
Allen electronegativity0.910.870.730.710.660.67
Standard electrode potential (E°(M+→M0); V)[70]−3.04−2.71−2.93−2.98−3.03?
Flame test colour
Principal emission/absorption wavelength (nm)
Crimson
670.8
Yellow
589.2
Violet
766.5
Red-violet
780.0
Blue
455.5
?
 

acespicoli

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Potassium phosphate is a generic term for the salts of potassium and phosphate ions including:[1]



Langbeinite is a potassium magnesium sulfate mineral with the chemical formula K2Mg2(SO4)3. Langbeinite crystallizes in the isometric-tetartoidal (cubic) system as transparent colorless or white with pale tints of yellow to green and violet crystalline masses. It has a vitreous luster. The Mohs hardness is 3.5 to 4 and the specific gravity is 2.83. The crystals are piezoelectric.[4]

The mineral is an ore of potassium and occurs in marine evaporite deposits in association with carnallite, halite, and sylvite.[4]

It was first described in 1891 for an occurrence in Wilhelmshall, Halberstadt, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, and named for A. Langbein of Leopoldshall, Germany.[4][5]

Langbeinite gives its name to the langbeinites, a family of substances with the same cubic structure, a tetrahedral anion, and large and small cations.

Related substances include hydrated salts leonite (K2Mg(SO4)2·4H2O) and picromerite (K2Mg(SO4)2·6H2O).
 
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acespicoli

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Hydrogen, Ammonia and Symbiotic/Smart Fertilizer Production Using Renewable Feedstock and CO2 Utilization through Catalytic Processes and Nonthermal Plasma with Novel Catalysts and In Situ Reactive Separation: A Roadmap for Sustainable and Innovation-Based Technology​


Catalysts 2023, 13(9), 1287; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13091287
 

acespicoli

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The primary soil gases are nitrogen, carbon dioxide and oxygen.[2] Oxygen is critical because it allows for respiration of both plant roots and soil organisms. Other natural soil gases include nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, methane, and ammonia.[3] Some environmental contaminants below ground produce gas which diffuses through the soil such as from landfill wastes, mining activities, and contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons which produce volatile organic compounds.[4]

Gases fill soil pores in the soil structure as water drains or is removed from a soil pore by evaporation or root absorption. The network of pores within the soil aerates, or ventilates, the soil. This aeration network becomes blocked when water enters soil pores. Not only are both soil air and soil water very dynamic parts of soil, but both are often inversely related.

Composition​


Composition of Air in Soil and Atmosphere[5]
GasSoilAtmosphere
Nitrogen79.2%78.0%
Oxygen20.6%20.9%
Carbon Dioxide0.25%0.04%
The composition of gases present in the soil's pores, referred to commonly as the soil atmosphere or atmosphere of the soil, is similar to that of the Earth's atmosphere.[5] Unlike the atmosphere, moreover, soil gas composition is less stagnant due to the various chemical and biological processes taking place in the soil.[5] The resulting changes in composition from these processes can be defined by their variation time (i.e. daily vs. seasonal). Despite this spatial- and temporal-dependent fluctuation, soil gases typically boast greater concentrations of carbon dioxide and water vapor in comparison to the atmosphere.[5] Furthermore, concentration of other gases, such as methane and nitrous oxide, are relatively minor yet significant in determining greenhouse gas flux and anthropogenic impact on soils.[3]
 

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