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:D Genetic Preservation :D - Breeding
- Thread starter acespicoli
- Start date
acespicoli
Well-known member
When a diploid gamete fuses with a haploid gamete, a triploid zygote forms, although these triploids are generally unstable and can often be sterile...
en.wikipedia.org
Polyploidization can be a mechanism of sympatric speciation because polyploids are usually unable to interbreed with their diploid ancestors.
Sympatric speciation events are quite common in plants, which are prone to acquiring multiple homologous sets of chromosomes, resulting in polyploidy.
Polyploidy - Wikipedia
Sympatric speciation events are quite common in plants, which are prone to acquiring multiple homologous sets of chromosomes, resulting in polyploidy.
Controversy
For some time it was difficult to prove that sympatric speciation was possible, because it was impossible to observe it happening.[3] It was believed by many, and championed by Ernst Mayr, that the theory of evolution by natural selection could not explain how two species could emerge from one if the subspecies were able to interbreed.[29] Since Mayr's heyday in the 1940s and 50s, mechanisms have been proposed that explain how speciation might occur in the face of interbreeding, also known as gene flow.[30] And even more recently concrete examples of sympatric divergence have been empirically studied.[31][32] The debate now turns to how often sympatric speciation may actually occur in nature and how much of life's diversity it may be responsible for.
acespicoli
Well-known member
Complex Patterns of Cannabinoid Alkyl Side-Chain Inheritance in Cannabis - Scientific Reports
The cannabinoid alkyl side-chain represents an important pharmacophore, where genetic targeting of alkyl homologs has the potential to provide enhanced forms of Cannabis for biopharmaceutical manufacture. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) synthase genes...
www.nature.com
Activated carbon and many other catalysts work on the same principle - they are incredibly porous with void percentages of 30–50% or more. All those voids create gigantic surface areas, typically about 500–1500 square meters for every gram, or as much surface area as a football field or soccer pitch.
#1
Calcareous and siliceous soils (ground egg shell, river sand)
Azomite
Sea Bat Guano (Insect Frass)
Kelp Meal (trace elements)
Molasses (carbs sugars)
bene bacteria
drought stress
uv
genetics sugar coated leaves
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Very interesting, reading results. Looks like it explains what Tom Hill was talking about in his interview on The Potcast.
They verified the homozygocity of the of P1 and P2 parental lines at THCA and CBD gene loci, with SCAR genetic assay, and then studied the effects of hybridizaion . Cool!!!! Great study!
They verified the homozygocity of the of P1 and P2 parental lines at THCA and CBD gene loci, with SCAR genetic assay, and then studied the effects of hybridizaion . Cool!!!! Great study!
acespicoli
Well-known member
Talk with Tom about genetics one on one for awhile alone
You gonna take notes and leave with more questions than you came with
GCA reflects additive allelic effects only and does not include dominance and epistasis. SCA, which only involves dominant and epistatic gene ...
en.wikipedia.org
en.wikipedia.org
Progeny tested males...how valuable is that male plant ?
@Sam_Skunkman do you have any laying around? Whats your oldest male clone ?
You gonna take notes and leave with more questions than you came with
GCA reflects additive allelic effects only and does not include dominance and epistasis. SCA, which only involves dominant and epistatic gene ...
ASReml - Wikipedia
Quantitative genetics - Wikipedia
Progeny tested males...how valuable is that male plant ?
@Sam_Skunkman do you have any laying around? Whats your oldest male clone ?
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acespicoli
Well-known member
What sets population genetics apart from newer, more phenotypic approaches to modelling evolution, such as evolutionary game theory and adaptive dynamics, is its emphasis on such genetic phenomena as dominance, epistasis, the degree to which genetic recombination breaks linkage disequilibrium, and the random phenomena of mutation and genetic drift. This makes it appropriate for comparison to population genomics data.
For a two locus, two allele system, there are eight independent types of gene interaction.[27]
Dioecy (/daɪˈiːsi/ dy-EE-see;[1] from Ancient Greek διοικία dioikía 'two households'; adj. dioecious, /daɪˈiːʃ(i)əs/ dy-EE-sh(ee-)əs[2][3]) is a characteristic of certain species that have distinct unisexual individuals, each producing either male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants).
Dioecious reproduction is biparental reproduction. Dioecy has costs, since only the female part of the population directly produces offspring. It is one method for excluding self-fertilization and promoting allogamy (outcrossing), and thus tends to reduce the expression of recessive deleterious mutations present in a population. Plants have several other methods of preventing self-fertilization including, for example, dichogamy, herkogamy, and self-incompatibility.
Dioecy evolves due to male or female sterility,[30] although it is unlikely that mutations for male and female sterility occurred at the same time.[31] In angiosperms unisexual flowers evolve from bisexual ones.[32] Dioecy occurs in almost half of plant families, but only in a minority of genera, suggesting recent evolution.[33] For 160 families that have dioecious species, dioecy is thought to have evolved more than 100 times.[34]
In the family Caricaceae dioecy is likely the ancestral sexual system.[35]
In the genus Sagittaria, since there is a distribution of sexual systems, it has been postulated that dioecy evolved from monoecy[38] through gynodioecy mainly from mutations that resulted in male sterility.[39]: 478 However, since the ancestral state is unclear, more work is needed to clarify the evolution of dioecy via monoecy.[39]: 478
In Silene, since there is no monoecy, it is suggested that dioecy evolved through gynodioecy
For a two locus, two allele system, there are eight independent types of gene interaction.[27]
Dioecy (/daɪˈiːsi/ dy-EE-see;[1] from Ancient Greek διοικία dioikía 'two households'; adj. dioecious, /daɪˈiːʃ(i)əs/ dy-EE-sh(ee-)əs[2][3]) is a characteristic of certain species that have distinct unisexual individuals, each producing either male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants).
Dioecious reproduction is biparental reproduction. Dioecy has costs, since only the female part of the population directly produces offspring. It is one method for excluding self-fertilization and promoting allogamy (outcrossing), and thus tends to reduce the expression of recessive deleterious mutations present in a population. Plants have several other methods of preventing self-fertilization including, for example, dichogamy, herkogamy, and self-incompatibility.
Evolution of dioecy
In plants, dioecy has evolved independently multiple times[26] generally either from hermaphroditic species or from monoecious species. A previously untested hypothesis is that this reduces inbreeding;[27] dioecy has been shown to be associated with increased genetic diversity and greater protection against deleterious mutations.[28] Regardless of the evolutionary pathway the intermediate states need to have fitness advantages compared to cosexual flowers in order to survive.[29]Dioecy evolves due to male or female sterility,[30] although it is unlikely that mutations for male and female sterility occurred at the same time.[31] In angiosperms unisexual flowers evolve from bisexual ones.[32] Dioecy occurs in almost half of plant families, but only in a minority of genera, suggesting recent evolution.[33] For 160 families that have dioecious species, dioecy is thought to have evolved more than 100 times.[34]
In the family Caricaceae dioecy is likely the ancestral sexual system.[35]
From monoecy
Dioecious flowering plants can evolve from monoecious ancestors that have flowers containing both functional stamens and functional carpels.[36] Some authors argue monoecy and dioecy are related.[37]In the genus Sagittaria, since there is a distribution of sexual systems, it has been postulated that dioecy evolved from monoecy[38] through gynodioecy mainly from mutations that resulted in male sterility.[39]: 478 However, since the ancestral state is unclear, more work is needed to clarify the evolution of dioecy via monoecy.[39]: 478
From hermaphroditism
Dioecy usually evolves from hermaphroditism through gynodioecy but may also evolve through androdioecy,[40] through distyly[41] or through heterostyly.[28] In the Asteraceae, dioecy may have evolved independently from hermaphroditism at least 5 or 9 times. The reverse transition, from dioecy back to hermaphroditism has also been observed, both in Asteraceae and in bryophytes, with a frequency about half of that for the forward transition.[42]In Silene, since there is no monoecy, it is suggested that dioecy evolved through gynodioecy
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acespicoli
Well-known member
Canonical correlation analysis assigned individual plants to their chemotypes with 92.9%
accuracy. Significant morphological differences were identified. Traits usable as pheno-
type markers for CBD dominant cultivars included light-green and narrow leaflets, a
greater number of primary and secondary serrations, loose inflorescences, dense and
resinous trichomes, and Botrytis cinerea resistance. Traits for intermediate cultivars
included deep-green and medium-wide leaflets, more primary and secondary serrations,
medium compact inflorescences, trichomes that are less dense and less resinous, and
Botrytis cinerea resistance. Traits for THC dominant cultivars included deep-green
and wide leaflets, large and compact inflorescences, dense and resinous trichomes, and
Botrytis cinerea susceptibility.
Table 2. Phenotypic characteristics evaluated on each plant assigned to three chemotypes.
Code Characteristic Unit/Notes
1 HgtVeg Plant height 40 d after rooting cm
2 DiaVeg Stem diameter at base 40 d after rooting mm
3 StmClrVeg Reddish-brown coloration at base of stem of plants 40 d after rooting Visually rated: 1, absent; 2, somewhat apparent; 3, present
4 VisGrnVeg Visual determination of greenness 40 d after rooting Visually rated: 1, light-green; 2, green; 3, deep-green
5 BranchVeg Extent of branching 40 d after rooting Visually rated: 1, less branching; 2, branching; 3, heavily
branching
6 StretchVeg Extent of stretching 40 d after rooting Visually determined: 1, compact; 2, normal; 3, very
stretching
7 NodeVeg Number of nodes 40 d after rooting
8 IntLngVeg Mean internode length 40 d after rooting mm
9 LftNumVeg Mean leaflet number at node n 40 d after rooting, n = 3 to 10 (or highest
number < 10)
10 CtrLftLngVeg Mean length of central leaflet at node n 40 d after rooting, n = 3 to 10 (or
highest number < 10)
mm
11 CtrLftWdtVeg Mean width of central leaflet at node n 40 d after rooting, n = 3 to 10 (or
highest number < 10)
mm
12 LftRatioVeg Mean width/length ratio of central leaflet at node n 40 d after rooting, n = 3
to 10 (or highest number < 10)
13 LftShapeVeg Mean ratio of distance from base of central leaflet to widest point/total
length at node n, 40 d after rooting,
n = 3 to 10 (or highest number < 10)
14 PetLngVeg Mean petiole length at node n 40 d after rooting, n = 3 to 10 (or highest
number < 10)
mm
15 PetWdtVeg Mean petiole width at node n 40 d after rooting, n = 3 to 10 (or highest
number < 10)
mm
16 PetRatioVeg Mean petiole width/thickness ratio at node n 40 d after rooting, n = 3 to 10
(or highest number < 10)
17 PriSerVeg Mean number of primary serrations on central leaflet at node n 40 d after
rooting, n = 3 to 10 (or highest number < 10)
18 SecSerVeg Mean number of secondary serrations on central leaflet at node n 40 d after
rooting, n = 3 to 10 (or highest number < 10)
19 ChlphlVeg Mean leaf chlorophyll concentration at node n 40 d after rooting, n = 3 to
10 (or highest number < 10)
20 HgtFlw Final height at the end of flowering stage cm
21 HgtRat Ratio of height 40 d after rooting over height at the end of flowering stage cm
22 DiaFlw Stem diameter at base at the end of the flowering stage mm
23 StmClrFlw Reddish-brown coloration at base of stem of plants at the end of the
flowering stage
Visually rated: 1 = absent, 2 = somewhat apparent,
3 = present
24 YieldFlw Flower yield per plant g
25 WeightFlw Mean weight per inflorescence averaged from at least ten inflorescences at
the end of flowering stage
mg
26 OvrAprFlw Overall appearance of inflorescences at the end of flowering stage Visually rated: loose = 1, intermediate = 2, compact = 3
27 SugrLftClrFlw Color of leaves in the inflorescence at the end of flowering stage Visually rated: green = 1, mix of green and purple = 2,
purple = 3
28 CalyxClrFlw Color of calyx Visually rated: green = 1, mix of green and purple = 2,
purple = 3
29 ResinFlw Whether inflorescences, on average of 5 from one plant, are resinous:
sparkly, dense, sticky trichomes
Visually rated: 1. non-resin production, 2. intermediate,
3. resin production
30 SickFlw Sickness at the end of flowering stage Visually rated: Botrytis cinerea present = 1, absent = 0
gorilla ganja
Well-known member
Sam has created a collection of papers in this thread. Enough to keep you busy for a few years @pipeline
gorilla ganja
Well-known member
Yes, it sure is nice to see cannabis being studied like other plants now that it is coming out of prohibition.
Too bad it is hard for my monkey brain to figure out what they are trying to say most times. But I try
I'd like to see measured surface area especially with these pinecone fox-tail hash plant flowers ive been seeing lately.
I wonder if anybodys done that
acespicoli
Well-known member
https://www.frontiersin.org/ < great free full pdf
https://scholar.google.com/ < search just scholar papers
Many other free pdf share sites, science should be free it promotes more sharing
Hope you find something great to read, feel welcome and free to share here!
Alot of it I have found in regular google.com
The trick is study alot, come up with a question and see if its been done before, saves alot of testing time.
Some things you recognize about special cannabis plants,
end up being the same across many species of plants so alot of reading
Foot notes in papers link to like studies you can search for as well
>>>Best>ibes :hug
Thanks. Cannabis is quite an interesting plant, certainly worth studying! Looks like there is a lot of work being done.
Breeding is fun. Need to hit the books.
Hey, if you develop some unique cultivars it may be a real blessing to a lot of people. I need smoke testers though, but I have had good reports on my cultivar so far. Looking to refine the line, and hopefully end up with something highly valuable.
Breeding is fun. Need to hit the books.
Hey, if you develop some unique cultivars it may be a real blessing to a lot of people. I need smoke testers though, but I have had good reports on my cultivar so far. Looking to refine the line, and hopefully end up with something highly valuable.
Here we go.... Searched for "cannabis nomenclature"
Published Online:1 Oct 2016https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0027
The Name of Cannabis: A Short Guide for Nonbotanists
Antonino PollioPublished Online:1 Oct 2016https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0027
Abstract
The genus Cannabis (Family Cannabaceae) is probably indigenous to wet habitats of Asiatic continent. The long coexistence between mankind and Cannabis led to an early domestication of the plant, which soon showed an amazing spectrum of possible utilizations, as a source of textile fibers, as well as narcotic and psychoactive compounds. Nowadays, the specie(s) belonging to the genus Cannabis are represented by myriads of cultivated varieties, often with unstable taxonomic foundations. The nomenclature of Cannabis has been the object of numerous nomenclatural treatments. Linnaeus in Species Plantarum (1753) described a single species of hemp, Cannabis sativa, whereas Lamarck (1785) proposed two species of Cannabis: C. sativa, the species largely cultivated in Western Continent, and Cannabis indica, a wild species growing in India and neighboring countries. The dilemma about the existence of the species C. indica considered distinct from C. sativa continues up to present days. Due to their prevalent economic interest, the nomenclatural treatment is particularly important as far as it concerns the cultivated varieties of Cannabis. In this context, we propose to avoid the distinction between sativa and indica, suggesting a bimodal approach: when a cultivar has been correctly established. It could be advisable to apply a nomenclature system based on the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP): it is not necessary to use the species epithets, sativa or indica, and a combination of the genus name and a cultivar epithet in any language and bounded by single quotation marks define an exclusive name for each Cannabis cultivar. In contrast, Cannabis varieties named with vernacular names by medical patients and recreational users, and lacking an adequate description as required by ICNCP, should be named as Cannabis strain, followed by their popularized name and without single quotation marks, having in mind that their names have no taxonomical validity.
acespicoli
Well-known member
DJ Short - The Origins of Blueberry
Choosing your parents
The place for breeding to begin is with choosing the parent plants, called the P1 generation. For best breeding results you use true-breeding stabilized strains as your P1's. Different breeders have different standards as to what qualifies as a P1. I have very high standards for my P1 generation. For me, the P1 must be either a fully acclimated, region-of-origin land-race variety, or no more than one generation removed, and crossed with itself or another highly similar, region-of-origin land-race variety.
I used three P1 strains to breed Blueberry, Flo and others. They were the Highland Thai (also called Juicy Fruit Thai, a first-generation Thai seed grown in the Pacific Northwest); a cross called Purple Thai which was a first generation land-race Chocolate Thai crossed once with a first generation land-race Highland Oaxaca Gold; and an Afghani Indica which came to me one generation removed from Afghanistan via the California/Southern Oregon growing community.
Juicy Fruit
The Highland Thai was a joy to grow and behold, despite its hermaphroditism. This plant grew fast, filling in any empty spaces with lush, green growth. It was a very slow finisher, 12 to 16 weeks and beyond in the bud period for most. It had the longest and skinniest leaves out of all the plants I have worked with. Thick side-branching is another characteristic of this variety.
The plant only periodically produced any kind of "tight" bud structure. Most of the buds were very loose, with some sporting long, slender shoots of widely-spaced single female flowers in a row (especially when grown hydroponically under halide lights.)
This bud structure is known as "spindly". Many of these spindles resemble threads protruding from a semi-formed bud. Each single thread averaged anywhere from five to ten inches long, some even longer, and consisted of a row of evenly-spaced female flowers and their corresponding bract leaves, anywhere from a quarter inch to one inch apart, alternating bract and flower in single file.
Thai
The entirety of the "thread" and bud structure was coated with sweet/fruity aromatic resin glands.
The overall plant color was dark, while the bud structures matured a lighter shade of green, sometimes green/yellow.
I was never able to get a Juicy Fruit Highland Thai to "over mature". I took one to almost twenty weeks into its flower cycle and she just kept pumping it out. Outdoors, one was taken in early-mid December from a greenhouse. The only difference was that the later harvest was a more stony, body high.
The finished product from the Highland Thai was an all-around champion herb. Though difficult to trim and cure, the outcome was fully worth the effort. It was a powerful, long-lasting and exquisitely flavoured herb with little or no ceiling. The high could last up to seven hours! The flavour, aroma and taste were a totally sweet tropical punch – tutti-fruity all the way.
The Purple Thai was the other sativa in my repertoire. This was a first generation cross between the Highland Oaxaca Gold and the Chocolate Thai. This cross grew medium/tall and was very symmetric in structure. The side branches were shorter and, if left alone (untopped) the main stalk (meristem) remained the dominant shoot.
Afghani
The entire plant of the Purple Thai was very dark-coloured and would express a deep royal purple colour at the slightest exposure to cold. It did not exhibit any of the spindly bud syndrome of the Juicy Fruit Thai, and the finished buds were a medium and compact sativa type. The finished product was equally as fruity and strong as the Juicy Fruit, also without ceiling.
For whatever aesthetic reason, I preferred the Purple Thai to the Juicy Fruit Highland Thai. I believe that the Purple Thai was emotionally kinder or gentler than the Juicy Fruit. At larger doses the Juicy Fruit could evoke quite a terror, especially when combined with psychedelics. Though no less potent, the Purple Thai seemed easier to handle, including when tripping. The Purple Thai was one of the first to show resin gland production in the early bud cycle, at roughly three to four weeks into the cycle. It also matured at 10 to 12 weeks indoor, and early to mid November outdoors.
The Afghani Indica plant is short with large, wide leaves, stout and thick-stemmed. It has early to very early maturation, producing large, dense buds that smell earthen to skunk, with a strong smoke that is generally sedative or "down" in effect. Though consistent in its growth and overall effect, its appeal is somewhat limited in my opinion. I believe more indicas should be made into hashish, which is where the finer qualities of the indica appear.
Blueberry x Afghani
The sinsemilla Afghani Indica first showed up on the market in 1979. They were huge, green, stinky, sticky, dense buds of potent, pungent herb that smelled like a skunk and produced a narcotic-knockout stone that was tremendously novel, when compared to all the sativas that had come before. This was right after sinsemilla herb hit the market with big appeal.
The triad of sinsemilla, indica, and the advent of high powered halide and HPS lights, all wreaked havoc on the breeding programs of most pot-entrepeneurs. Few people maintained their sativa lines, and the strains virtually disappeared from the commercial markets. The short, dense, early-maturing and body-powerful indica has dominated the scene since 1983 – a matter of disjointed economics.
Such were the three main P1's I used for my breeding lines.
Afghani male
The f1 cross
The f1 cross is the first cross between two distinctly different P1 parents. The "f" stands for filial (child). I cannot overstress the importance of the two P1 parents being as genetically different as is possible. It is this initial genetic diversity that leads to the most possibilities in succeeding lines.
If the P1's are sufficiently diverse, then the f1 will be a true hybrid, expressing a near total uniformity and great vigor. It is in the crosses beyond the initial f1 (especially the f1xf1=f2 cross) that specific traits are sought. There will be a tremendous amount of variance in the f2 crosses of f1's obtained from a female pure sativa and a male pure indica.
The Blueberry (among others) was discovered and stabilized from an f1 cross between the P1 parents of a female Juicy Fruit Thai or a female Purple Thai and a male Afghani Indica. Thus there were two possible routes to essentially the same finished product. Blue Velvet and Flo seem more accessible via the Purple Thai route, while Blue Moonshine seems more accessible through the Juicy Fruit lineage. That is, there is a higher probability of occurence of the specific traits which I'm seeking, and so they're easier to "find".
Oddly enough, the opposite cross (female Afghani indica crossed with pollen from male Thai sativa) was not nearly as interesting. The f1's from this cross were more leafy and less desirable. They were also more hermaphroditic and subsequent breeding revealed them to be less desirable. It has been my observation that in a successful cross, the (usually female) sativa contributes the type of aroma and flavour, while the (usually male) indica contributes the amount of aroma and flavour to the prodigy. So far this observation has proven fruitful.
Blue Moonshine
So the Thai female is pollinated with the Afghani male and an abundance of seed is produced. The seed is uniformly sized and shaped; small, ellipsoid and mottled with dark stripes upon a grayish brown shell. A single female is capable of producing thousands of seed, leaving plenty for experimentation. This is the f1 generation, which I called simply "The Cross".
The plants of The Cross grew uniform, medium-tall "spear" structures of many competing side-branches around one main (meristem) stalk. Large, long buds formed along the branches. There was a wide palate of colours, especially among the Purple Thai cross. The buds were lighter, almost yellow to the centres, wile the outer leaf, bract and calyx tips showed red, purple and blue hues. The maturation rates were uniform as well, with a wide window of harvest being between weeks eight to eleven in the bud cycle, indoors. The finished bud had a very strong "astringent" chemical/terpene aroma that bordered between pine, gin, licorice and paint. Only a very few of The Cross expressed hermaphroditism, about 1 out of every 25 females.
Afghani
The f2 cross
The f2 is the second filial generation, simply a cross between any two of the f1 stock. With my f2 crosses the outcome was extreme, with almost every characteristic of the cannabis plant being expressed in some of the plants. The diversity was spectacular, both in structure and aesthetics. From sativa to indica, short to tall, dark to light, early to late maturation, wide to narrow leaves, along with an extensive array of flavours, aromas, tastes and highs. The f2 seeds collected were equally diverse, ranging from large to small, plump to slender, striped to solid, round to oval.
A grand amount of time, energy and money was spent from this point to isolate and stabilize the desired traits. There is a tremendous amount of work between the f2's and the f4's and f5's. Trial and error is the rule; certain paths prove futile while others bear further examination. On average, there are about nine errors to each success. Coupled with the difficult clandestine aspects of the trade through the 80's and 90's, it was a difficult task to accomplish. Many sacrifices were endured by my family and friends.
It was however, a fun and worthwhile occupation to sample all the research material. It was hard work and dedication to record the findings and attempt to create useful categories and find patterns and traits to specific characteristics. Then there's the wait for the cured sample. If the sample passed "the test" then the plant was kept for further consideration. The most desirable samples were used for further breeding to f3, f4 and f5. The harvested plants, cut above the lowest few nodes, were placed under a vegetative light cycle to stimulate new growth for cloning.
Blueberry x NL#5
I like to do one backcross somewhere between the f3 and f5 generation. Exactly when, where and how that is done remains a trade secret for now. Another trade secret is the art of selecting the best males for breeding. These topics and others will be covered in future articles.
Have phun!
Select the best, reject all others
Mendelian procedures are fine for sweet peas, but when it comes to herb I much prefer Luther Burbank's philosophy: "Select the best and reject all others!" This simple phrase is worth much consideration. Mendel's work is useful, especially concerning P1 and f1 crosses. But beyond the f2 and f3 cross, Mendel's theories add copius complexity to the equation.
Afghani clones
Your friend the freezer
A benevolent tool in our trade is the refrigerator and freezer. The fridge is extremely useful in extending the longevity of seed and pollen. The trick to successful freezing is to freeze deep (-10 to -40°F/-20 to -35°C) and then keep the seed undisturbed. Hard frozen objects are very fragile. The slightest shock may shatter crucial, delicate cell structures within the seed. Double wrap the seed in paper; little manilla envelopes work great.
I like to do small amounts, in one-time-use packets, to keep waste to a minimum. Then place the wrap into a plastic freezer bag, then place the freezer bag into a plastic tub or tupperware container. Now the seed is ready for the deep-freeze. In the fridge, storing seed in airtight, brown glass jars with a little rice or other non-toxic desiccant seems to work best.
I have had pollen last for years in a deep freeze. It must be frozen immediately after fresh collection from the plant, in as low a humidity as possible (preferably 0%). I like to shake the productive male flowers over a flat and clean piece of glass. The pollen pile is sifted to rid the unwanted plant material from the pure powder.
It is also useful to cut pollen with flour to stretch the amount. A pollen-to-flour ratio of 1:10 or even 1:100 works best. The cut pollen may then be separated into small, one-time-use amounts, stored in a flap of paper and frozen the same way as the seed. The frozen pollen must be applied to the live female flower immediately after thawing to increase viability.
Blue Velvet
The sweet sativa room
I recommend the creation of a special "sativa room" for indoor breeding of such strains. This room needs to consider and satisfy the unique needs of the sativa variety. The goal is to replicate the equatorial conditions of the world’s various "sweet spots". Some of these conditions include: a different light cycle than the standard 18/6 vegetative 12/12 bud cycles, a higher angle of light (using a straight track shuttle instead of a circular one), humidity control set on low for the highland and high for the lowland, and variations in soil composition and depth.
Light cycle is one of the key considerations for those wishing to breed truly fine quality cannabis indoors under lights. The 18/6 veggie and 12/12 bud cycles are perhaps the main influence towards the indica dominant strains and generic blandness of the indoor commercial product. A true equatorial sativa will require closer to a 13/11 vegetative and a long (four to six month) 11/13 flower cycle. Different variations may be tried, such as 15/9 veggie and 10/14 flowering cycle. Be prepared for much fine tuning.
Equatorial strains also experience a higher arch of sunlight than those grown beyond 38° north or south – with a sunrise almost due east and sunset nearly due west. Therefore the sativa room will edintense overhead lighting with a straight track mover. Keeping the plant in a stationary position, especially through the bud cycle, may positively influence the outcome of the finished product.
As jungle (lowland) herb requires only a thin layer of nutrient soil, perhaps a four-to-eight inch layer of soil over clay or concrete (with some form of drain system) would encourage lateral root growth, stationary plants, and a more lowland sativa-friendly environment.
If successful, the sativa-friendly room can be used to acclimate an indoor sativa variety, which expands the possibilities of your breeding operation.
tk
Choosing your parents
The place for breeding to begin is with choosing the parent plants, called the P1 generation. For best breeding results you use true-breeding stabilized strains as your P1's. Different breeders have different standards as to what qualifies as a P1. I have very high standards for my P1 generation. For me, the P1 must be either a fully acclimated, region-of-origin land-race variety, or no more than one generation removed, and crossed with itself or another highly similar, region-of-origin land-race variety.
I used three P1 strains to breed Blueberry, Flo and others. They were the Highland Thai (also called Juicy Fruit Thai, a first-generation Thai seed grown in the Pacific Northwest); a cross called Purple Thai which was a first generation land-race Chocolate Thai crossed once with a first generation land-race Highland Oaxaca Gold; and an Afghani Indica which came to me one generation removed from Afghanistan via the California/Southern Oregon growing community.
Juicy Fruit
The Highland Thai was a joy to grow and behold, despite its hermaphroditism. This plant grew fast, filling in any empty spaces with lush, green growth. It was a very slow finisher, 12 to 16 weeks and beyond in the bud period for most. It had the longest and skinniest leaves out of all the plants I have worked with. Thick side-branching is another characteristic of this variety.
The plant only periodically produced any kind of "tight" bud structure. Most of the buds were very loose, with some sporting long, slender shoots of widely-spaced single female flowers in a row (especially when grown hydroponically under halide lights.)
This bud structure is known as "spindly". Many of these spindles resemble threads protruding from a semi-formed bud. Each single thread averaged anywhere from five to ten inches long, some even longer, and consisted of a row of evenly-spaced female flowers and their corresponding bract leaves, anywhere from a quarter inch to one inch apart, alternating bract and flower in single file.
Thai
The entirety of the "thread" and bud structure was coated with sweet/fruity aromatic resin glands.
The overall plant color was dark, while the bud structures matured a lighter shade of green, sometimes green/yellow.
I was never able to get a Juicy Fruit Highland Thai to "over mature". I took one to almost twenty weeks into its flower cycle and she just kept pumping it out. Outdoors, one was taken in early-mid December from a greenhouse. The only difference was that the later harvest was a more stony, body high.
The finished product from the Highland Thai was an all-around champion herb. Though difficult to trim and cure, the outcome was fully worth the effort. It was a powerful, long-lasting and exquisitely flavoured herb with little or no ceiling. The high could last up to seven hours! The flavour, aroma and taste were a totally sweet tropical punch – tutti-fruity all the way.
The Purple Thai was the other sativa in my repertoire. This was a first generation cross between the Highland Oaxaca Gold and the Chocolate Thai. This cross grew medium/tall and was very symmetric in structure. The side branches were shorter and, if left alone (untopped) the main stalk (meristem) remained the dominant shoot.
Afghani
The entire plant of the Purple Thai was very dark-coloured and would express a deep royal purple colour at the slightest exposure to cold. It did not exhibit any of the spindly bud syndrome of the Juicy Fruit Thai, and the finished buds were a medium and compact sativa type. The finished product was equally as fruity and strong as the Juicy Fruit, also without ceiling.
For whatever aesthetic reason, I preferred the Purple Thai to the Juicy Fruit Highland Thai. I believe that the Purple Thai was emotionally kinder or gentler than the Juicy Fruit. At larger doses the Juicy Fruit could evoke quite a terror, especially when combined with psychedelics. Though no less potent, the Purple Thai seemed easier to handle, including when tripping. The Purple Thai was one of the first to show resin gland production in the early bud cycle, at roughly three to four weeks into the cycle. It also matured at 10 to 12 weeks indoor, and early to mid November outdoors.
The Afghani Indica plant is short with large, wide leaves, stout and thick-stemmed. It has early to very early maturation, producing large, dense buds that smell earthen to skunk, with a strong smoke that is generally sedative or "down" in effect. Though consistent in its growth and overall effect, its appeal is somewhat limited in my opinion. I believe more indicas should be made into hashish, which is where the finer qualities of the indica appear.
Blueberry x Afghani
The sinsemilla Afghani Indica first showed up on the market in 1979. They were huge, green, stinky, sticky, dense buds of potent, pungent herb that smelled like a skunk and produced a narcotic-knockout stone that was tremendously novel, when compared to all the sativas that had come before. This was right after sinsemilla herb hit the market with big appeal.
The triad of sinsemilla, indica, and the advent of high powered halide and HPS lights, all wreaked havoc on the breeding programs of most pot-entrepeneurs. Few people maintained their sativa lines, and the strains virtually disappeared from the commercial markets. The short, dense, early-maturing and body-powerful indica has dominated the scene since 1983 – a matter of disjointed economics.
Such were the three main P1's I used for my breeding lines.
Afghani male
The f1 cross
The f1 cross is the first cross between two distinctly different P1 parents. The "f" stands for filial (child). I cannot overstress the importance of the two P1 parents being as genetically different as is possible. It is this initial genetic diversity that leads to the most possibilities in succeeding lines.
If the P1's are sufficiently diverse, then the f1 will be a true hybrid, expressing a near total uniformity and great vigor. It is in the crosses beyond the initial f1 (especially the f1xf1=f2 cross) that specific traits are sought. There will be a tremendous amount of variance in the f2 crosses of f1's obtained from a female pure sativa and a male pure indica.
The Blueberry (among others) was discovered and stabilized from an f1 cross between the P1 parents of a female Juicy Fruit Thai or a female Purple Thai and a male Afghani Indica. Thus there were two possible routes to essentially the same finished product. Blue Velvet and Flo seem more accessible via the Purple Thai route, while Blue Moonshine seems more accessible through the Juicy Fruit lineage. That is, there is a higher probability of occurence of the specific traits which I'm seeking, and so they're easier to "find".
Oddly enough, the opposite cross (female Afghani indica crossed with pollen from male Thai sativa) was not nearly as interesting. The f1's from this cross were more leafy and less desirable. They were also more hermaphroditic and subsequent breeding revealed them to be less desirable. It has been my observation that in a successful cross, the (usually female) sativa contributes the type of aroma and flavour, while the (usually male) indica contributes the amount of aroma and flavour to the prodigy. So far this observation has proven fruitful.
Blue Moonshine
So the Thai female is pollinated with the Afghani male and an abundance of seed is produced. The seed is uniformly sized and shaped; small, ellipsoid and mottled with dark stripes upon a grayish brown shell. A single female is capable of producing thousands of seed, leaving plenty for experimentation. This is the f1 generation, which I called simply "The Cross".
The plants of The Cross grew uniform, medium-tall "spear" structures of many competing side-branches around one main (meristem) stalk. Large, long buds formed along the branches. There was a wide palate of colours, especially among the Purple Thai cross. The buds were lighter, almost yellow to the centres, wile the outer leaf, bract and calyx tips showed red, purple and blue hues. The maturation rates were uniform as well, with a wide window of harvest being between weeks eight to eleven in the bud cycle, indoors. The finished bud had a very strong "astringent" chemical/terpene aroma that bordered between pine, gin, licorice and paint. Only a very few of The Cross expressed hermaphroditism, about 1 out of every 25 females.
Afghani
The f2 cross
The f2 is the second filial generation, simply a cross between any two of the f1 stock. With my f2 crosses the outcome was extreme, with almost every characteristic of the cannabis plant being expressed in some of the plants. The diversity was spectacular, both in structure and aesthetics. From sativa to indica, short to tall, dark to light, early to late maturation, wide to narrow leaves, along with an extensive array of flavours, aromas, tastes and highs. The f2 seeds collected were equally diverse, ranging from large to small, plump to slender, striped to solid, round to oval.
A grand amount of time, energy and money was spent from this point to isolate and stabilize the desired traits. There is a tremendous amount of work between the f2's and the f4's and f5's. Trial and error is the rule; certain paths prove futile while others bear further examination. On average, there are about nine errors to each success. Coupled with the difficult clandestine aspects of the trade through the 80's and 90's, it was a difficult task to accomplish. Many sacrifices were endured by my family and friends.
It was however, a fun and worthwhile occupation to sample all the research material. It was hard work and dedication to record the findings and attempt to create useful categories and find patterns and traits to specific characteristics. Then there's the wait for the cured sample. If the sample passed "the test" then the plant was kept for further consideration. The most desirable samples were used for further breeding to f3, f4 and f5. The harvested plants, cut above the lowest few nodes, were placed under a vegetative light cycle to stimulate new growth for cloning.
Blueberry x NL#5
I like to do one backcross somewhere between the f3 and f5 generation. Exactly when, where and how that is done remains a trade secret for now. Another trade secret is the art of selecting the best males for breeding. These topics and others will be covered in future articles.
Have phun!
Select the best, reject all others
Mendelian procedures are fine for sweet peas, but when it comes to herb I much prefer Luther Burbank's philosophy: "Select the best and reject all others!" This simple phrase is worth much consideration. Mendel's work is useful, especially concerning P1 and f1 crosses. But beyond the f2 and f3 cross, Mendel's theories add copius complexity to the equation.
Afghani clones
Your friend the freezer
A benevolent tool in our trade is the refrigerator and freezer. The fridge is extremely useful in extending the longevity of seed and pollen. The trick to successful freezing is to freeze deep (-10 to -40°F/-20 to -35°C) and then keep the seed undisturbed. Hard frozen objects are very fragile. The slightest shock may shatter crucial, delicate cell structures within the seed. Double wrap the seed in paper; little manilla envelopes work great.
I like to do small amounts, in one-time-use packets, to keep waste to a minimum. Then place the wrap into a plastic freezer bag, then place the freezer bag into a plastic tub or tupperware container. Now the seed is ready for the deep-freeze. In the fridge, storing seed in airtight, brown glass jars with a little rice or other non-toxic desiccant seems to work best.
I have had pollen last for years in a deep freeze. It must be frozen immediately after fresh collection from the plant, in as low a humidity as possible (preferably 0%). I like to shake the productive male flowers over a flat and clean piece of glass. The pollen pile is sifted to rid the unwanted plant material from the pure powder.
It is also useful to cut pollen with flour to stretch the amount. A pollen-to-flour ratio of 1:10 or even 1:100 works best. The cut pollen may then be separated into small, one-time-use amounts, stored in a flap of paper and frozen the same way as the seed. The frozen pollen must be applied to the live female flower immediately after thawing to increase viability.
Blue Velvet
The sweet sativa room
I recommend the creation of a special "sativa room" for indoor breeding of such strains. This room needs to consider and satisfy the unique needs of the sativa variety. The goal is to replicate the equatorial conditions of the world’s various "sweet spots". Some of these conditions include: a different light cycle than the standard 18/6 vegetative 12/12 bud cycles, a higher angle of light (using a straight track shuttle instead of a circular one), humidity control set on low for the highland and high for the lowland, and variations in soil composition and depth.
Light cycle is one of the key considerations for those wishing to breed truly fine quality cannabis indoors under lights. The 18/6 veggie and 12/12 bud cycles are perhaps the main influence towards the indica dominant strains and generic blandness of the indoor commercial product. A true equatorial sativa will require closer to a 13/11 vegetative and a long (four to six month) 11/13 flower cycle. Different variations may be tried, such as 15/9 veggie and 10/14 flowering cycle. Be prepared for much fine tuning.
Equatorial strains also experience a higher arch of sunlight than those grown beyond 38° north or south – with a sunrise almost due east and sunset nearly due west. Therefore the sativa room will edintense overhead lighting with a straight track mover. Keeping the plant in a stationary position, especially through the bud cycle, may positively influence the outcome of the finished product.
As jungle (lowland) herb requires only a thin layer of nutrient soil, perhaps a four-to-eight inch layer of soil over clay or concrete (with some form of drain system) would encourage lateral root growth, stationary plants, and a more lowland sativa-friendly environment.
If successful, the sativa-friendly room can be used to acclimate an indoor sativa variety, which expands the possibilities of your breeding operation.
tk
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What is the source of the last post with the information about DJ Short's Blueberry? Trying to look up more about it. Its very flavorful and has a different hue, keeper thats for sure. Would maybe like to try it, where is it available in seed form? Thanks for the help!
acespicoli
Well-known member
What is the source of the last post with the information about DJ Short's Blueberry? Trying to look up more about it. Its very flavorful and has a different hue, keeper thats for sure. Would maybe like to try it, where is it available in seed form? Thanks for the help!
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Buy Blueberry® Feminised Seeds | Dutch Passion UK
Blueberry is a legendary cannabis variety famous for her incredibly fruity, blueberry flavour. This high THC strain produces a long lasting high with a relaxing and euphoric effect.
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Seedsman had Flo its nice
Texas Kid had a copy paste from a old forum that I believe is gone now...
Where DJ had posted that information iirc not sure OG has a copy of the same iirc
Looked for it but im having trouble finding it... thats why I drop breeding info here good finds
Multiple Backups on different forums of that information is a good thing
I want the Eugene Oregon Indica a friend of mine that used to tour with the Dead had some nice Blue Indica...
Anyway its hard to keep in touch over the decades, he may or may not still have it.
Last thing I had opportunity to was Blueberry Blast x, let me know if you wanna play around with it
You prefer the sativa or indy's ? A balance of the two is nice
Blueberry is a high yield strain outdoors top 10
Actually heard of people pulling 10 lb from Blue Dream one plant!
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