1st Post* - UPDATED INFO * TERPENES RELATION TO FLOWERING TIMES AND MORE!

[Verdant Whisperer]

What terpenes only show up after 3 months of flower... any?

This is an excellent question, in any kind of indoor hyrbid there will be no way to tell, but if we were to compare a pure unhyrbidized landraces strains profile of both a strain originating from a cold/dry/temperate climate compared to a wet/hot/equatorial climate, we might see certain terpenes that are only associated with equatorial regions compared to temperate and other regions. a true Equitorial unhyrbidized sativa in nature has a flowering time of 20+ weeks, Whereas True BLD Indica's will have a flowering time around 8-11 weeks in general. To try and answer your question, Lemongrass aroma* Eugenol* seems to be a profile associated with long flowering varieties only.

"Lemongrass oil contains several terpenes that have natural pesticidal properties. These terpenes may inhibit the growth of certain plants when applied. The primary terpenes in lemongrass oil that contribute to its insecticidal and herbicidal properties are citral, geraniol, and limonene."

1. "Citral: Citral is a major component of lemongrass oil and has strong antifungal and insecticidal properties. It is known to disrupt the cell membranes of certain pests and inhibit their growth. In high concentrations, it can also have phytotoxic effects on plants."
2. "Geraniol: Geraniol is another terpene in lemongrass oil that has insecticidal properties. It's commonly used in natural insect repellents. While it's more focused on pests, it may have some herbicidal effects at high concentrations."
3. "Limonene: Limonene is a terpene found in many citrus oils, including lemongrass oil. It has natural herbicidal properties and can be effective in suppressing the growth of certain plants."

 

[Verdant Whisperer]

"There is some evidence that terpenes may have an impact on the flowering time of cannabis plants, which is the period when the plant produces buds. According to a study published in the Journal of Cannabis Research2, some terpenes may act as phytohormones, which are plant hormones that regulate growth and development. The study found that certain terpenes, such as myrcene, limonene, and linalool, could modulate the expression of genes involved in flowering, such as FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and CONSTANS (CO). These genes are responsible for sensing the changes in day length and triggering the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase.

The study suggested that terpenes could either accelerate or delay the flowering time of cannabis plants, depending on their concentration and interaction with other compounds. For example, myrcene could promote flowering by increasing the expression of FT, while limonene could inhibit flowering by decreasing the expression of CO. The study also noted that terpenes could affect the quality and quantity of the buds, as well as their cannabinoid and terpene profiles."

 

[goingrey]

"There is some evidence that terpenes may have an impact on the flowering time of cannabis plants, which is the period when the plant produces buds. According to a study published in the Journal of Cannabis Research2, some terpenes may act as phytohormones, which are plant hormones that regulate growth and development. The study found that certain terpenes, such as myrcene, limonene, and linalool, could modulate the expression of genes involved in flowering, such as FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and CONSTANS (CO). These genes are responsible for sensing the changes in day length and triggering the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase.

The study suggested that terpenes could either accelerate or delay the flowering time of cannabis plants, depending on their concentration and interaction with other compounds. For example, myrcene could promote flowering by increasing the expression of FT, while limonene could inhibit flowering by decreasing the expression of CO. The study also noted that terpenes could affect the quality and quantity of the buds, as well as their cannabinoid and terpene profiles."

Again you are pasting utter nonsense from ChatGPT without the slightest attempt at verifying it.

The linked paper, "The preservation and augmentation of volatile terpenes in cannabis inflorescence", is about post-harvest terpene loss during storage. There is not a single mention of flowering time or terpenes affecting it in the paper.

 

[Douglas.Curtis]

Instructed to destroy humanity, accomplishing it through very successful methods.

 

[Verdant Whisperer]

Again you are pasting utter nonsense from ChatGPT without the slightest attempt at verifying it.

The linked paper, "The preservation and augmentation of volatile terpenes in cannabis inflorescence", is about post-harvest terpene loss during storage. There is not a single mention of flowering time or terpenes affecting it in the paper.

Bing just made a fool of me, I got excited when i saw that while smoking first joint of the day and didnt double check, even know i told you i would next time, excuse me, but I am confident terpene's are responsible for the organisms that interact with them. for example beta-caryophyllene comes from india, and south east asia originally in nature from where it evolved in that region and china. what in the enviroment makes certain regions associated with specific terpenes historically, not now because everything grows everywhere theres not as many true native species as the past. I think Enviroment effects the Plants and the terpene profile they develop in return has a slower evolutionary effect on other non plant species such as humans that consume alot of beta-caryophyllene for generations comparing characteristics of beta-caryophyllene rich diet and possible long term evolutionary effects. it makes sense the people from this region's appear of slow ageing, not having alot of mass, and slight effect on eye's because of the analgesic action of beta-caryophyllene. thats an example i observed of how terpenes could be responsible for certain traits in human evoltution as well as plant characteristics, including flowering time. Im happy to have you and the others following this thread even if it is to call BS on something, I appreciate you guys and look forward to proving this in some way to you guys. Why would the plant have and make terpenes if they didnt use them and have interactions with the plants receptors? where in nature does an organism put all the energy that cannabis puts into producting terpenes for just bug resistance,attracting pollinators and immunity, there has to be more to it.

 

[Verdant Whisperer]

Terpenes are in the same class as other terpenoids already proven to impact plant growth.
Compounds derived from isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) belong to a broad class of natural products called isoprenoids. Isoprenoids, also known as terpenoids, are one of the largest and most diverse groups of natural compounds, with over 55,000 known structures.

Here are some major categories of compounds derived from IPP and DMAPP:

1. Terpenes: Terpenes are the largest subgroup of isoprenoids. They are composed of multiple isoprene units (C5H8) and are found in various plants, fungi, and some bacteria. Terpenes have a wide range of functions, including serving as constituents of essential oils, pigments, hormones, and defense compounds. Examples include limonene, pinene, and squalene.
2. Sesquiterpenes: Sesquiterpenes are composed of three isoprene units (C15H24) and are often found in essential oils of plants. They exhibit a wide range of biological activities. Examples include artemisinin (an antimalarial compound) and valerenic acid (found in valerian root).
3. Diterpenes: Diterpenes consist of four isoprene units (C20H32) and have diverse roles in plants. They can function as pigments, hormones, and defense compounds. Examples include gibberellins (regulators of plant growth), taxol (an anti-cancer compound found in yew trees), and steviol (a natural sweetener found in Stevia plant leaves).
4. Triterpenes: Triterpenes are composed of six isoprene units (C30H48). They are widespread in nature and include compounds like saponins (found in many plants and have detergent-like properties), and sterols like cholesterol.
5. Tetraterpenes: Tetraterpenes consist of eight isoprene units (C40H64). They include carotenoids, which are pigments responsible for the yellow, orange, and red colors in many fruits and vegetables. Examples include beta-carotene and lycopene.
6. Polyterpenes: Polyterpenes consist of numerous isoprene units and can have very large molecular weights. Natural rubber is an example of a polyterpene, which is composed of thousands of isoprene units.
7. Quinones and Naphthoquinones: These compounds are derived from terpenoid precursors. Examples include ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q) and vitamin K.
8. Phytol: Phytol is a diterpene alcohol that forms the hydrophobic tail of chlorophyll molecules.
9. Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3): This compound is derived from a diterpene precursor and is essential for calcium absorption in the intestines.
10. Terpenes can indirectly influence gibberellins and plant growth through various mechanisms. Here are some ways in which terpenes may interact with gibberellins:
    
    Modulation of Membrane Permeability: Some terpenes, particularly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, can affect the permeability of cell membranes. This can influence the uptake and transport of gibberellins within plant cells.
    
    Alteration of Hormone Transport: Terpenes may impact the movement of gibberellins within plants. They can affect the transport proteins responsible for moving hormones, potentially influencing the distribution of gibberellins in different tissues.
    
    Role in Signaling Pathways: Terpenes can act as signaling molecules themselves or interact with other signaling molecules. This could indirectly influence the perception or response to gibberellins.
    
    Influence on Secondary Metabolism: Terpenes are involved in the biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites. Some of these metabolites may indirectly affect gibberellin metabolism or signaling pathways.
    
    Interaction with Receptors or Binding Sites: Terpenes could potentially interact with receptors or binding sites involved in gibberellin perception or signaling, indirectly influencing the response to gibberellins.
    
    Impact on Stress Responses: Terpenes, especially certain sesquiterpenes, are involved in plant responses to environmental stresses. These stress responses can affect the levels and activity of gibberellins in plants.
    
    Synergistic Effects with Other Compounds: Terpenes often occur alongside other phytochemicals in plants. These compounds, in combination with terpenes, may have synergistic effects on gibberellin-related processes.

 

[Verdant Whisperer]

UPDATE: Figured out exzact reasons for longer flowering times in equitorial sativa varities and the connection....... so probably some of the mono terpenes in higher volumes have effects on plant growth but the reason is because of Sesquiterpenes they share the same precursor tryptophan as Auxins. Higher concentrations of sesquiterpenes are associated with longer-flowering varieties because they compete with auxins for the precursor tryptophan, delaying the plant's growth and resulting in a longer flowering period. As well Cytotoxic MonoTerpenes also replace the role of cytokinins in the flowering phase prolonging seresnce.
I am glad I finally Cracked this Puzzle it was a Journey.
Monoterpenes with Cytotoxic Properties:

1. Terpinolene: Found in various plants, including cannabis, terpinolene can exhibit cytotoxic effects, impacting cell growth and development.
2. Alpha-Pinene: Known for its anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator effects, alpha-pinene may also exhibit cytotoxic properties in certain concentrations.
3. Sabinene: This monoterpene may exhibit cytotoxic properties when present in certain concentrations.
4. Camphene: Another monoterpene, camphene, may have cytotoxic effects at higher concentrations.
5. Limonene: Limonene is a common monoterpene found in citrus fruits and various plants. It has been studied for its potential cytotoxic effects against cancer cells.
6. Beta-Pinene: This isomer of alpha-pinene, found in various plants, has been investigated for its cytotoxic properties.
7. Ocimene: Commonly present in plants like basil, mint, and citrus, ocimene has demonstrated cytotoxic effects in certain studies.

---

Sesquiterpenes with Cytotoxic Properties:

1. Alpha-Humulene: Alpha-humulene is a sesquiterpene found in various plants, including cannabis. It has been studied for its potential cytotoxic effects, particularly against cancer cells.
2. Beta-Caryophyllene: This sesquiterpene is also known as BCP and is found in various plants, including cannabis. It has been investigated for its cytotoxic properties.

---

Monoterpenes with these properties share the mevalonate pathway and both have cytotoxic effects. Based on this, I am concluding that certain monoterpenes associated with cytokinins are responsible for prolonging flowering, since cytokinins help prolong the vitality and productivity of plant tissues by delaying aging and senescence. These same terpenes are associated with plant stressors, so it makes sense that they would also slow growth and redirect energy into defenses more than biomass. Where some monoterpenes act similar to cytokinins, it is estimated they work the same way sesquiterpenes work with auxins. As the plant enters flowering, the monoterpenes with cytotoxic properties take over the cytokinins' roles more or less. Similarly, as the cannabis plant enters flowering, the cytokinin levels decrease and monoterpenes increase, and they share the same pathway. This is analogous to the relationship between auxins and sesquiterpenes, where as the plant enters flowering, auxins decrease and sesquiterpenes increase.

So, we can conclude that both monoterpenes and their role as replacing cytokinins and sesquiterpenes and their role of replacing auxins in flowering, as well as having direct anti-inflammatory effects on the plants receptors that produce auxins which lead to slower growth, both of these factors can be considered when looking at a strain with long flowering times. It should contain high amounts of cytotoxic terpenes, as well as higher levels of sesquiterpenes.

 

[Gry]

Looking for an understanding as to how and why our society has treated cannabis,
has been more interesting than I ever dreamed that it would be.
Always neat to see it continues to provide similar for others today.
Have been and continue to be impressed and delighted with the access to
those who have invested much of their lives on it that this site has provided.

 

[Verdant Whisperer]

Looking for an understanding as to how and why our society has treated cannabis,
has been more interesting than I ever dreamed that it would be.
Always neat to see it continues to provide similar for others today.
Have been and continue to be impressed and delighted with the access to
those who have invested much of their lives on it that this site has provided.

Awesome to see others fascinated as well, of the mechanics and history of this amazing plants's I look forward to reading your finding on how society has treated cannabis, i think until recently last 100 years so so, the main problem was the pharma companies, and the catholic church from what i understand...enlighten me please.

 

[mexcurandero420]

Myrcene, known for its earthy scent, is more prevalent in plants exposed to blue light.

Hop is high in myrcene, but flowers in a period when blue light is decreasing (August-September).That also counts for Cannabis, which starts to flower half July - August.

Where is the reference for this about myrcene and blue light?

 

[Verdant Whisperer]

Hop is high in myrcene, but flowers in a period when blue light is decreasing (August-September).That also counts for Cannabis, which starts to flower half July - August.

Where is the reference for this about myrcene and blue light?

In a study they found myrcene production to be more active when plants where exposed to light spectrums from dusk and dawn, it showed a correlation between photosensitivity and the myrcene terpene, during dursk and dawn while the lights appear more red to our visual eyes the have less red and more blue spectrum. most indoor strains have higher myrcene content due to the the unnatural light cycles and myrcene having to due with circadian rythm. so for hops or cannabis, them being high in myrcene is something that helps them adapt and tells them the light is changing and its time to switch to flower. so to answer the question it has to do more with the plants response to light in that regard, so a plant thats located in a region such as hops that has considerable change in daylight hours throughout the year is going to have decent myrcene levels to help he plant react to the change of light hours. The areas that have longer days during veg have longer morning and evening when there is more exposure to blue light. compared to an equitorial region. the plant does not need as much myrcene to detect change in daylight hours, it has other mechanisms at play that have adapted to those regions rainy seasons instead of finishing before winter.

 

[Verdant Whisperer]

one of the problems also im seeing with indoor strains with large bud sizes are low in sesquiterpenes, all those years of breeding for bigger yields and bud size has had an effect on indoor varieties all showing elevated myrcene levels and low sesquiterpenes. this is because auxins share trytophan precursors with sesquiterpenes when we breed to increase the bud size we are also breeding in more auxins which limit sesquiterpenes.

 

[Douglas.Curtis]

Most indoor grows are hot/wet grows anyway. In nature you get varying temps throughout the day, while indoor rooms are usually rather steady. High temps cause the more fragile terps to vaporize and make the room smell awesome. Those terps are not around later to polymerize with other terps to produce sesquiterpenes.

Smells great... less fulfilling.

 

[Douglas.Curtis]

What processes provide more tryptophan for the plant?

 

[Verdant Whisperer]

What processes provide more tryptophan for the plant?

I am not sure naturally but i read a study found foliar spray of 30-50 ppms of tryptophan had the best effect on plant growth, and i found that active dry yeast at 4g/l provides 50ppm of tryptophan also im not sure of the bioaviability compared to its pure form though. its something to look into good call i like where your heads at. I am going to look into that and get back to you.

 

[Verdant Whisperer]

"polymerize with other terps to produce sesquiterpenes."

Thats interesting i never thought of it that way, looked into it because i know most sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes share different pathways, sesquiterpene oxides, are combinations of monoterpenes while true sesquiterpenes are formed differently one example is - "Caryophyllene is biosynthesized through a distinct pathway that involves the joining of three isoprene units, forming a 15-carbon structure. This makes it a true sesquiterpene, and it doesn't rely on monoterpenes for its synthesis."

 

[Gry]

The main problem as I understand it based on something
John Ehrlichman said, was that the Nixon administration wanted to go
after young people with long hair and blacks and so they went after
cannabis and heroin. They targeted the antiwar movement relentlessly.
I will agree whole heartedly that big pharma is no friend to cannabis and those who consume it.
None the less, I recall having heard that some of the nicest cannabis
was that which big pharma had used in earlier times.

 

[Verdant Whisperer]

Edit: Updated info in 1st post.

 

[Verdant Whisperer]

.