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How Environments Shape the Highs of Cannabis

Verdant Whisperer

Verdant Whisperer

Well-known member
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Creeperpark

Creeperpark

Well-known member
Mentor
Veteran
Verdant Whisperer said:

Main Terpenes and Their Roles in Cannabis Plants: A Breeding Approach​

To explain my breeding style, I focus on the core terpenes and how they relate to the plant’s environment. By leveraging these factors, I aim to enhance synergistic breeding for specific effects. Here’s how I break it down:

Understanding Terpenes and Their Roles in Plants​

Terpenes are vital to cannabis plants, influencing aroma, flavor, defense, and environmental adaptation. Each terpene dominates specific strains due to environmental pressures, helping the plant survive and thrive in various conditions.

Environmental and Soil Influence on Terpenes​

Different climates and soil types directly affect terpene production in cannabis. By understanding why certain terpenes dominate in specific regions, we can strategically breed plants with desired terpene profiles.

Terpene Profile Groups​

By grouping landraces based on their dominant-to-tertiary terpene profiles, we can explore the relationship between a strain’s terroir (climate and environment) and its resulting terpene makeup.

Synergistic Breeding for Desired Effects​

When breeding for specific terpene outcomes, analyzing terpene profiles and replicating the environmental conditions that produce those outcomes enables us to breed with purpose. This allows for specific effects in F1 hybrids without relying on luck.

Core Terpenes: Roles and Environmental Associations​

UV Protection: Terpenes and Their Environmental Roles​

Plants produce terpenes to protect themselves from harmful UV radiation. Two key terpenes involved in this process are limonene and nerol:

  • Limonene:
    • Found in warm climates with high UV exposure.
    • Acts as a direct UV shield.
    • Suited for sunny, hot environments.
    • Provides insect-repellent and antioxidant properties.
  • Nerol:
    • Found in cooler climates with fluctuating temperatures.
    • Provides UV protection and cold stress resilience.
    • Ideal for humid environments with fungal risks.
    • Offers antifungal and antibacterial benefits.

Alpha-Pinene: Humidity Shield​

  • Role: Alpha-pinene acts as a humidity shield, preventing excessive moisture absorption.
  • How it works: Forms a protective layer on the plant’s surface, reducing mold and mildew risks while aiding growth in humid environments.

Beta-Pinene: Humidity Aid​

  • Role: Beta-pinene helps plants in drier environments by aiding moisture absorption.
  • How it works: It supports plants in arid regions by retaining moisture and promoting hydration.

Terpinolene and Ocimene: Altitude-Dependent Terpenes​

These terpenes are adapted to specific altitudes and moisture levels:

  • Terpinolene:
    • More concentrated in high-altitude, dry environments.
    • Offers UV protection and helps with cold stress and insect repelling.
  • Ocimene:
    • More concentrated in low-altitude, wetter environments.
    • Helps manage humidity and provides antifungal and insect-repellent properties.

Myrcene and Its Relationship with Latitude and Light​

Myrcene plays a major role in how cannabis plants respond to latitude and light cycles:

  • Myrcene and Latitude:
    Strains grown further from the equator tend to have higher myrcene concentrations due to greater light variability and seasonal changes.
  • Myrcene in Indoor Growth:
    Plants grown indoors under controlled light cycles also show increased myrcene production due to the regulated light changes.

Beta-Caryophyllene (BCP): Growth Regulator in Low-Light Environments​

Beta-Caryophyllene (BCP) helps regulate growth, particularly in low-light conditions. It conserves energy, ensuring the plant uses its resources efficiently:

  • In Low-Light: BCP helps the plant slow its growth and focus on survival rather than rapid expansion.
  • Sunlight Availability: BCP increases in low-sunlight environments, resulting in smaller, more efficient plants.

  • BCP and Longer Flowering Strains​

    BCP plays a key role in longer-flowering cannabis varieties by aiding in plant preservation throughout extended flowering cycles. It slows growth and focuses on defense, allowing the plant to withstand environmental stresses like pathogens and moisture fluctuations over time.

    In long-flowering strains, the plant faces increased vulnerability to these stresses, and BCP helps by promoting steady growth, ensuring the plant remains healthy during the entire cycle. This is particularly important in low-light or humid environments, where plants must defend against fungal or bacterial threats for extended periods.

    BCP in Short-Flowering Strains​

    In shorter-flowering varieties, BCP is less dominant because the plant’s needs shift to rapid development and quick defense mechanisms, relying more on other terpenes that offer faster protection against environmental threats. As a result, BCP plays a smaller role in such varieties, especially in full-sun environments where the plant's lifecycle is shorter.

Spiciness and Growth Regulation​

Strains high in THCV or grown in dry regions with low humidity often exhibit a spicier taste. This spiciness is linked to how cannabis regulates growth in response to environmental stressors like shade or drought.

Geraniol and Linalool: Defense Terpenes and Environmental Adaptations​

Both geraniol and linalool serve key roles in plant defense but are associated with different environments:

  • Geraniol (NLD Association):
    Found in warm, humid regions, it serves as an insect repellent and antifungal agent.
  • Linalool (BLD Association):
    Found in cold, high-altitude regions, it provides antifungal and antimicrobial effects while helping plants handle cold stress.

Cannabinoids and Sesquiterpenes as Growth Regulators​

Cannabinoids like THC and sesquiterpenes such as beta-caryophyllene and humulene act as growth regulators. In low light, shade, or resource-limited conditions, these compounds help the plant slow its growth and focus on survival.

THC and Growth Regulation​

THC helps plants focus their energy on trichome production (rich in cannabinoids) rather than size, leading to smaller, more resilient plants that excel in high-UV or arid environments.

Sesquiterpenes as Growth Regulators​

Beta-caryophyllene and humulene help plants manage growth in low-light or nutrient-poor environments. These heavier terpenes require more energy to produce, but they are crucial for long-term defense.

Why Monoterpene-Dominant and Sesquiterpene-Dominant Plants Coexist in Fields​

The coexistence of monoterpene-dominant and sesquiterpene-dominant plants in the same field is due to growth rates and light availability:

  • Monoterpene-Dominant Plants (Fast-Growing, Sun-Loving):
    Grow quickly, produce lighter monoterpenes, and absorb more sunlight. Their growth creates shade for smaller plants.
  • Sesquiterpene-Dominant Plants (Slower-Growing, Shade-Tolerant):
    Thrive in shady environments and focus on producing heavier sesquiterpenes to cope with low light and long-term stress.
This balance allows sun-exposed plants to produce monoterpenes, while shaded plants focus on sesquiterpenes, resulting in a diverse terpene profile within the same crop.

View attachment 19078554
Click to expand...
That is amazing information and very helpful. Thanks for posting friend.
 
P

Prs2xs

Active member
Verdant Whisperer said:

Main Terpenes and Their Roles in Cannabis Plants: A Breeding Approach​

To explain my breeding style, I focus on the core terpenes and how they relate to the plant’s environment. By leveraging these factors, I aim to enhance synergistic breeding for specific effects. Here’s how I break it down:

Understanding Terpenes and Their Roles in Plants​

Terpenes are vital to cannabis plants, influencing aroma, flavor, defense, and environmental adaptation. Each terpene dominates specific strains due to environmental pressures, helping the plant survive and thrive in various conditions.

Environmental and Soil Influence on Terpenes​

Different climates and soil types directly affect terpene production in cannabis. By understanding why certain terpenes dominate in specific regions, we can strategically breed plants with desired terpene profiles.

Terpene Profile Groups​

By grouping landraces based on their dominant-to-tertiary terpene profiles, we can explore the relationship between a strain’s terroir (climate and environment) and its resulting terpene makeup.

Synergistic Breeding for Desired Effects​

When breeding for specific terpene outcomes, analyzing terpene profiles and replicating the environmental conditions that produce those outcomes enables us to breed with purpose. This allows for specific effects in F1 hybrids without relying on luck.

Core Terpenes: Roles and Environmental Associations​

UV Protection: Terpenes and Their Environmental Roles​

Plants produce terpenes to protect themselves from harmful UV radiation. Two key terpenes involved in this process are limonene and nerol:

  • Limonene:
    • Found in warm climates with high UV exposure.
    • Acts as a direct UV shield.
    • Suited for sunny, hot environments.
    • Provides insect-repellent and antioxidant properties.
  • Nerol:
    • Found in cooler climates with fluctuating temperatures.
    • Provides UV protection and cold stress resilience.
    • Ideal for humid environments with fungal risks.
    • Offers antifungal and antibacterial benefits.

Alpha-Pinene: Humidity Shield​

  • Role: Alpha-pinene acts as a humidity shield, preventing excessive moisture absorption.
  • How it works: Forms a protective layer on the plant’s surface, reducing mold and mildew risks while aiding growth in humid environments.

Beta-Pinene: Humidity Aid​

  • Role: Beta-pinene helps plants in drier environments by aiding moisture absorption.
  • How it works: It supports plants in arid regions by retaining moisture and promoting hydration.

Terpinolene and Ocimene: Altitude-Dependent Terpenes​

These terpenes are adapted to specific altitudes and moisture levels:

  • Terpinolene:
    • More concentrated in high-altitude, dry environments.
    • Offers UV protection and helps with cold stress and insect repelling.
  • Ocimene:
    • More concentrated in low-altitude, wetter environments.
    • Helps manage humidity and provides antifungal and insect-repellent properties.

Myrcene and Its Relationship with Latitude and Light​

Myrcene plays a major role in how cannabis plants respond to latitude and light cycles:

  • Myrcene and Latitude:
    Strains grown further from the equator tend to have higher myrcene concentrations due to greater light variability and seasonal changes.
  • Myrcene in Indoor Growth:
    Plants grown indoors under controlled light cycles also show increased myrcene production due to the regulated light changes.

Beta-Caryophyllene (BCP): Growth Regulator in Low-Light Environments​

Beta-Caryophyllene (BCP) helps regulate growth, particularly in low-light conditions. It conserves energy, ensuring the plant uses its resources efficiently:

  • In Low-Light: BCP helps the plant slow its growth and focus on survival rather than rapid expansion.
  • Sunlight Availability: BCP increases in low-sunlight environments, resulting in smaller, more efficient plants.

  • BCP and Longer Flowering Strains​

    BCP plays a key role in longer-flowering cannabis varieties by aiding in plant preservation throughout extended flowering cycles. It slows growth and focuses on defense, allowing the plant to withstand environmental stresses like pathogens and moisture fluctuations over time.

    In long-flowering strains, the plant faces increased vulnerability to these stresses, and BCP helps by promoting steady growth, ensuring the plant remains healthy during the entire cycle. This is particularly important in low-light or humid environments, where plants must defend against fungal or bacterial threats for extended periods.

    BCP in Short-Flowering Strains​

    In shorter-flowering varieties, BCP is less dominant because the plant’s needs shift to rapid development and quick defense mechanisms, relying more on other terpenes that offer faster protection against environmental threats. As a result, BCP plays a smaller role in such varieties, especially in full-sun environments where the plant's lifecycle is shorter.

Spiciness and Growth Regulation​

Strains high in THCV or grown in dry regions with low humidity often exhibit a spicier taste. This spiciness is linked to how cannabis regulates growth in response to environmental stressors like shade or drought.

Geraniol and Linalool: Defense Terpenes and Environmental Adaptations​

Both geraniol and linalool serve key roles in plant defense but are associated with different environments:

  • Geraniol (NLD Association):
    Found in warm, humid regions, it serves as an insect repellent and antifungal agent.
  • Linalool (BLD Association):
    Found in cold, high-altitude regions, it provides antifungal and antimicrobial effects while helping plants handle cold stress.

Cannabinoids and Sesquiterpenes as Growth Regulators​

Cannabinoids like THC and sesquiterpenes such as beta-caryophyllene and humulene act as growth regulators. In low light, shade, or resource-limited conditions, these compounds help the plant slow its growth and focus on survival.

THC and Growth Regulation​

THC helps plants focus their energy on trichome production (rich in cannabinoids) rather than size, leading to smaller, more resilient plants that excel in high-UV or arid environments.

Sesquiterpenes as Growth Regulators​

Beta-caryophyllene and humulene help plants manage growth in low-light or nutrient-poor environments. These heavier terpenes require more energy to produce, but they are crucial for long-term defense.

Why Monoterpene-Dominant and Sesquiterpene-Dominant Plants Coexist in Fields​

The coexistence of monoterpene-dominant and sesquiterpene-dominant plants in the same field is due to growth rates and light availability: *This is seen in fields with high density planting where it creates shaded environments for the less vigourous phenotypes. a good example of this is malawi gold from malawi it has spicy herbal and sour pineapple phenotypes and is grown in dense fields,

  • Monoterpene-Dominant Plants (Fast-Growing, Sun-Loving):
    Grow quickly, produce lighter monoterpenes, and absorb more sunlight. Their growth creates shade for smaller plants.
  • Sesquiterpene-Dominant Plants (Slower-Growing, Shade-Tolerant):
    Thrive in shady environments and focus on producing heavier sesquiterpenes to cope with low light and long-term stress.
This balance allows sun-exposed plants to produce monoterpenes, while shaded plants focus on sesquiterpenes, resulting in a diverse terpene profile within the same crop.

View attachment 19078554

The Sweet vs. Earthy Expression of Myrcene in Cannabis: A Detailed Exploration​

Our discussion about myrcene in cannabis has revealed a fascinating insight: the environment plays a crucial role in how myrcene expresses itself, not just in aroma and flavor but also in effects. This complex interaction between genetics and growing conditions offers a deeper understanding of why myrcene can sometimes exhibit a sweet, fruity profile with uplifting effects, while at other times it takes on a more earthy, grounded aroma with sedative effects.

What is Myrcene?​

Myrcene is one of the most abundant terpenes found in cannabis, contributing to the fruity, herbal, and earthy aromas often associated with various strains. It's known for its calming, sedative effects, but as we discussed, the specific aroma and effect profile can change depending on several environmental and cultivation factors.

Environmental Factors Influencing Myrcene Expression​

Based on our conversation, here are the key factors that seem to influence whether myrcene exhibits a sweet or earthy profile:

1. Watering and Hydration​

  • Manual Watering: When plants are consistently manually watered, they tend to produce sweeter, more fruity expressions of myrcene. The plant isn’t stressed by drought, so it can allocate energy to producing sweet, fragrant terpenes that contribute to an uplifting effect.
  • Drought Stress: In fields without additional watering, cannabis plants experience mild water stress, which can push them to produce earthier, muskier myrcene. This shift is a defense mechanism, helping the plant survive under less favorable conditions. The resulting terpene profile is often more grounded, herbal, and sedative.

2. Soil Composition and Nutrients​

The nutrient composition of the soil also plays a role in how myrcene expresses itself. Nutrient-rich soil, full of organic matter, tends to promote sweet, fruity terpene profiles. In contrast, poorer, more compact soil might push the plant toward earthier expressions of myrcene. When the plant is under nutrient stress, its terpene production leans more toward earthy, herbal notes as it adjusts to the lack of optimal resources.

3. Light Exposure​

The amount of sunlight and the intensity of UV exposure can influence terpene production:

  • Full Sunlight: Under strong, consistent light, cannabis plants often produce more sweet and fruity aromas, including the sweeter form of myrcene. This might be due to the plant’s ability to photosynthesize more efficiently in these conditions, leading to a healthier terpene profile.
  • Shady or Low-Light Conditions: In environments with less light, plants tend to produce earthier, herbal terpenes as they adapt to lower energy levels. This could explain why earthy myrcene is more prevalent in shadier or high-altitude environments.

4. Climate and Temperature​

Temperature has a significant impact on terpene expression:

  • Warmer Climates: Sweet myrcene is often associated with warm, tropical climates, where cannabis thrives and can express more uplifting, fruity terpenes. The plant is less stressed and can focus more on developing a sweet, pleasant aroma.
  • Cooler or Harsher Climates: In colder regions or places with more extreme temperature shifts, myrcene often expresses as earthy or musky, reflecting the plant’s adaptation to a tougher growing environment. This version of myrcene is typically more grounding and sedative.

5. Humidity​

  • High Humidity: Myrcene in more humid environments tends to be sweeter, reflecting the plant’s easier access to water and less need for defense against environmental stressors.
  • Low Humidity: In dry climates, myrcene can take on an earthier profile. Dry conditions put stress on the plant, and it may produce terpenes that are more protective and earthy to cope with the lack of moisture.

6. Terpene Interactions​

Myrcene does not work in isolation; it interacts with other terpenes in the plant. For instance:

  • When myrcene is present alongside limonene or geraniol, it tends to express more sweet, fruity notes, contributing to uplifting effects.
  • However, when beta-caryophyllene or pinene are more dominant, myrcene may lean toward earthy or herbal tones, giving the strain a more grounding, sedative quality.

7. Stress from Pests, Pathogens, or Physical Damage​

Plants exposed to pests or diseases tend to produce more earthy terpenes, including myrcene, as part of their defense mechanism. These stressors push the plant to focus on survival, shifting the terpene profile toward earthier, protective aromas.

Sweet vs. Earthy Myrcene: How the Effects Change​

What makes this all the more fascinating is how the aroma and flavor profile of myrcene correlates with its effects:

  • Sweet Myrcene: When myrcene is expressed as sweet and fruity, it tends to have more uplifting, energizing effects. This version of myrcene is ideal for users seeking creativity, focus, and social energy.
  • Earthy Myrcene: In contrast, earthy myrcene typically promotes calming, grounding, and sedative effects. This version is better suited for relaxation, stress relief, and sleep.

Conclusion: Why Environment Matters​

The way myrcene expresses itself as either sweet or earthy is a reflection of how the plant adapts to its environment. Factors like watering practices, soil quality, light exposure, and stress can all influence whether myrcene takes on a more uplifting, fruity profile or a grounding, earthy one. This insight underscores the importance of understanding the interplay between environment and genetics when cultivating cannabis for specific effects.

By optimizing these environmental factors, growers can fine-tune myrcene expression to suit their desired outcomes, whether it’s producing strains with uplifting, sweet aromas or earthy, calming effects.

Breeding for Latitude Compatibility​

An essential aspect of my breeding strategy is understanding how latitude affects cannabis plants. When selecting parent strains, I focus on balancing environmental traits from regions with different latitudes to create hybrids that are well-suited for specific climates.

For example, I combine strains from Uganda (0° latitude) and Kashmir (34° latitude) to produce hybrids that find a middle ground, around 17° latitude. This approach allows me to match the characteristics of plants adapted to different climates, ensuring that the resulting hybrids can thrive in areas with similar environmental conditions, such as sunlight intensity, day length, and humidity levels.

By balancing parental genetics based on latitude, I optimize not only the terpene profiles but also the plant's resilience to the growing environment. This method showcases how understanding environmental factors and strategic breeding can result in robust hybrids adapted to their specific conditions.
Click to expand...
This is very interesting. Regarding point #7, I wonder if the use of "chitosal" ( a product which is supposed to give the plant systemic resistance to pests and pathogens} would cause a shift in the terpene profile to the earthy type?? I may try using it on only one plant in the future to see if this is the case!
 
Verdant Whisperer

Verdant Whisperer

Well-known member
Prs2xs said:
This is very interesting. Regarding point #7, I wonder if the use of "chitosal" ( a product which is supposed to give the plant systemic resistance to pests and pathogens} would cause a shift in the terpene profile to the earthy type?? I may try using it on only one plant in the future to see if this is the case!
Click to expand...
Its possible I've heard that high amounts of chitosan in the soil are supposed to trick the plant into thinking theres alot of bugs, but I don't know if the plants are that dumb honestly. they are smart and efficient they know what bugs attack them and mess with their roots and make specific chemicals for them. its possible thought im not sure but the more i learn about the plants the smarter they seem.
 
nepalnt21

nepalnt21

FRRRRRResh!
Veteran
Verdant Whisperer said:

Sweet vs. Earthy Myrcene: How the Effects Change​

What makes this all the more fascinating is how the aroma and flavor profile of myrcene correlates with its effects:

  • Sweet Myrcene: When myrcene is expressed as sweet and fruity, it tends to have more uplifting, energizing effects. This version of myrcene is ideal for users seeking creativity, focus, and social energy.
  • Earthy Myrcene: In contrast, earthy myrcene typically promotes calming, grounding, and sedative effects. This version is better suited for relaxation, stress relief, and sleep.
Click to expand...
i see what you mean by how the flavor and aroma change based upon the other terps etc. but this part on its own is misleading because beta myrcene is one compound and if it were to change through some chemical reaction, it would be a different compound.

this adds to my incredulity surrounding the supposed fx of myrcene... clearly (imo), the entourage effect (incl cannabinoids etc) seems to be more responsible for the overall effect (that and individual differences in users and even day to day).... so i internally roll my eyes when a budtender just regurgitates what the little wallet cards say the terps do.

myrcene is in high amounts (and sometimes nearly alone) in some of the most long flowering and famous/ notorious sativas and sativa dominant hybrids.

so i'm agreeing with you on how the various terps can change the whole aroma and apparently experience, i just also wanted to be pendantic about how myrcene is myrcene just like how water is water (in an ideal, pure setting)
 
PlastikeRubba

PlastikeRubba

Member
Sir this is a weed grower website. You can't tell weed growers that their weed smells like Glade plug-ins. They won't believe you. Or at least 30 years ago, people were smarter than that.

Do some actual weed-relevant terps. OG Kush terps maybe . Myrcenyl acetate. Limonyl acetate, linalyl acetate. Bornyl acetate. Shit that might possible smell like weed?

Why no talk about carboxylic acids. The forbidden topic. You know, the only important functional group of Cannabis metabolites. We still letting Kevin "DEA boof peddler" Jodrey and his flock of DEA pharma goons tell us Cheese should smell like carbolic acid and terpinolene instead of 3-methyl butanoic and methane thiol? That thc isolate gets you higher for more hours? Nothing these people say ads up yet there's always plenty of AI accounts pushing the same exact pharma narrative.

You can ignore at best, and add to your hitlist if you're proactive, the people claiming good weed smells like cough syrup,or that higher thc % has a longer duration between doses. The goal is obvious. When your favorite strains are characterized by DEA/pharma interlopers.

All the pharma spook misinfo in the Cannabis scene is just that, pharma spook misinfo. Couldn't beat us so they planted a bunch of spooks amongst us. Real breeders are actively removing the terps that cannabis labs test for from their gene pools. Everyone wondering where skunk went... While everyone's plants are wasting energy on useless dead weight terpenes that exist in everything from a piece of meat to a piece of plastic.

You're gonna make me post the test results for a piece of ham and a piece of a shower curtain material I sent for terpene analysis? I was saving that for later. Maybe tomorrow. Very terpy stuff. Although no one has ever smelled lemon from a shower curtain counting significant quantity of limonene, or a lavender from a piece of ham containing tons of linalool. Seems irrelevant, until you realise WHY the community is perpetually told the same lies over and over about what's relevant and what's not.
 
Verdant Whisperer

Verdant Whisperer

Well-known member
Douglas.Curtis said:
Totally sold on alpha/beta myrcenes being lumped together at present, with the distinction becoming more clear in the near future. :D

Great job! :D
Click to expand...
pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

alpha-Myrcene

alpha-Myrcene | C10H16 | CID 519324 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more.
pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
 
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