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MASSACHUSETTS STATE POLICE
The Massachusetts State Police 3D Program, (Dangerous Drunk and Drugged Driving) uses an aggressive driving team of troopers who are assigned to the team for one year. The team uses marked and unmarked patrol vehicles, and also unmarked or non-traditional vehicles, typically seized from drug or criminal interdiction cases. They equip the vehicles with in-car video cameras, radar units, and emergency lights. A uniformed officer assigned to the unmarked vehicle works in conjunction with two or more marked patrol vehicles.
The unmarked or non-traditional patrol vehicles work in areas that have been identified as aggressive driving problem areas, such as areas of high incidences of crashes, congestion or fatalities. When they observe a violation, the officer in the unmarked or non-traditional vehicle positions the patrol vehicle so that the driving behavior can be video taped. The officer gives the marked patrol vehicles their location. The unmarked vehicle maintains contact with the violator until the marked unit is behind the violator and a stop is initiated. Since the officer in the unmarked vehicle is in uniform, if the driving behavior is egregious, the officer will initiate the traffic stop to eliminate the hazardous driving behavior. By maintaining this process, Massachusetts State Police has not had any pursuits.
Unmarked patrol units are equipped with rear deck lights so when following an aggressive driver and trying to initiate a traffic stop, the deck lights are activated. The motorist behind the patrol vehicle will have ample time to slow and avoid a collision.
Troopers work 4-5 hour shifts on the road. At the end of their shift, they report to the Troop Headquarters. The trooper runs a computer check on the driver history for the drivers that they cited that day. If the driver’s license history showed more than three aggressive driving behaviors, within the last three years, they refer the driver to the Registry of Motor Vehicles and file a report to "Request for Immediate Threat of Suspension or Revocation" hearing. If the Registry of Motor Vehicle suspends or revokes a drivers license, they require the driver to attend either remedial driver training or anger management.
Special Features
The "Request for Immediate Threat of Suspension or Revocation" hearing uses laws that are already in place to deal with the aggressive driver. In addition, the officer checks to see if there is a pattern of aggressive driving and recommends compulsory training to change the driver’s behavior.
Handouts are given to all drivers about the dangers of aggressive driving.
Massachusetts State Police’s handout that is given to drivers after a traffic stop by the aggressive driving enforcement team.
The use of in-car video cameras helps the officer establish evidence for court. The Massachusetts State Police has found that the use of the videotapes has also decreased court time for their troopers. Boxing-in the violator until a marked police vehicle can make the traffic stop has allowed the Massachusetts State Police to maintain control of the stop. The concern of the public of stopping for an unmarked police vehicle is eliminated because a marked law enforcement vehicle makes the traffic stop unless the driving behavior is especially egregious. This technique also allows for positive identification of the violator and prevents chases from occurring from the use of unmarked patrol vehicles.
Project Outcome
The Massachusetts State Police have held more than 300 "Request for Immediate Threat of Suspension or Revocation" hearings. The arresting officers have not lost one ruling. Every case referred to the Registry of Motor Vehicles has resulted in the driver’s license being suspended or revoked.
Legal Considerations
By using the "Immediate Threat Report Form," the Massachusetts State Police use a law that is already in place, but one that has been underutilized. And, since not one ruling has gone against the charging law enforcement officer, this is a good indicator that their method of addressing the repeat aggressive driver is effective.
More Information
Major Stephen Leary
Troop C Commander
Massachusetts State Police
612 Main St., Route 122A
Holden, MA 01520
(508) 829-8300
http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/enforce/aggressdrivers/aggenforce/mass.html
________________________________________________________________
PENNSYLVANIA STATE POLICE
Pennsylvania State Police uses two different programs to address aggressive driving enforcement, Operation Centipede and TAG-D, (Ticket the Aggressive Driver). The Operation Centipede program uses 8-10 officers, who are positioned throughout the target area, one to two miles apart. The officers are in both marked and unmarked vehicles, some with radar units and some with radar detectors.
The officers are advised to strictly enforce all posted speed limits and cite any aggressive driving behaviors. As the motoring public passes the first trooper, they may feel there will not be any other troopers for several miles. When they pass another trooper within two miles and then another trooper within another two miles, there is the perception that troopers will be found all along the route.
The TAG-D program also uses marked and unmarked law enforcement vehicles, a vehicle that appears disabled, radar, fixed wing aircraft, and pursuit vehicles. Officers are advised what driving behaviors they are targeting for enforcement on the day of the saturation patrol effort.
Project Outcome
During 1998, Pennsylvania saw a five percent decrease in crashes with fatalities or injuries in areas targeted as part of the Operation Centipede and TAG-D highway safety enforcement programs. The number of crashes with fatalities or injuries decreased from 4,045 to 3,838. The total number of crashes with or without injuries decreased from 6,076 to 5,656, a drop of six percent. 7
Since the Pennsylvania State Police started the Operation Centipede and TAG-D programs in 1997, crashes with deaths or injuries requiring transportation for treatment of injuries, dropped by nearly 24 percent in the areas targeted by the enforcement programs.
More Information
Lieutenant Jerry Roberts
Pennsylvania State Police
Bureau of Patrol
1800 Elmerton Avenue
Harrisburg, PA 17110
(717) 783-5517
http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/enforce/aggressdrivers/aggenforce/pennsylvania.html
________________________________________________________________
OHIO STATE HIGHWAY PATROL
The Ohio State Highway Patrol’s (OSHP) aggressive driving program is called, Operation TRIAD, Targeting Reckless, Intimidating, and Aggressive Drivers. District and local highway patrol posts are responsible for researching and recommending Operation TRIAD sites, providing manpower for the enforcement details, coordinating local law enforcement and media coverage. Operation TRIAD uses a large, fixed-wing aviation division and local highway patrol officers, combined with local law enforcement officers to deter aggressive or dangerous driving acts.
Aggressive driving enforcement will be used during peak traffic volume and density locations, complaint areas, high DUI areas, school bus routes, and high crash railroad crossings. The Operation TRIAD master plan uses the following driving behaviors as guidelines for targeting enforcement:
• Following too close
• Passing off the travel portion of highway
• Lane change violations
• Speeding beyond the traffic flow
• Merging into traffic from on-ramp through safety or gore area
• Failure to yield at ramps or intersections
• Railroad crossing violations
• Displaying or using a weapon
Special Features
The availability of twelve fixed-wing aircraft to observe traffic safely and to assist law enforcement reduces the number of complaints received about unsafe driving. The OSHP offers the aviation section services to local city and county law enforcement agencies to address their local traffic concerns.
Extensive media coverage of Operation TRIAD has been very successful in increasing public awareness about the enforcement details and in encouraging a safe driving environment for all motorists.
Project Outcome
During a given evaluation period, approximately half of all citations written during an Operation TRIAD enforcement effort were for speeding. With the use of the fixed-wing aircraft, the most common aggressive driving behaviors observed were following too close and passing off the travel portion of the highway.
Legal Considerations
The OSHP aviation section works closely with the local judges to train them about traffic safety and specifically aggressive driving. The section pilot contacts newly elected judges, and offers a ride-along in the plane to observe traffic from the air. The judges can see the traffic problems from the air and they can see how an operation works. They can observe how the pilot can follow a vehicle for two to five miles and develop a driving pattern over an extended distance. They can see how easy it is to maintain visual contact, make positive identification from the air and communicate this information to the ground troops.
More Information
S/Lieutenant Keith Haney?Aviation Section Commander?Ohio State Highway Patrol?2829 W. Dublin Granville Road?Columbus, OH 43235?(614) 466-4468
http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/enforce/aggressdrivers/aggenforce/ohio.html
________________________________________________________________
MARYLAND STATE POLICE
The United States Army Aberdeen Test Center, in a technology transfer initiative with the Federal Highway Administration, the Maryland State Highway Administration, and the Maryland State Police (MSP), developed the A.D.V.A.N.C.E. (Aggressive Driving Video and Non Contact Enforcement) Vehicle. The system was developed to assist the MSP in identifying aggressive drivers on the Capital Beltway.
The vehicle uses lasers to determine the range and speed of vehicles on the highway and a computer system to record video images of the front, side and rear of a vehicle when the vehicle’s measured speed exceeds a predetermined threshold. The information is quickly assembled into a violation report that is sent to the violator. A manual override allows the operator to trigger the acquisition of video data in order to capture other aggressive driving patterns such as following too close and erratic lane changes.
The operator is able to view live video from any camera by selecting the appropriate switch on the front of the video monitor. The system also has the capability of recording traffic statistical information as speed distributions (histograms) of vehicles in the flow of traffic. These data allow the operator to estimate the average speed of traffic.
Data is saved on a removable disk and subsequently used to generate violation reports that can be analyzed or mailed to the owner of the vehicle. The operator can review any and all data on the computer monitor.
Special Features
The Project A.D.V.A.N.C.E. vehicle, designed by Aberdeen Test Center is fully equipped with state-of-the-art-technology. MSP uses a strong media campaign advising drivers of the Project A.D.V.A.N.C.E. vehicle, highway signs, and other unmarked patrol vehicles to help the MSP deal with an estimated 200,000 vehicles a day that drive on the Capital Beltway.
Technology Used
The Project A.D.V.A.N.C.E. uses a vehicle equipped with technology that has not traditionally been used in traffic enforcement. The lidar speed-measuring device, coupled with a new device called Autosense, measures the speed of the vehicle. The Autosense device triggers the side and rear cameras to take pictures of the vehicle, the registration plate and the operator. The A.D.V.A.N.C.E. system establishes a database of violations that includes pictures of the vehicle, that can be mailed to the vehicle’s owner.
Project Outcome
The design and implementation of the A.D.V.A.N.C.E. project is a joint technology exchange between the Department of Defense, United States Army, Federal Highway Administration, Maryland State Highway Commission, and MSP. Cooperating efforts like this will continue to bring new technologies to the law enforcement arena to improve officer and law enforcement effectiveness. Each time the A.D.V.A.N.C.E. vehicle is used, more is learned about how to improve the vehicle and the system.
A strong public information and education campaign, along with highway signs advising of the A.D.V.A.N.C.E. vehicle and support by other Maryland State Police will educate the public about aggressive driving and help change driving behavior.
Legal Considerations
In the State of Maryland, citations cannot be mailed to the violator. The law enforcement officer has to make immediate contact with the driver and the driver has to be allowed to sign the citation. Enabling legislation is needed to allow citations to be mailed to the violator.
A traffic violation in Maryland currently assesses points to the driving record. Since points are assessed, the driver has to be contacted and identified immediately. Jurisdictions that currently use photo enforcement have reduced citations to a civil infraction. There are no points assessed and the driver only pays a fine.
More Information
Sergeant Janet Harrison?Maryland State Police?Commercial Vehicle Division?901 Elkridge Landing Road, Suite 300?Linthicum Heights, MD 21090?(410) 694-6100
The Massachusetts State Police 3D Program, (Dangerous Drunk and Drugged Driving) uses an aggressive driving team of troopers who are assigned to the team for one year. The team uses marked and unmarked patrol vehicles, and also unmarked or non-traditional vehicles, typically seized from drug or criminal interdiction cases. They equip the vehicles with in-car video cameras, radar units, and emergency lights. A uniformed officer assigned to the unmarked vehicle works in conjunction with two or more marked patrol vehicles.
The unmarked or non-traditional patrol vehicles work in areas that have been identified as aggressive driving problem areas, such as areas of high incidences of crashes, congestion or fatalities. When they observe a violation, the officer in the unmarked or non-traditional vehicle positions the patrol vehicle so that the driving behavior can be video taped. The officer gives the marked patrol vehicles their location. The unmarked vehicle maintains contact with the violator until the marked unit is behind the violator and a stop is initiated. Since the officer in the unmarked vehicle is in uniform, if the driving behavior is egregious, the officer will initiate the traffic stop to eliminate the hazardous driving behavior. By maintaining this process, Massachusetts State Police has not had any pursuits.
Unmarked patrol units are equipped with rear deck lights so when following an aggressive driver and trying to initiate a traffic stop, the deck lights are activated. The motorist behind the patrol vehicle will have ample time to slow and avoid a collision.
Troopers work 4-5 hour shifts on the road. At the end of their shift, they report to the Troop Headquarters. The trooper runs a computer check on the driver history for the drivers that they cited that day. If the driver’s license history showed more than three aggressive driving behaviors, within the last three years, they refer the driver to the Registry of Motor Vehicles and file a report to "Request for Immediate Threat of Suspension or Revocation" hearing. If the Registry of Motor Vehicle suspends or revokes a drivers license, they require the driver to attend either remedial driver training or anger management.
Special Features
The "Request for Immediate Threat of Suspension or Revocation" hearing uses laws that are already in place to deal with the aggressive driver. In addition, the officer checks to see if there is a pattern of aggressive driving and recommends compulsory training to change the driver’s behavior.
Handouts are given to all drivers about the dangers of aggressive driving.
Massachusetts State Police’s handout that is given to drivers after a traffic stop by the aggressive driving enforcement team.
The use of in-car video cameras helps the officer establish evidence for court. The Massachusetts State Police has found that the use of the videotapes has also decreased court time for their troopers. Boxing-in the violator until a marked police vehicle can make the traffic stop has allowed the Massachusetts State Police to maintain control of the stop. The concern of the public of stopping for an unmarked police vehicle is eliminated because a marked law enforcement vehicle makes the traffic stop unless the driving behavior is especially egregious. This technique also allows for positive identification of the violator and prevents chases from occurring from the use of unmarked patrol vehicles.
Project Outcome
The Massachusetts State Police have held more than 300 "Request for Immediate Threat of Suspension or Revocation" hearings. The arresting officers have not lost one ruling. Every case referred to the Registry of Motor Vehicles has resulted in the driver’s license being suspended or revoked.
Legal Considerations
By using the "Immediate Threat Report Form," the Massachusetts State Police use a law that is already in place, but one that has been underutilized. And, since not one ruling has gone against the charging law enforcement officer, this is a good indicator that their method of addressing the repeat aggressive driver is effective.
More Information
Major Stephen Leary
Troop C Commander
Massachusetts State Police
612 Main St., Route 122A
Holden, MA 01520
(508) 829-8300
http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/enforce/aggressdrivers/aggenforce/mass.html
________________________________________________________________
PENNSYLVANIA STATE POLICE
Pennsylvania State Police uses two different programs to address aggressive driving enforcement, Operation Centipede and TAG-D, (Ticket the Aggressive Driver). The Operation Centipede program uses 8-10 officers, who are positioned throughout the target area, one to two miles apart. The officers are in both marked and unmarked vehicles, some with radar units and some with radar detectors.
The officers are advised to strictly enforce all posted speed limits and cite any aggressive driving behaviors. As the motoring public passes the first trooper, they may feel there will not be any other troopers for several miles. When they pass another trooper within two miles and then another trooper within another two miles, there is the perception that troopers will be found all along the route.
The TAG-D program also uses marked and unmarked law enforcement vehicles, a vehicle that appears disabled, radar, fixed wing aircraft, and pursuit vehicles. Officers are advised what driving behaviors they are targeting for enforcement on the day of the saturation patrol effort.
Project Outcome
During 1998, Pennsylvania saw a five percent decrease in crashes with fatalities or injuries in areas targeted as part of the Operation Centipede and TAG-D highway safety enforcement programs. The number of crashes with fatalities or injuries decreased from 4,045 to 3,838. The total number of crashes with or without injuries decreased from 6,076 to 5,656, a drop of six percent. 7
Since the Pennsylvania State Police started the Operation Centipede and TAG-D programs in 1997, crashes with deaths or injuries requiring transportation for treatment of injuries, dropped by nearly 24 percent in the areas targeted by the enforcement programs.
More Information
Lieutenant Jerry Roberts
Pennsylvania State Police
Bureau of Patrol
1800 Elmerton Avenue
Harrisburg, PA 17110
(717) 783-5517
http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/enforce/aggressdrivers/aggenforce/pennsylvania.html
________________________________________________________________
OHIO STATE HIGHWAY PATROL
The Ohio State Highway Patrol’s (OSHP) aggressive driving program is called, Operation TRIAD, Targeting Reckless, Intimidating, and Aggressive Drivers. District and local highway patrol posts are responsible for researching and recommending Operation TRIAD sites, providing manpower for the enforcement details, coordinating local law enforcement and media coverage. Operation TRIAD uses a large, fixed-wing aviation division and local highway patrol officers, combined with local law enforcement officers to deter aggressive or dangerous driving acts.
Aggressive driving enforcement will be used during peak traffic volume and density locations, complaint areas, high DUI areas, school bus routes, and high crash railroad crossings. The Operation TRIAD master plan uses the following driving behaviors as guidelines for targeting enforcement:
• Following too close
• Passing off the travel portion of highway
• Lane change violations
• Speeding beyond the traffic flow
• Merging into traffic from on-ramp through safety or gore area
• Failure to yield at ramps or intersections
• Railroad crossing violations
• Displaying or using a weapon
Special Features
The availability of twelve fixed-wing aircraft to observe traffic safely and to assist law enforcement reduces the number of complaints received about unsafe driving. The OSHP offers the aviation section services to local city and county law enforcement agencies to address their local traffic concerns.
Extensive media coverage of Operation TRIAD has been very successful in increasing public awareness about the enforcement details and in encouraging a safe driving environment for all motorists.
Project Outcome
During a given evaluation period, approximately half of all citations written during an Operation TRIAD enforcement effort were for speeding. With the use of the fixed-wing aircraft, the most common aggressive driving behaviors observed were following too close and passing off the travel portion of the highway.
Legal Considerations
The OSHP aviation section works closely with the local judges to train them about traffic safety and specifically aggressive driving. The section pilot contacts newly elected judges, and offers a ride-along in the plane to observe traffic from the air. The judges can see the traffic problems from the air and they can see how an operation works. They can observe how the pilot can follow a vehicle for two to five miles and develop a driving pattern over an extended distance. They can see how easy it is to maintain visual contact, make positive identification from the air and communicate this information to the ground troops.
More Information
S/Lieutenant Keith Haney?Aviation Section Commander?Ohio State Highway Patrol?2829 W. Dublin Granville Road?Columbus, OH 43235?(614) 466-4468
http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/enforce/aggressdrivers/aggenforce/ohio.html
________________________________________________________________
MARYLAND STATE POLICE
The United States Army Aberdeen Test Center, in a technology transfer initiative with the Federal Highway Administration, the Maryland State Highway Administration, and the Maryland State Police (MSP), developed the A.D.V.A.N.C.E. (Aggressive Driving Video and Non Contact Enforcement) Vehicle. The system was developed to assist the MSP in identifying aggressive drivers on the Capital Beltway.
The vehicle uses lasers to determine the range and speed of vehicles on the highway and a computer system to record video images of the front, side and rear of a vehicle when the vehicle’s measured speed exceeds a predetermined threshold. The information is quickly assembled into a violation report that is sent to the violator. A manual override allows the operator to trigger the acquisition of video data in order to capture other aggressive driving patterns such as following too close and erratic lane changes.
The operator is able to view live video from any camera by selecting the appropriate switch on the front of the video monitor. The system also has the capability of recording traffic statistical information as speed distributions (histograms) of vehicles in the flow of traffic. These data allow the operator to estimate the average speed of traffic.
Data is saved on a removable disk and subsequently used to generate violation reports that can be analyzed or mailed to the owner of the vehicle. The operator can review any and all data on the computer monitor.
Special Features
The Project A.D.V.A.N.C.E. vehicle, designed by Aberdeen Test Center is fully equipped with state-of-the-art-technology. MSP uses a strong media campaign advising drivers of the Project A.D.V.A.N.C.E. vehicle, highway signs, and other unmarked patrol vehicles to help the MSP deal with an estimated 200,000 vehicles a day that drive on the Capital Beltway.
Technology Used
The Project A.D.V.A.N.C.E. uses a vehicle equipped with technology that has not traditionally been used in traffic enforcement. The lidar speed-measuring device, coupled with a new device called Autosense, measures the speed of the vehicle. The Autosense device triggers the side and rear cameras to take pictures of the vehicle, the registration plate and the operator. The A.D.V.A.N.C.E. system establishes a database of violations that includes pictures of the vehicle, that can be mailed to the vehicle’s owner.
Project Outcome
The design and implementation of the A.D.V.A.N.C.E. project is a joint technology exchange between the Department of Defense, United States Army, Federal Highway Administration, Maryland State Highway Commission, and MSP. Cooperating efforts like this will continue to bring new technologies to the law enforcement arena to improve officer and law enforcement effectiveness. Each time the A.D.V.A.N.C.E. vehicle is used, more is learned about how to improve the vehicle and the system.
A strong public information and education campaign, along with highway signs advising of the A.D.V.A.N.C.E. vehicle and support by other Maryland State Police will educate the public about aggressive driving and help change driving behavior.
Legal Considerations
In the State of Maryland, citations cannot be mailed to the violator. The law enforcement officer has to make immediate contact with the driver and the driver has to be allowed to sign the citation. Enabling legislation is needed to allow citations to be mailed to the violator.
A traffic violation in Maryland currently assesses points to the driving record. Since points are assessed, the driver has to be contacted and identified immediately. Jurisdictions that currently use photo enforcement have reduced citations to a civil infraction. There are no points assessed and the driver only pays a fine.
More Information
Sergeant Janet Harrison?Maryland State Police?Commercial Vehicle Division?901 Elkridge Landing Road, Suite 300?Linthicum Heights, MD 21090?(410) 694-6100