Fermented plant extracts

[Oregonism]

Methane Prodcution - 1st Step Hydrolysis and MicroOrganisms

Methane Prodcution - 1st Step Hydrolysis and MicroOrganisms

http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7241e/w7241e0f.htm

4.1 Microbial consortia and biological aspects of methane fermentation

Methane fermentation is the consequence of a series of metabolic interactions among various groups of microorganisms. A description of microorganisms involved in methane fermentation, based on an analysis of bacteria isolated from sewage sludge digesters and from the rumen of some animals, is summarized in Fig. 4-1. The first group of microorganisms secrete enzymes which hydrolyze polymeric materials to monomers such as glucose and amino acids, which are subsequently converted to higher volatile fatty acids, H2 and acetic acid (Fig. 4-1; stage 1). In the second stage, hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria convert the higher volatile fatty acids e.g., propionic and butyric acids, produced, to H2, CO2, and acetic acid. Finally, the third group, methanogenic bacteria convert H2, CO2, and acetate, to CH4 and CO2.

..........Polymeric materials such as lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates are primarily hydrolyzed by extracellular, hydrolases, excreted by microbes present in Stage 1 (Fig. 4-1). Hydrolytic enzymes, (lipases, proteases, cellulases, amylases, etc.) hydrolyze their respective polymers into smaller molecules, primarily monomeric units, which are then consumed by microbes. In methane fermentation of waste waters containing high concentrations of organic polymers, the hydrolytic activity relevant to each polymer is of paramount significance, in that polymer hydrolysis may become a rate-limiting step for the production of simpler bacterial substrates to be used in subsequent degradation steps.

Polysaccharides such as cellulose, starch, and pectin are hydrolyzed by cellulases, amylases, and pectinases. The majority of microbial cellulases are composed of three species: (a) endo-(3-l,4-glucanases; (b) exo-p-l,4-glucanases; (c) cellobiase or p-glucosidase. These three enzymes act synergistically on cellulose effectively hydrolyzing its crystal structure, to produce glucose. Microbial hydrolysis of raw starch to glucose requires amylolytic activity, which consist of 5 amylase species: (a) a-amylases that endocleave a±1-4 bonds; (b) p-amylases that exocleave a±1-4 bonds; (c) amyloglucosidases that exocleave a±l-4 and a±l-6 bonds; (d) debranching enzymes that act on a±l-6 bonds; (e) maltase that acts on maltose liberating glucose. Pectins are degraded by pectinases, including pectinesterases and depolymerases. Xylans are degraded with a²-endo-xylanase and a²-xylosidase to produce xylose.

Thus, in hydrolysis and acidogenesis (Fig. 4-1; Stage 1), sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids produced by microbial degradation of biopolymers are successively metabolised by fermentation endo-products such as lactate, propionate, acetate, and ethanol by other enzymatic activities which vary tremendously with microbial species.

 

[Oregonism]

Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Some Traditionally Used Medicinal

Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Some Traditionally Used Medicinal

Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Some Traditionally Used Medicinal

ABSTRACT:
Introduction – Polyphenolic phytochemicals in traditionally used medicinal plants act as powerful antioxidants, which aroused
an increasing interest in their application in functional food development.
Objective – The effect of extraction time (5 and 15 min) and hydrolysis on the qualitative and quantitative content of phenolic
compounds and antioxidant capacity of six traditionally used medicinal plants (Melissa officinalis [my notes: Lemon Balm] L., Thymus serpyllum L., [Thyme]
Lavandula officinalis Miller [common lavendar], Rubus fruticosus L.[blackberry], Urtica dioica L. [stinging nettle], and Olea europea L.[olive tree]) were investigated.
Methodology – The content of total phenols, flavonoids, flavan-3-ols and tannins was determined using UV/Vis spectropho-
tometric methods, while individual phenolic acids, flavones and flavonols were separated and detected using HPLC analysis.
Also, to obtain relevant data on the antioxidant capacity, two different assays, (2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-
sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used.
Results – The extraction efficiency of phenolics, as well as the antioxidant capacity of plant extracts, was affected by both
prolonged extraction and hydrolysis. The overall highest content of phenolic compounds was determined in hydrolyzed
extract of blackberry leaves (2160 mg GAE/L), followed by the non-hydrolyzed extract of lemon balm obtained after 15 min of
extraction (929.33 mg GAE/L). The above extracts also exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity, while extracts of olive leaves
were characterized with the lowest content of phenolic compounds, as well as the lowest antioxidant capacity. The highest
content of rosmarinic acid, as the most abundant phenolic compound, was determined in non-hydrolyzed extract of lemon
balm, obtained after 15 min of extraction. Although the hydrolysis provided the highest content of polyphenolic compounds,
longer extraction time (15 min) was more efficient to extract these bioactives than shorter extraction duration (5 min).
Conclusion – The distribution of detected phenolic compounds showed a wide variability with regard to their botanical origin.
Examined medicinal plants showed to be a valuable supplement to a daily intake of bioactive compounds. Copyright © 2010
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Medicinal plants have been extensively studied for the pres-
ence of natural antioxidants but the most emphasis has been
given to essential oils or to hexane, acetone, ethanol (or metha-
nol) and carbon dioxide extracts (Lagouri et al., 1993; Schwarz
et al., 1996; Tena et al., 1997; Dapkevicius et al., 1998). Since tea
and herbal infusions are generally prepared by steeping the
leaves and herbal parts in hot water, a more comprehensive and
thorough survey of the composition of water herbal extracts is necessary. Due to the differences in extraction and analysis
methods used (Rusak et al., 2008), the data regarding the phe-
nolic content of different plants is difficult to compare. Only with
the exact knowledge of the bioactive composition of medicinal
and other plants, it will be possible to develop a new generation
of standardized, effect-optimized mono- and multi-extract
preparations, which fulfil today’s standards for quality, safety and
efficiency of medicinal drugs (Wagner and Ulrich-Merzenich,
2009).

 

[Oregonism]

Agreed. Given the molecular formula and structure on these compounds, the question becomes how long of an infusion is best?

I can speak about a single compound, Linalool, and the difference in the pesticide and fungicide benefit shows a marked difference at 2 days vs. 4 days and by day 6 the party is completely over.

Using a lactobacillus culture to actually ferment is a waste of effort if it's compounds you want.

For those of you using Gil Carandang's formulas I would suggest a couple of things to consider:

Buy & read his book ($9.99) and look at this entire body of work, i.e. it's a bit more than lacto serum and other hand-picked processes

Go back and look at the articles posted online which are a good introduction to his work and note what the goal is - Elements. Phophorus, Potassium, etc.

Back to this tired analogy but it's all I've got: if true fermenting kept plant compounds intact then I would expect to see a plethora of threads on cannabis boards with detailed instructions on tossing your buds into a vat of yogurt and hope for the best.

So far I've seen nothing but I remain hopeful

by the way this is completely inaccurate, please check this stuff cootz. An infusion will not produce Linalool, please explain why it won't, because I already did. Phenols, flavonols, sapponins, etc, some very simple terpene's: all water soluble, not terpenoids though. Just correct your mistake, your silence has been deafening! Afraid to be called out, or what, fix the mistake, all you have to do is cut and paste. Instead of your whack ass theory which took no part of chemistry into the equation.

If this was any other thread, would you call out "gobbler" again.

 

[W89]

he doesnt say the seeds will produce linalool you dick.

read it properly if you know you know... simple

 

[ixnay007]

by the way this is completely inaccurate, please check this stuff cootz. An infusion will not produce Linalool, please explain why it won't, because I already did. Phenols, flavonols, sapponins, etc, some very simple terpene's: all water soluble, not terpenoids though. Just correct your mistake, your silence has been deafening! Afraid to be called out, or what, fix the mistake, all you have to do is cut and paste. Instead of your whack ass theory which took no part of chemistry into the equation.

If this was any other thread, would you call out "gobbler" again.

Yo, linalool is an oxygenated terpene, and if you look into oxygenated terpenes you'll see they're actually quite water soluble..

Solubility in water 1.589 g/l (at 25.0°C)

That's from the wikipedia page for linalool.

I don't know how much linalool is in a typical infusion, so I wouldn't want to make any assumptions about the efficiency, or if it's a complete extraction, but it is going to end up in the water in some concentration.

 

[c-ray]

from Wiley Dictionary of Flavors
http://ca.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0813821355.html

Terpenes are compounds found plentifully in nature. They include spice oils, citrus oils, pine oils, and other and natural products. Isopentene is the building block of the terpenes. Two isopentene molecules make a terpene, three, a sesquiterpene, and four, a diterpene. Therefore, a typical empirical formula for a terpene would be C10H20 , a sesquiterpene C15H30, and a diterpene C20H40, etc. Terpenes make up the bulk of many essential oils, especially the citrus oils. A Valencia orange oil can have up to 90+% d-limonene in its volatile makeup. This poses a complex problem in that terpenes (especially limonene) are (1) insoluble in water; (2) relatively weak in strength; and (3) prone to development of unacceptable off notes due to oxidation (this is called a spoiled or oxidized oil). Therefore, terpenes are better off being removed. Thus, there have been a number of processes developed to remove them. The first is called folding. Folding is done typically through vacuum distillation or through a blow over still. Other processes include CO extraction and washing (water + alcohol extraction). Compounds called oxygenated terpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes are oftentimes quite flavorful, so care must be taken not to remove useful compounds. Sometimes these are found in earlier fractions. They can be purified and added back to the original oil producing specialized oils. Because these came from the original oil, no change in labeling need be done. These oxygenated terpenes are typically much more water soluble and to a greater degree more stable than are the terpenes. One example is citral, which is found in the essential oils of both lemon and expressed lime. It is found in lemon oil at an average of about 3-5%. This terpene aldehyde characterizes the oil. In fact it is almost impossible to produce a lemon without some sort of citral-like character. In comparison, the limonene is present in lemon oil at about 67-85%. As we said before, as an aroma compound, it is much weaker, prone to oxidation, and is totally insoluble in water. Therefore, removal of the limonene while leaving the citral behind would produce a more soluble, stronger, and more stable oil.

 

[RanchoDeluxe]

I wonder how many threads have been completely and utterly ruined by the non-chalant use of copy/paste around here.

Everytime I take a look around some cannabis 'expert' is copy/pasting up something that the so-called expert likely can't even comprehend.

And the crowd goes wild....

 

[W89]

one way to get your rep+

 

[Smoking Lamp]

I wonder how many threads have been completely and utterly ruined by the non-chalant use of copy/paste around here.

Everytime I take a look around some cannabis 'expert' is copy/pasting up something that the so-called expert likely can't even comprehend.

And the crowd goes wild....

Maybe you should cite which ones those are? Otherwise I just hear an excuse for laziness, honestly.

I think most of the cut and pastes are to provide "facts" to drive home a point. That coupled with research someone has done is great way to convince people.

Of course anyone can post anything to sway anyone's opinion. But again, cite which posts they may be, otherwise it is empty rhetoric.

Terpenoids aren't water soluble. I think that is what they are saying.

 

[SeaMaiden]

I wonder how many threads have been completely and utterly ruined by the non-chalant use of copy/paste around here.

FAR fewer than have been ruined by useless, stupid bullshit that offers not a thing in terms of information, but serves instead only to make others feel they cannot participate without being attacked.

Three patients I tried to get to use this site. Three people I know in real life who told me there was NO WAY they'd set foot in this place for that behavior. Not the C&Ping (which I nab and share with them on my own, because it's actually useful information if you bother to read it).

Everytime I take a look around some cannabis 'expert' is copy/pasting up something that the so-called expert likely can't even comprehend.

And the crowd goes wild....

"So-called" is right.

 

[Scrappy4]

I wonder how many threads have been completely and utterly ruined by the non-chalant use of copy/paste around here.

Everytime I take a look around some cannabis 'expert' is copy/pasting up something that the so-called expert likely can't even comprehend.

And the crowd goes wild....

I completely agree. And will add that posting nonsense over and over does not help. Repeating nonsense does not make right, it's just annoying. If a poster took time and effort to make a valid point it shows, a wiki definition might be helpfull or it might completely miss the point. The difference is the poster's understanding or lack there of, to the issue being discussed.

Some of this is right on the cutting edge of science, and adults should be able to disagree or be swayed by evidense without getting emotional over some preceived pettiness.

 

[ixnay007]

Maybe you should cite which ones those are? Otherwise I just hear an excuse for laziness, honestly.

I think most of the cut and pastes are to provide "facts" to drive home a point. That coupled with research someone has done is great way to convince people.

Of course anyone can post anything to sway anyone's opinion. But again, cite which posts they may be, otherwise it is empty rhetoric.

Terpenoids aren't water soluble. I think that is what they are saying.

Did you read c-ray's post..

"These oxygenated terpenes are typically much more water soluble and to a greater degree more stable than are the terpenes."

 

[BugJar]

does anyone have any insight into fermenting blackberry leaves? for tea?

worth the time or go for something more tried and true?

 

[c-ray]

one olde school european traditional practice is to make a fermented plant extract containing a bit of every plant that could be found in the vicinity of a particular garden / to be used on that particular garden..

 

[BugJar]

one olde school european traditional practice is to make a fermented plant extract containing a bit of every plant that could be found in the vicinity of a particular garden / to be used on that particular garden..

That makes sense.

Blackberry is invasive around here so I might harvest some as an experiment and to help the local competing plants

 

[BugJar]

one olde school european traditional practice is to make a fermented plant extract containing a bit of every plant that could be found in the vicinity of a particular garden / to be used on that particular garden..

That makes sense.

Blackberry is invasive around here so I might harvest some as an experiment and to help the local competing plants

 

[Oregonism]

I wonder how many threads have been completely and utterly ruined by the non-chalant use of copy/paste around here.

Everytime I take a look around some cannabis 'expert' is copy/pasting up something that the so-called expert likely can't even comprehend.

And the crowd goes wild....

I realize everyone is pissed, but I didn't post to put up conjecture.

Come on y’all, posting facts, isn't credible?

The whole point of including peer-reviewed studies it to eliminate as much of opinion as possible. Yes real-life experience and data often trump one another, but we have to make sure that real-life experiences correlate with the data we seek as well.

That is a dangerous precedent. When you are collecting data, if you have an agenda beforehand, you may fnd what you seek, but if you collect data with no premise, it may reveal itself as if you were never looking for it.

Stating your opinion around here only goes so far, using support on a basic level that everyone understands, is the purpose of the providing the data. It’s not meant as an argument its meant as a Platform.

[FONT=&quot]Maybe it will be proved wrong, I hope so.......... I want the step of just soaking in water [hydrolysis] to solute oil bearing structures out of plants, but so far, that does not seem to be the case……

[/FONT]

 

[Oregonism]

Yo, linalool is an oxygenated terpene, and if you look into oxygenated terpenes you'll see they're actually quite water soluble..

Solubility in water 1.589 g/l (at 25.0°C)

That's from the wikipedia page for linalool.

I don't know how much linalool is in a typical infusion, so I wouldn't want to make any assumptions about the efficiency, or if it's a complete extraction, but it is going to end up in the water in some concentration.

Don't use wikipedia........please. I posted this stuff in December Post #957


Oftentimes chemistry is presented in its ideal form, in real-time situations, other factors can interrupt the ideal form [which is really something like Chem 100,200 sequence].
One instance look it up: hexafluorosilic acid, which is a chemical that doesn’t really exist, yet it’s the name of a fluoride drinking water additive that comes from potassium fertilizer, yum!

At the danger of being attacked, for quoting stuff....I posted this in Dec.

Large hydrocarbons are rarely water soluble even though they contain functional groups of non-polars, as long as it it not ionic. Although large hydrocarbons over H10 are insolube even if there is an ionic bond.

Smaller hydrocarbons may be able to be broken [hydrolyzed] by H20 if there are ionic bonds, but because of CH's unusual non-polar like polar bond, this may prove difficult to reproduce.

Terpenes are hydrocarbons and terpenoids are oxygen containing hydrocarbons. Linalool is a terpene and a monoterpene [iridoid]. SOME Monoterpene's and monoterpenoids can be water soluble, these are secoiridoid monoterpenes. Secoiridoids are found all over a plants structure and not related to oil bearing structures. They are found w glycosides [containing sugars] and are water soluble. Terpenes and terpenoids that are oil bearing [these being the main constituents of most plant essential oils] contain bitter lactones called iridoids, they are considered bitter monoterpenoids and are not water soluble in pure form. Linalool is included here.


Lastly:
Edit: Just from recent research, Linalool could be isomerized or its ions could become an isoprenoid that mimics linalool but is not Linalool [per shape] aka isoprenylation.


All I want to point out is that out of everything discussed, none of the compunds are a secoridoid monoterpenes or terpenoids, they have been iridoids, which functionally haven't been found to be hydrolyzed and therefore the popularity of other substrate exctractions.

 

[ixnay007]

The information on the wikipedia page is readily available in other sources, I just didn't want to copy the info from a pdf. It's just standard chem book info available in many places.

http://hopsteiner.com/pdf/gly_bound.pdf

This guy is talking about glycocides, and calls linalool:

In all examined varieties an enrichment of the sensorially important glycosides of monoterpene alcohols (e.g. linalool) and nor-carotenoids could be observed..

And he's by no means the only person who talks about the oxygenated terpenes being water soluble. In fact, there is linalool in orange juice, it ends up in beer from the hops, it goes quite well with water.

 

[Oregonism]

does anyone have any insight into fermenting blackberry leaves? for tea?

worth the time or go for something more tried and true?

I do

I find more success with it dried out and then ground into meal. It can be fermented raw, but [this is purely guesstamation at work] they might have high levels of lignin, even chopped up, they seem to take a long time to break down under solution.

I am starting a project to make bio-fuel from blackberry canes and japanese knotweed stalks. A byproduct is something similar to what you are asking about.