:D Genetic Preservation :D - Breeding

[acespicoli]

I am trying to use AI to help but sadly they have locked down a lot of functionality because it's ''illegal''

fastStructure

rajanil.github.io

Fig 1
Genetic structure of marijuana and hemp.
(a) PCA of 43 hemp and 81 marijuana samples using 14,031 SNPs. Hemp samples are colored green and marijuana samples are colored according to their reported C. sativa ancestry. The proportion of the variance explained by each PC is shown in parentheses along each axis. The two samples labeled with their IDs are discussed in the text. (b) Boxplots showing significantly lower heterozygosity in marijuana than in hemp. (c) Population structure of hemp and marijuana estimated using the fastSTRUCTURE admixture model at K = 2. Each sample is represented by a thin vertical line, which is partitioned into two colored segments that represent the sample’s estimated membership in each of the two inferred clusters. Hemp and marijuana samples are labeled below the plot.

Fig 2
Genetic structure of marijuana.
(a) PCA of 81 marijuana samples using 9,776 SNPs. Samples are colored according to their reported C. sativa ancestry. The proportion of the variance explained by each PC is shown in parentheses along each axis. (b) Population structure of marijuana calculated using the fastSTRUCTURE admixture model at K = 2. Each sample is represented by a horizontal bar, which is partitioned into two colored segments that represent the sample’s estimated membership in each of the two inferred clusters. Adjacent to each bar is the sample’s name and reported % C. sativa ancestry. (c) The correlation between the principal axis of genetic structure (PC1) in marijuana and reported C. sativa ancestry.

 

[acespicoli]

Theres alot of open source genetic information, cpu power...
intel vs amd ?
Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree depicting the relationship among the Cannabis sativa cannabinoid synthase genes tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase (THCAS), cannabidiolic acid synthase (CBDAS) and cannabichromenic acid synthase (CBCAS).

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nph.17140

Sequence similarity between the Cannabis sativa cannabinoid synthase genes tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase (THCAS; GenBank acc. no. AB057805.1), cannabidiolic acid synthase (CBDAS: GenBank acc. no. AB292682.1) and cannabichromenic acid synthase (CBCAS; GenBank acc. no. LY658671.1). (a) Protein sequence alignments of THCAS, CBDAS and CBCAS were performed using Clustal Omega and protein domains were annotated using InterProScan v.5.41-78.0 (Sievers et al., 2011; Jones et al., 2014).

GitHub - ebi-pf-team/interproscan: Genome-scale protein function classification

Genome-scale protein function classification. Contribute to ebi-pf-team/interproscan development by creating an account on GitHub.

github.com

Clustal Omega - fast, accurate, scalable multiple sequence alignment for proteins

Home of the Clustal Omega multiple sequence alignment program

www.clustal.org

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Bootstrap confidence levels for phylogenetic trees

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.93.23.13429

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All this data is useful in different ways
Selection of CBD or THC strains maybe even THCV strains depends what your into
Picking vastly different plants from separate sides of the spectrum to cross for maximum array of phenos
Or making backups of all the furthest border populations then maybe everything in between is covered ?
Currently collecting genetics for preservtion how many seeds do I need and how many plants must be grown?
That depends

 

[acespicoli]

tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase precursor [Cannabis sativa] - Protein - NCBI

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The gene controlling marijuana psychoactivity: molecular cloning and heterologous expression of Delta1-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase from Cannabis sativa L - PubMed

Delta(1)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) synthase is the enzyme that catalyzes oxidative cyclization of cannabigerolic acid into THCA, the precursor of Delta(1)-tetrahydrocannabinol. We cloned a novel cDNA (GenBank trade mark accession number AB057805) encoding THCA synthase by reverse...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Identification of Chemotypic Markers in Three Chemotype Categories of Cannabis Using Secondary Metabolites Profiled in Inflorescences, Leaves, Stem Bark, and Roots - PubMed

Previous chemotaxonomic studies of cannabis only focused on tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) dominant strains while excluded the cannabidiol (CBD) dominant strains and intermediate strains (THC ≈ CBD). This study investigated the utility of the full spectrum of secondary metabolites in different plant...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

thcv - Search Results - PubMed

thcv - Search Results - PubMed

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

3VTE: Crystal structure of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase from Cannabis sativa

Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoseFLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Nice interactive 3D THC highly recommend playing with that link

 

[acespicoli]

# of terpenes identified	Origin of plant material	Purpose of analysis	Reference
25	Wild-grown in Kashmir	Plant Biology	[37]
50	Forensic samples	Classification	[38]
66	Grown by researchers	Plant Biology	[13]
48	Breeders, researchers, law enforcement	Classification	[39]
16	Grown by researchers	Plant Biology	[40]
27	Bedrocan BV	Classification	[41]
49	Grown by researchers outdoors	Metabolite survey	[42]
28	Grown by researchers	Metabolite survey	[43]
20	Coffee shops in the Netherlands and Bedrocan BV	Classification	[44]
12	Bedrocan BV	Industrial	[45]
53	Forensic samples	Metabolite survey	[12]
13	Grown outdoors	Industrial	[46]
27	Indoor cultivator in California	Industrial	[47]
28	Submissions from medical patients	Classification	[4]
28	Grown by researchers	Plant Biology	[48]
17	Bedrocan BV	Industrial	[49]
50	Bedrocan BV	Classification	[50]
16	Submitted by dispensary	Classification	[3]
14	Licensed producers in Canada	Classification	[51]
20	Indoor cultivator in New Mexico, assorted growers	Classification	[52]
21	Dispensary in California	Medical	[53]
45	Grown outdoors	Medical	[54]

https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/can.2016.0040

 

[acespicoli]

https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1096/fj.02-0795fje

Sequence and annotation of 42 cannabis genomes reveals extensive copy number variation in cannabinoid synthesis and pathogen resistance genes

Cannabis is a diverse and polymorphic species. To better understand cannabinoid synthesis inheritance and its impact on pathogen resistance, we shotgun sequenced and assembled a Cannabis trio (sibling pair and their offspring) utilizing long read single molecule sequencing. This resulted in the...

www.biorxiv.org

DOI: 10.1089/can.2016.0040

Figs. 2-5. Representative achenes of the varieties of Cannabis recognized in this paper.
A = side view, X I8; B = oblique view of base, X 26. 2- C. sativa subsp. sativa var.
sativa (fibre cultivar from Romania, E. Small Cannabis voucher 195, DAO). 3- C.
sativa subsp. sativa var. spontanea (Dzhungariia municipality G. Kul'dzhi, U.S.S.R.,
Larionov 65, MW). 4- C. sativa subsp. indica var. indica ("narcotic" cultivar collected
from Khandua on 28-X-i893 by Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, accession 423376,
CAL). 5- C. sativa subsp. indica var. kafiristanica (Sikkim, India, Cave 655, BM).
414 TAXON VOLUME 2 5

A Belated Green Revolution for Cannabis: Virtual Genetic Resources to Fast-Track Cultivar Development - PMC

Cannabis is a predominantly diecious phenotypically diverse domesticated genus with few if any extant natural populations. International narcotics conventions and associated legislation have constrained the establishment, characterization, and use ...

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Cannabis, the multibillion dollar plant that no genebank wanted - PubMed

Although cannabis is legalized and accepted as an agricultural commodity in many places around the world, a significant lack of public germplasm repositories remains an unresolved problem in the cannabis industry. The acquisition, preservation, and evaluation of germplasm, including landraces...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

 

[Hammerhead]

FYI I had one plant from seeds I collected in Kerala that smelled just like vicks-vapo-rub this was more than 40 years ago, and the structure was a lot like yours not typical Kerala at all.
I smoked a lot of Kerala weed in Kerala and did not see it in my search, most were slimmer NLD types and often as sweet as bubble gum, most seeds I grew in Calif were slim and sweet, great Cannabis, and sinsemilla when grown by the best farmers in Munnar. I visited many farms near Munnar. I paid $3.50 a Kg for the very best, and ground them all (10kg) up looking for the seeds, maybe a dozen in each Kg. I gave the weed after seed removal to my guide who took me to the farms, he was a cripple who could still outwalk me through the mountains, a serious smoker he was, and understood quality.
I do not have a clone of her.
-SamS

a 2 year Old post but still funny.. :I DO NOT HAVE A CLONE OF HER" Makes me wonder how many people PM for a SamS Clone

 

[acespicoli]

thought the same thing when he posted that, almost made me feel sorry for the man.
Not only that how many times hes been DM the same questions...about skunk and haze

I think he said over a hundred but i forgot how often he checks think its once a week and 100s of DMs
smh dont wonder why he does not reply to a previously answered question right ?
Simply not enough time in a day

Happy 420

 

[acespicoli]

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4965456/

https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/jpgr/jpgr/2012/00000013/00000004/art00008?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf

Abstract: Genetic diversity of 13 Cannabis populations from different sources was analyzed by
POPGENE 3． 2Software． AFLP analysis showed that the Yunnan population had the highest level of genetic diversity ( PPB =88． 82% ，This study analyzed genetic diversity of cannabis populations in molecular level，provided scientific evidence for the protection of seeds，breeding，evolution study of industrial hemp．

Table 1​

Evidence for the diversity of East Asian germplasm.

DNA marker​	No. loci /bands​	No. of accessions​	Country of origin of accessions​	Province of Chinese accessions​	Genetic variability​	References​
AFLP®​	442​	49​	Europe, China​	Anhui, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Kunming, Liaoning, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan​	Percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL): 92.1%​	Hu et al., 2012​
			Yunnan (88.8%) and Heilongjiang (75.6%) populations exhibited the highest PPL​
CpSSR / mtSSR​	7​	76​	Afghanistan, Australia, Canada, China, Former Czechoslavakia, Former East Germany, Former USSR, France, Hungary, India, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Nepal, Netherlands, Romania, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, USA, Zimbabwe​	Not specified​	Six organelle haplotypes identified​	Gilmore et al., 2007​
			All haplotypes occurred in South and East Asia, either within China or countries adjacent to China​
EST-SSR​	56​	115​	China, France, Poland, Ukraine​	Anhui, Chongqing, Gansu, Gansu, Hanma, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Huangzhangma, Jinlin, Liaoning, Neimenggu, Ningxia, Shandong, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang​	PCoA: accessions clustered into four groups; Central, Northern and Southern China, and Europe​	Gao et al., 2014​
			Germplasm originating from Central China (85.5%), Northern China (76.4%), and Southern China (74.6%) exhibited the highest PPL compared with germplasm originating from Europe (41.8%)​
ISSR and chromosome​	183​	27​	China​	Anhui, Chongqing, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Qianghai, Shananxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang​	PPL: 85.8%​	Zhang et al., 2014​
			Five chromosome types 2n = 20 = 14m + 6sm; 2n = 20 = 20m; 2n = 20 = 18m + 2sm; 2n = 20 = 16m + 4sm; and 2n = 20 = 12m + 8sm​
				3 karyotypes identified​
RAPD​	106​	16​	China​	Anhui, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Tibet, Yunnan, Xinjiang​	PPL: 74.5%​	Tang et al., 2013​

Trends distinguishing the domesticated high-THC varieties C. sativa subsp. indica var. indica and C. sativa subsp. indica var. afghanica.1



https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/46700/

Character	C. s. var. indica	C. s. var. afghanica
THC/CBD ratio	≥7	<7
THCV+CBDV content	Often present	Often absent
terpenoid profile	“herbal” or “sweet” aroma, with no sesquiterpene alcohols	acrid or “skunky” aroma, with the presence of guaiol, γ-eudesmol, and β-eudesmol
height, branching	well-grown plants usually ≥ 2 m; branching flexible (with upward-angled habitus)	well-grown plants usually < 2 m; branching inflexible (with menorah-shaped habitus)
leaves at the base of inflorescences	lighter green, usually 7 leaflets, with gaps between leaflet margins	darker green, usually 9 leaflets, with overlapping margins
central leaflets of multifoliolate leaves	long and narrow, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate in shape; margins finely serrate, biserrate margins sometimes seen	long and broad, often oblanceolate in shape; margins coarsely serrate, biserrate margins rarely seen
pistillate inflorescences	relatively diffuse & open, sugar leaves relatively obscure (with a high perigonal bract-to-leaf index)	compact and with prominent sugar leaves (with a low perigonal bract-to-leaf index)
stalked glandular trichome density	few on the proximal end of floral leaves; moderately dense on perigonal bracts	many on the proximal end of floral leaves, extending at least half way down floral leaves; very dense on perigonal bracts
perianth	perianth with mottled pigmentation, sometimes persistent over entire achene	perianth with mottled pigmentation, rarely persistent, limited to base of achene
achene	exocarp color green brown (darker than afghanica), lower range of size smaller than afghanica; loosely embedded in perigonal bract and sugar leaves	exocarp color olive green to gray (lighter than indica), upper range of size larger than indica; tightly embedded in perigonal bract and sugar leaves
maturation time	later maturing	earlier maturing
other characters	susceptible to black mildew (Schiffnerula cannabis), monoecious plants occasionally seen	susceptible to gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) and powdery mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum), monoecious plants rarely seen

mo·noe·cious



adjective
Biology
adjective: monoecious

1. (of a plant or invertebrate animal) having both the male and female reproductive organs in the same individual; hermaphrodite.​
   ​

 

[acespicoli]

https://www.sclabs.com/resources/understand-your-chemometric-reports/

Im interested in quantifying the results of the best plants and grow each strain and quality testing
Its the results that speak louder than any description that could be written
Also it should help in specific breeding goals that apply to the chemical properties of each cultivar.

Have seen some portable devices, if you know any really good testing labs or tools please respond.

Can you test homegrown cannabis and hemp?
It depends. While we can only test homegrown or unlicensed cannabis in Arizona, California, Michigan, and Oregon, we can test homegrown/unlicensed hemp from anywhere inside and outside the USA.
​

 

[acespicoli]

Monsanto and Terminator Seeds | Open Case Studies

Monsanto is a corporation which specializes in creating GMO (genetically modified organism) technology and genetically altering seeds, especially soy, to improve the crop yield. Their "terminator seeds" are modified to only last one generation to ensure that farmers have to annually purchase new...

cases.open.ubc.ca

Categories of Actors

Monsanto Company​

Monsanto reaps many profits from its terminator seed product. [22] The company persuades farmers to purchase two products from them- ‘Roundup’, a glysophate-containing weed-killer, and seeds resistant to the product. [23] Since terminator seeds are sterile in the second generation, Monsanto also requires farmers to buy seeds from them annually. Monsanto vowed not to commercialize terminator seeds in 1999, but may choose to in the future as the increased use of this technology would create a stronger monopoly for the company than patents. [24]

Farmers​

Terminator technology makes it impossible for farmers to use their traditional right to save the seed of their harvest for planting in the next crop season. [25] Not only is this immoral by Monsanto, but also has the potential to ruin a farmer's crop yield if the seeds that must now be planted are defective. This increases spending as farmers now have to buy seeds yearly from suppliers, and also inhibits farmers from breeding newer, stronger and more locally adapted varieties of seeds.[26] This is harmful financially to resource-poor farmers who cannot afford to pay for annual seeds but have been trapped by Monsanto marketing.[27]

March against Monsanto in Chile. Mapuexpress Informativo Mapuche (group of indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina) . CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Non-Government Organizations​

Environmental non-government organizations (NGOs) are impacted by terminator seeds due to the immense risk they pose to the environment. This causes NGOs (such as Greenpeace) to go to court with Monsanto in order to protect the planet and also, in this case, the ethical rights of farmers. After glyphosate - the herbicide chemical in Roundup and other GMOs - was classified as a probable human carcinogen in March 2015, six NGOs in Europe filed formal legal complaints against Monsanto for denying the cancer-causing effects. [28] NGOs can arguably benefit from Monsanto by drawing attention to the issue by insinuating a lawsuit, then accepting a large amount of donations from the public whether the case is pursued or not. [29]

Plant Diversity​

Biodiversity is damaged when the sterilization of genes occur because it is then impossible for those exact genes to be reproduced.[30] An ecological risk given by terminator seeds is the the possibility of pollen movement during the first generation of terminator seed cultivation. This would cause cross contamination, and the local seeds would become sterile as well. [31] This poses the threat that farmers will not know if their crops have been contaminated, generating potential for economical and food security problems.

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Word of caution, how well do you know your seed sources ?
Garlic, Potatoes.......... From seed? Just some thoughts
How many of our crops are able to reproduce true from seeds F1's ?
How many of our food crops no longer have wild existing relatives that contain the totality of the diversity?

25 Greatest Strains of All Time

What better way to celebrate High Times’ 40th anniversary than to pay homage to the best of the cannabis plant, which provided our founder, Thomas King Forçade, and so many others with the inspiration to cultivate a movement and put forth a publication dedicated to one goal for so many years...

hightimes.com

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25 Greatest Strains of All Time​

byNico Escondido
October 9, 2014

What better way to celebrate High Times’ 40th anniversary than to pay homage to the best of the cannabis plant, which provided our founder, Thomas King Forçade, and so many others with the inspiration to cultivate a movement and put forth a publication dedicated to one goal for so many years.
You’re probably wondering just how, exactly, we came up with The List? We do admit it’s not a bad gig to have, deciding which strains are the best of all time — but still, the task did come with its challenges. Sorting through the varied histories of these strains wasn’t exactly easy as the lineage, parentage and even the birthplace of some of these strains are murky at best.
So we had to rely on a few main factors, the first being each strain’s influence and overall contribution to the cannabis gene pool — hence many of the old-school varietals on the list. Next, we had to consider the awards (specifically, Cannabis Cups) that each strain has won. And after that came popularity and market share, qualitative factors that helped shape The List greatly. Lastly, we made use of our movement’s greatest asset: Science. We looked at a host of quantitative characteristics, such as potency (both THC and CBD; see #8 for proof) as well as terpenoid profiles, which produce the flavorful aromas and tastes that we all love so much.
Hopefully, we did right by all of High Times’ readers. But we’re also pretty confident that if you were starting out on a new planet and had to take a handful of cannabis seeds along, you’d be choosing from among these 25! So here’s to our Lady of Cause, and all of her beautiful children. Enjoy.

25. Acapulco Gold, a.k.a. Mexican Sativa​

Kicking off our list of the all-time greatest strains is a true native landrace of North America. Often referred to as Acapulco Gold, but more commonly known these days as Mexican sativa, it is often used in breeding projects which have led to numerous world-class strains such as Skunk #1, multiple Haze varieties and even the fabled Blueberry line (check out #11, #10 and #2). And, when grown right, Mexican sinsemilla (meaning “without seed”) can provide one of the best stand-alone sativa highs around.

24. Girl Scout Cookies​

Highest lab-tested THC at a HT Cannabis Cup: 25.14 percent (Denver, 2013)

The GSC might be the youngest strain to earn a place on The List. She first appeared just a few years ago, circa 2011, and took the cannabis world by storm. Much controversy still surrounds this strain, however, and not just because of her name. A debate persists as to her lineage: The most commonly held belief is that she’s the product of OG Kush x Cherry Pie, while others contend that it was something called “F1” (not in reference to breeding) x Durban Poison, which was then crossed to Kush. Either way, the GSC has edged out some tough competition to make her appearance here.

23. Amnesia Haze​

A classic strain from the Netherlands, the Amnesia Haze was winning Cups more than a decade ago and might be considered a fixture of the Amsterdam pot scene. A sativa-dominant hybrid, her ancestry looks something like this: (Afghani x Hawaiian) x Laos x Jamaican. This combination gives the Amnesia Haze a sweet and spicy flavor with a very cerebral high.

22. Critical Mass, a.k.a. Critical+​

This one sparked a bit of internal debate here at High Times as to whether she merited inclusion on The List. However, in the end she won out over some of our honorable mentions (appearing at the end of this article) — mostly due to her overwhelming popularity in Spain, which is fast becoming the new Amsterdam of Europe. Furthering her cause is her strong and flavorful high, for which a special nod to her folks, who rank at #11 and #6, is due.

21. Hindu Kush​

This landrace strain is the primary reason the words “Kush” and “indica” have become synonymous. Originating in the Hindu Kush mountains of Afghanistan, this pure indica is responsible for such offspring as the Master Kush … and she also played a role in the creation of our beloved OG Kush. Originally released by the stalwart Sensi Seeds, it’s rare to see these flowers around much these days, although her family still ranks among cannabis royalty.

20. Durban Poison​

Highest lab-tested THC at a HT Cannabis Cup: 22.43 percent (Denver, 2013)
Another true landrace, the Durban is the only strain on The List that hails from Africa. A pure sativa, this variety has been used in a wide range of breeding projects, as she was one of the first strains out of South Africa that exhibited none of the auto-flowering traits of ruderalis, which are sometimes found in wild landrace lines. Lately, pure forms of Durban have been turning up at Cup competitions, and she has largely impressed with her licorice flavor and very potent “up” high.

19. White Widow​

The White Widow was winning Cannabis Cups in Amsterdam as far back as 1995, and her actual birth date extends to nearly a decade before that. A well-balanced hybrid reportedly made by crossing a Brazilian sativa with an unknown indica from South India, she has both an indica-dominant and a sativa-dominant phenotype. Both phenos are usually thickly coated with trichomes, giving her a very white appearance (and, her name).

18. Thai Stick​

Pure Thai, a landrace sativa, is still a favorite among cannabis connoisseurs. However, Thai Stick is a legendary strain with a twist — and we mean that quite literally. It’s rumored that back in the 1960s, Thai Stick was pure Thai bud twisted around a stick — but reports vary as to how the buds were attached. Some say it was with hemp rope; others say with pot leaves and stems; while still others say it was stuck on with opium! The latter would certainly explain why so many old heads have long craved the Thai Stick since her disappearance in the 1980s.

17. Chem ’91​

Obviously, we couldn’t fit all of our favorite Chem Dog phenos here, since there are more than a few. But the ’91 is the first of the family to appear on The List, because she just might be the most flavorful of them all and has been widely used in crossbreeding projects (like the Deadhead OG) to get that sweet, Diesel-y taste that makes the mouth water and the lips pucker up. More on the Chem family when the 91’s big sis makes her appearance at #5.

16. Strawberry Cough​

Highest lab-tested THC at a HT Cannabis Cup: 25.28 percent (Seattle, 2013)
This sativa-dominant hybrid produces a well-balanced but very uplifting high. The progeny of the Vermont-based indica Strawberry Fields and a mixed-breed Haze, the Strawberry Cough is revered among connoisseurs of fine cannabis for both her exquisite flavor (think berry) and high THC. When she’s grown organically — or veganically, as some would have it — she tops the THC charts and claims Cups as she should.

15. Grand Daddy Purple​

Highest lab-tested THC at a HT Cannabis Cup: 18.60 percent (San Francisco, 2012)
This NorCal original started the purple- bud craze that helped push several very similar (if not identical) varieties out into a marketplace saturated with Kush and Diesel flavors. Offering a sweet and fruity taste of grape, the GDP stands out in a crowd and spurred the likes of Purple Urkel, the Purps and Grape Ape. Begat from an old Mendocino purple strain, this indica-dominant plant was used early and widely by California patients’ groups and has gone into the creation of several successful hybrid strains known for both flavor and heavy medicinal effects.

14. Cheese or Sensi Star? You decide …​

We need your help on this one! Should it be Cheese or Sensi Star that gets a spot on The List? Email [email protected] with your vote and put “Top 25” in the subject line. The winner will be named in an upcoming Cultivation Clinic column as the Featured Strain of the Month!

13. Super Lemon Haze​

Highest lab-tested THC at a HT Cannabis Cup: 22.64 percent (Los Angeles Cup, 2012)
One of only two back-to-back Cannabis Cup champions, the Super Lemon Haze scored her wins in Amsterdam in 2008 and 2009. One of her parents, Super Silver Haze, was the only other strain to achieve this feat, back in 1998 and 1999 (more about her at #4). The Super Lemon Haze is a true Amsterdam original, created by the breeding giant Green House Seed Company as a cross of Lemon Skunk and Super Silver Haze. The Lemon Skunk half, which is native to the US, brings an overwhelming citrus flavor to the palate. Lab testing has shown extremely high profiles of limonene and terpinolene, making this super-sativa both tasty and potent.

12. G-13​

The first (and, so far, only) known strain to be bred by the US government at this country’s sole legal cannabis-research facility at the University of Mississippi, the G-13 was secretly procured and brought to Holland circa 1986, where she fast became the mother to a host of epic strains. Because of her notoriety, most G-13 hybrids clearly state the parents in their name, like G-13 Haze (Cannabis Cup winner, 2007), G-13 Hashplant or Lemon G-13. Most recently, the G-13 was crossed with a Jack Herer male to produce the newly popular XJ-13.

11. Skunk #1​

One of the first and best real hybrids of the modern cannabis-breeding era, Skunk #1 is a mix of three true-breeding landrace strains: Afghani (#6), Mexican (#25) and Colombian. This well-balanced beauty is a heavy yielder, doing well both indoors and out, filling gardens with that pungent, skunky aroma. She went on to play a role in the creation of such strains as Skunk- berry, Cheese, the Church, Island Sweet Skunk and Lemon Skunk, plus a couple
of other choice smokes you’ll see further down The List at #8 and #4.

10. Blueberry​

Highest lab-tested THC at a HT Cannabis Cup: 17.45 percent (Seattle, 2013)
A perennial favorite with pot aficionados across the globe, the Blueberry could not be omitted from The List—and especially the top 10. Bred by DJ Short of Legends Seeds out of western Canada decades ago, the Blueberry is a powerful indica-dominant hybrid that has no less than eight distinct strains contributing to her lineage (yes, even some Mexican, for those of you reading the whole article)—a true benchmark of planned breeding.

9. Bruce Banner #3​

Highest lab-tested THC at a HT Cannabis Cup: 28.35 percent (Denver, 2013)
The most potent strain ever tested in the history of the High Times Cannabis Cup, the Bruce Banner was born and bred in Colorado and hit the 28 percent mark for THC, putting her squarely in The List’s Top 10.
The OG-dominant #3 phenotype was created in a hybridization project that crossed an OG Kush mother crossed with a Strawberry Diesel male. The #3 exhibits a nose-crackling, rocket-fuel aroma that scores high in flavor profiles — including a tall order of the much-favored terpenoid limonene. If you haven’t tried out the Bruce Banner #3 yet, put her high on your list.

8. Cannatonic​

Highest lab-tested CBD at a HT Cannabis Cup: 19.1 percent (Michigan, 2011)
Yes, that’s right, Cannatonic: This lovely lady earns a spot on The List for her contributions to the world of medical cannabis. While there are many CBD-rich strains out there, the Cannatonic has exhibited some of the highest CBD values ever recorded. In fact, one of her phenotypes, the Cannatonic X, which we came across in Michigan in 2011, went to 19 percent — a true accomplishment for her breeders, and a real boon to patients and the medical community.

7. Northern Lights #5​

Highest lab-tested THC at a HT Cannabis Cup: 18.71 percent (Denver, 2013)
One of the true all-time greats, the NL #5 was winning Cannabis Cups in Amster- dam way back in 1990. Grown and entered by the Seed Bank (one of the first such enterprises in the world for cannabis seeds), she was later released through the iconic Sensi Seeds and went on to play a role in producing generations of award-winning strains, including Super Silver Haze and Romulan. Another NorCal native, her lineage is unknown, but her taste and influence are not.

6. Afghani #1​

So why we do call this keystone strain “Afghani,” as opposed to just “Afghan”? The answer reaches back into the history of this powerful indica, to a time when she was commonly called “Afghanica,” a reference to both her nation of origin and her classification as a truly pure indica variety. Today, the name has been shortened to the familiar “Afghani.” That being said, the Afghani #1 is one of only a handful of cornerstone genotypes that can be credited with aiding in the creation of nearly every major breeding achievement of the past 30 years. The Afghani is a major contributor to strains such as Skunk #1, the original Northern Lights, Sour Diesel, Cheese, Blueberry and Mazar, just to name a few.

5. Chem Dog​

This slot isn’t just about the indica-heavy cannabis supermodel known as Chem Dog; it’s also a shout-out to all her sexy sister phenos (Chem ’04, Chem’s Sister and so on) that were spawned from the legendary 13 seeds found in a pound of Colorado kind bud purchased on a Grateful Dead tour back in the early ’90s. Out of those beans came a line that launched a whole new generation — and genetics revolution, of sorts — of the world’s newest and best marijuana. For her part, the Chem D has mothered more Cup-winning strains than any other in the current cen- tury, including the original OG Kush (and thus all other OG phenos), Sour Diesel, Stardawg and a whole host of Chem D crosses. Enough said.

4. Super Silver Haze​

Highest lab-tested THC at a HT Cannabis Cup: 17.87 percent (Los Angeles, 2014)
It’s no coincidence that the Super Silver Haze is the only other back-to-back champion in Cannabis Cup history. Both she and her daughter (Super Lemon Haze, at #18) are nearly one and the same when it comes to killer Haze strains, with the only real difference being the infusion of Lemon Skunk. Bred from superb Hazebackcrosses, the SSH has all the true- breeding landrace sativas in her DNA, as well as a quarter NL #5 and a quarter Skunk #1. Make no mistake about it: The SSH was up for the #1 slot and might have gotten there if it wasn’t for the fact that the next three entries to come are…

3. Sour Diesel​

Highest lab-tested THC at a HT Cannabis Cup: 19.50 percent (San Francisco, 2012)
I won’t lie: If we were selfish people here at High Times, the Sour Diesel would — for sure — benumero uno on The List. How- ever, as we explained in the opening to this article, there was more to the process of compiling these rankings than just personal (or personnel) preference. That being said, if there’s a tastier bud on the planet, we haven’t smoked it. When grown right, from the true East Coast cut (think AJ — and true connoisseurs know what we mean here), there is simply no better flavor in cannabis. Period. The Sour Diesel reigns supreme on the east side of the United States and will be on The List for eternity.

2. Original Haze, a.k.a. Nevil’s Haze​

Known to most simply as Haze, this lady also goes by the name Nevil’s Haze or A5 and was created by the Haze Brothers of Northern California. In the early ’80s, she was brought to Amsterdam by Dave Watson, a.k.a. Sam the Skunkman, where she was backcrossed and stabilized by Nevil, another of the legendary godfathers of breeding. A crossbreeding project of Mexican x Colombian x Thai x Indian (all landrace sativas), the Haze was a seminal import at the onset of the genetics trade that formed in Amsterdam during that time.

1. OG Kush​

Highest lab-tested THC at a HT Cannabis Cup: 24.04 percent (Denver, 2013)
So here we are at #1… and there is no denying the OG Kush her rightful throne. The Queen of Cali is one of the most popular strains ever to grace the pages of High Times and is hands down the flower of choice on the West Coast of the United States. Not only is she one of the strongest strains on Earth, but she is also among the most varied, exhibiting more phenotypes than almost any other strain we’ve seen and demonstrating that she’s a true product of her environment.
When grown well, the OG Kush can take home a Cup in any competition, at any given time anywhere in the world, already claiming dozens of Cups via various OG phenos and crossbreeds. Nearly one out of every three new hybrids that come to market has the OG stamp in their genetic code, almost making the OG its own subspecies within the Cannabis genus. We all owe a debt of gratitude to the OG Kush for helping to usher in the next generation of excellent cannabis lines. Without a doubt, the OG is another strain that will forever be on The List.

Honorable Mentions​

Undoubtedly, this was one of the toughest exercises in our 40-year history! Here are the other classic strains that were oh-so-close to making The List, but just missed the cut: Bubba Kush, Jack Herer, AK-47, Kali Mist, Lavender, Headband, Skunkberry, Purple Haze, Chocolope, Maui Wowie, Bubblegum, OG Ghost Train Haze, Hashplant, Chem ’04, Big Bud and the Goo.

 

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The reason I post this is not for yet another lengthy haze discusion....
Purely for the breeding of haze the BREEDING aspects of the orig product

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The origins of Haze

Almost everyone knows the Haze marijuana. This sativa cannabis variety has earned its reputation thanks to its psychedelic effect and characteristic very spicy taste much appreciated by the Dutch smokers. This article will explain about the origins of this glorious plant, later used in the...

www.alchimiaweb.com

What's the story of Haze?​

Haze is, probably, the most grown and renowned 100% sativa hybrid throughout the world. Its origins date back to the early 1970's in the region of Santa Cruz, California (USA).During this time, two brothers known as the "Haze Brothers" (R. Haze and J. Haze) cultivated and crossed different cannabis lines using seeds of the best imported sativa strains, most times offered by their friend and neighbor Sam "The Skunkman".It all began with a hybrid between a landrace sativa from Mexico and another landrace from Colombia. One year later, the best females selected from this hybrid were crossed with a landrace strain from southern India. Finally, the female offspring of this new hybrid was crossed again with a landrace male from Thailand.

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Haze | History of marijuana

In this article we tell the story of the mythical Haze marijuana strain.

www.semillas-de-marihuana.com

Everything started by crossing a Landrace, which is a pure sativa strain from Mexico with another Landrace from Colombia. In the next year, the best selected females were crossed with a Landrace male from Thailand that has resultied in a strain harboring 100% Sativa Landraces from Mexico, Colombia, India and Thailand.

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The history of Haze -Warning long read! — Steemit

Haze's roots and Sam the Skunkman Haze has a somewhat clouded history, to say the least. The accepted story is that… by indigo-seeds

steemit.com

Haze's roots and Sam the Skunkman

Haze has a somewhat clouded history, to say the least. The accepted story is that it has it's roots in the work of the Haze Bros in Corralitos, near Santa Cruz in central California between 1970 and 1975. The Haze Bros grew out many of the finest sativas from imported seeds from Colombia, Mexico, Thailand and South India and hybridised them. Robert Connell Clarke explains the origins of Haze in his 'Origins of the Species' article published in Issue 60 of Cannabis Culture magazine:

“The Original Haze is a late-maturing variety from Central California and was almost always grown in greenhouses, allowing it to finish in December or January. Original Haze was always connoisseur stash, and even in the 1970s it sold for as much as $200 an ounce. Original Haze is a pure sativa stabilised hybrid arising from crossing all of the best females with a male of a different imported sativa variety each year. Starting with Colombian/Mexican hybrids grown from seeds from the first crop, a South Indian male plant was used as a pollen source the second year, and a Thai male plant was used the third year. Depending on which year Haze seeds were collected, they resembled either Colombian, South Indian or Thai plants. Original Haze varies in taste from citrus Thai notes through the gamut of sativa highlights to the deep spicy purple Colombian flavour most common in Dutch Haze cultivars.”

The exact cultivars grown by the Haze Bros are unknown, but the Colombians are said to include Highland Gold and Wacky Weed, the South Indian originated in the Kerala region. The selection of the Colombian and Mexican plants being based on which of them would mature under glass at Santa Cruz's latitude (36.9N). The Haze Bros were sensimilla growers and sold the various phenotypes of Haze under names such as Purple Haze, Silver Blue Haze and Lime Green Haze, the purple batches fetching upto $500 an ounce according to Sam the Skunkman.

The Bros were growers not breeders and never worked their hybrids into a consistent seedline, this happened later when one of their Santa Cruz neighbours and cannabis collaborators, Sam the Skunkman worked with their seed to produce the Haze seedline we know today. Sam explained a little about the process in a post at icmag.com in 2008:

“Original Haze was fairly consistant as F1's but by the time it was f5 and above it segregated out into many different related lines. I have not worked Original Haze as much as tried to save it, I collected as much seed as I could in the early 70's grew them and did free pollinations and did minimal selection to ensure I saved as many genes as I could. That was in the 70's & 80's now I have clones for the last 20 years. My Original Haze is not done being worked on that is why I tell people to use it as breeding materials.”

Haze genetics were brought to a worldwide audience in 1984 when Sam the Skunkman moved to Holland, taking the Haze genes with him and thus introducing them to the commercial cannabis seed business. In his handwritten Cultivator's Choice seed catalogue #4 from fall 1985, Sam lists Haze as #10 in his line-up of ten strains:

“Original Haze Sativa Pure, (Selfed)
All sativa but is an inconsistent hybrid. 10% are spectacular, 75% good, 10% poor. Truly superior sweet taste. High incredibly clear and up energy. Height 2-3m. Yield: 100-300gm. Harvest: December (flowers 3 months for quality). Will not mature outdoors in Holland or Northern California. Haze is Cultivator's Choice's personal favourite.”

At this point Sam didn't offer any Haze hybrids, however Haze doesn't work very well indoors under lights so it was inevitable that hybrids would be made to allow indoor growers to experience a part of the Haze genetics.

 

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XY sex-determination system - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

So the best male and female crossed, then outcross to male, then outcross to male ?
“The Original Haze is a late-maturing variety from Central California and was almost always grown in greenhouses, allowing it to finish in December or January. Original Haze was always connoisseur stash, and even in the 1970s it sold for as much as $200 an ounce. Original Haze is a pure sativa stabilised hybrid arising from crossing all of the best females with a male of a different imported sativa variety each year. Starting with Colombian/Mexican hybrids grown from seeds from the first crop, a South Indian male plant was used as a pollen source the second year, and a Thai male plant was used the third year. Depending on which year Haze seeds were collected, they resembled either Colombian, South Indian or Thai plants. Original Haze varies in taste from citrus Thai notes through the gamut of sativa highlights to the deep spicy purple Colombian flavour most common in Dutch Haze cultivars.”

Why this?
Original Haze is a pure sativa stabilised hybrid arising from crossing all of the best females
with a male of a different imported sativa variety each year.

Summary A dioecious plant, Cannabis sativa has two sex chromosomes (X and Y). The genome
sizes of the diploid female and male plants were determined to be 1636 and 1683 Mbp, respectively,
by flow cytometry. By the karyotype analysis, the X and Y chromosomes were found to be submeta-
centric and subtelocentric, respectively. The Y chromosome had the largest long arm with a satellite
in the terminal of its short arm. Conspicuous condensation was specifically observed in the long arm
and satellite of the Y chromosome during the prometaphase to metaphase stages. These results indi-
cate that the Y chromosome, especially in its long arm, specifically differentiates in Cannabis sativa
and might contribute to the sex determination

Males are they even needed?

Characterization; Genome Sizes and Morphology of Sex Chromosomes in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Koichi Sakamoto, Yukio Akiyama, Kiichi Fukui, Hiroshi Kamada and Shinobu Satoh https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cytologia1929/63/4/63_4_459/_pdf/-char/en the diploid genome sizes in female and...

www.icmag.com

My Male transformed to Female

He/She has flowered a few weeks. See https://www.icmag.com/ic/showthread.php?t=99597&highlight=males+transformed+female

www.icmag.com

The Past, the Present, and the Future of Cannabis Breeding

This is a reminder that "The Past, the Present, and the Future of Cannabis Breeding" : Date Time: Feb 25, 2021 01:00 PM Eastern Time (US and Canada) It is free to see the zoom recorded panel online, I think you need to register...

www.icmag.com

Having trouble finding a solid male pollen doner.

I've been growing out a lot of regular beans. I'm looking for a male with that " pukey funk" smell as I like to call it. I've got three awesome plants Princess Haze, Sour Bubble and a mystery plant that I'm 90+ percent sure it's an OG Kush of some kind. any suggestions would be much appreciated.

www.icmag.com

Preservation of an Afghani Landrace from 25 year old seeds

INDEX [Last Update: 2020-03-06] >> Prolog >> 1st Chapter: The Purity - An old Afghan Landrace >> 2nd Chapter: There´s life in the dog! - The Germination Process >> 3rd Chapter: Leap into the Life (Part I) - The Beginning of the Growth >> 3rd Chapter: Leap into Life (Part II) - Your Support...

www.icmag.com

https://www.scielo.cl/pdf/chiljar/v78n3/0718-5839-chiljar-78-03-00318.pdf

Dec 24, 2010 #4 1:1 matings is something I'd like to address. People suggest that I'm creating a bottleneck and it's true. A bottleneck of quality. Seeds are usually produced by using two parents. With a 1:1 mating you know which ones they were.

As a seed breeder, the job as I see it is to ensure that the customer has the highest chance of producing a keeper pheno, whilst at the same time keeping the median a high standard. Every packet should produce top shelf plants. These guys who say you have to buy numerous packets of seed to get a keeper, crack me up. The job is not to save the gene pool, but to satisfy the guy who gave you the money. Few people want to give you money to save the genepool (but I am taking donations) Haha!
If I'm making Early Skunk and the mother EP has been chosen. Which Skunk male fathers the seeds does make a difference. Single progeny tested males is your best guarantee of quality and crop uniformity.
-Nevil ""

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With males does size really matter ? Are feminized seed sufficient, is a bx as good as a op reg line?

A dioecious plant, Cannabis sativa has two sex chromosomes (X and Y). The genome
sizes of the diploid female and male plants were determined to be 1636 and 1683 Mbp, respectively,

Why are clones made?

What is Genetic Drift and How Does it Apply to Cloning and Micro-propagation?

"Genetic drift" is often used to describe change in appearance/behavior of a clone variety over time. However, this may not be the correct use of the term.

cannatechtoday.com

 

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What is the chance of a highly sought after poly hybrid recessive trait being found in ten plants ?

Punnett Square Calculator | Science Primer

A Punnett Square shows the genotypes two individuals can produce when crossed. To draw a square, write all possible allele combinations one parent can contribute to its gametes across the top of a box and all possible allele combinations from the other parent down the left side. The allele...

scienceprimer.com

Inbreeding depression

evolution.berkeley.edu

It is possible to generate Punnett squares for more that two traits, but they are difficult to draw and interpret. A Punnett Square for a tetrahybrid cross contains 256 boxes with 16 phenotypes and 81 genotypes. A third allele for any one of the traits increases the number of genotypes from 81 to 108.

Starting with Colombian/Mexican hybrids grown from seeds from the first crop, a South Indian male plant was used as a pollen source the second year, and a Thai male plant was used the third year. Depending on which year Haze seeds were collected, they resembled either Colombian, South Indian or Thai plants.

Colombian/Mexican CxX/CxY
South Indian SxY
Thai TxY

<5% ?

question for sam the skunkman on the original haze

sam s much respect to you and all your doings hope you hav a moment to enlighten me i understand the original haze from the 7os was your fav of all time.im wondering if the o.haze the flying dutchmen carry today is the same as the one you speak of. im a haze lover myself its some of...

www.icmag.com

 

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A server error occurred. Please try again later.

Khowar language - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

 

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VIETNAMESE BLACK F3 NEW!! - The Seed Source

12 regular seeds

www.theseedsource.com

 

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Predictability and genetic diversity do not go hand in hand. So you let them belittle you for doing 1:1 matings and they post pictures of the best buds in the world. -N

 

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What is Genetic Drift and How Does it Apply to Cloning and Micro-propagation?

"Genetic drift" is often used to describe change in appearance/behavior of a clone variety over time. However, this may not be the correct use of the term.

cannatechtoday.com

So What Are We Really Talking About Here?​

So now we’re back to where we started – “genetic drift” isn’t the right term for progressive loss of vigour in a clonally propagated plant, and it’s likely not due to actual mutations in a fraction of the cells starting a clone anyway, so what is it from?


The answer is that a number of factors can contribute to progressive decline in clonal lineage health. An important one is likely to be the slow, subvisible accumulation of bacterial, fungal, viral, or viroid diseases. The mother plant and cuttings process is particularly prone to this, where over time pathogens can infect the mothers and rather than showing gross signs of disease, just gradually parasitize the plant health. Cuttings are infected too and each round generally carries a higher pathogen load, meaning less and less healthy plants. Tissue culture processes tend to be much safer than mothers and cuttings in this regard, as use of apical meristem tissue, hyperthermic growth conditions, and aseptic techniques can work together to isolate and remove pathogens, leaving just healthy plant cells to initiate each new clone.


A second cause for progressive loss of vigour may be “senescence,” which is a term for innate biological aging; that is, plants, like animals, normally have finite life spans and various cellular processes act to limit total number of cell divisions to allow for the natural dying off of older plants to make way for the next generation. While this can be observed both with mother-and-cutting and tissue culture propagation, the capacity for tissue culture systems to take and cryopreserve thousands or tens of thousands of “youthful” cells from a desirable clone means that in this context the culture can be refreshed with isogenic young starting material on a regular basis – in effect “resetting the clock” each time.


So, the next time you think your clones are getting a bit long in the tooth and not as healthy as they used to be, remember not to blame genetic drift, or in fact probably not genetic mutations at all. Your favorite clone still has its same genome and alleles, it’s just fighting some combination of pathogens and old age.

Author​

Dr. John Brunstein is the Chief Scientific Officer at Segra International, a leading micropropagation and tissue culture service for industrial grow operations.

 

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https://greencultured.co/outbreeding-cannabis-traits/

Outbreeding Cannabis Traits​

Outbreeding cannabis is crossing or hybridizing cannabis plants with other plants for which there is no, or only a distant, relation.
Anytime a breeder is crossbreeding and using plants from outside of the family, group, or variety, a hybrid seed is produced. Out-crossing results in the introduction of new and different genetic materials to each of the separate pools.
Filial Breeding is where siblings of the same generation are inter-mated to produce a new generation. The first hybrid generation of two (2) distinct true-breeding lines is characterized as the F1 generation.
The ‘F’ means filial, and the number one (1) represents the generation. If the population is allowed to open pollinate, the resulting generation will be labeled as F2.
If they are allowed to continuously open pollinate year after year, the results will be F3, F4, etc. Filial inbreeding with selection for the specific traits you seek is the most common method for creating a pure or a true-breeding population when breeding cross-pollinated species such as cannabis.
Backcross breeding is involved when repeated crossing progeny with the original parental genotype, most breeders will cross it with one of the original mother plants. This is known as the recurrent parent and this non-recurrent parent is called the donor parent.
When any plant is crossed with a previous generation it is known as backcross cannabis breeding. The main objective of backcross cannabis breeding is to create a seed population of individuals derived mainly from the genetics of one single parent (recurrent parent or donor).
The donor parent is chosen based on a trait of interest, that the recurrent parent lacks, with the idea to introduce this trait into the backcross cannabis population. The backcrossing cannabis method is an appropriate scheme to add new desirable traits to a most perfect, relatively true-breeding genotype.

​

Backcrossing Cannabis & Dominant Traits

The best parent donor needs to possess the desired trait while lacking in nothing else. Backcross breeding cannabis is best when adding simple hereditary dominant characters that can easily be recognized in the offspring of each generation.
As a result, some state-licensed businesses have not been able to claim deductions, and are taxed on their gross income versus their net income like all other “traditional” businesses. This is troubling indeed.
First, you will select the desirable plants that are showing the dominant trait that you want and hybridize the plant that you selected with the recurrent plant. The generation will produce a generation referred to as BC1 (Backcross generation 1) or other growers will use Bx1.
They will then select plants from the BC1 and hybridize them with the recurrent parent plant, resulting in a BC2 generation. The BC2 generation is then hybridized with the recurrent plant, resulting in BC3, and so on.

 

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https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Recombinant-Inbred-line-RIL-construction-strategy-and-schematic-illustration-of_fig5_36449375

Recombinant Inbred line (RIL) construction strategy and schematic illustration of recombinant chromosome. Construction of a RIL population from Landsberg erecta (Ler) and Columbia (Col) accessions which have distinct genetic variations (L or C) at different loci (M1 through M4). The recombination events occurred in the F1 at meiosis I which results in recombinant chromosomes in the F2 population. Selected lines from the F2 population are further selfed to produce the F3 population. By repeating this process, the genome of the lines becomes stable at the F8 population. In genetic mapping, the distance between two loci (measured in centimorgans, cM) is measured using the recombination frequency, which is just the number of recombination events between two marker loci divided by the number of individuals of the mapping population. Modified after Wilson (2000)​

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By repeating this process,​

the genome of the lines becomes stable at the F8 population.​

 

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https://www.frontiersin.org/subjects/recombinant-inbred-line-population#