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legumes are nitrogen fixers. they convert N from the air and bring it to the soil, most people use them as cover crops in winter so the soil is fresh come growing season, they use the growing plants not dried beans. i doubt it will be bad if dried and mixed in, anything organic will pretty much break down eventually. given enough time im sure the microbes will do there work on the beans. it would be best to grind them up then leaving them whole.
You can also use it as green manure. When the plants are nice and green, dig them into the ground for next season and it will give some added nitrogen, and some compost, to the soil for next years season.
buckwheat, used as a cover crop, is fast enough to use same season, and there are others
also try interplanting symbiotically benefical plants. For example growing corn and beans together
ideally the garden should be set up so that everything performs multiple functions. The beans provide nitrogen for the corn, the corn a structure for the beans to grow on. Plus both produce food, compost material (although cord stalks are hard to break down), seed for next years crop, wrapping for tamales etc. etc.