BuddhaSeeds
Member
To create and stabilize a new strain, it’s necessary to know before the process to succeed. We're not talking about special techniques or involve much difficulty. We discuss the theory you need to understand in order to plan our route. Before you begin making crosses between strains to see the result, you have to know the plant which you work and the genetics behind it.
Cannabis is an allogamous plant, this is the way of the biology has to say that is a plant species with interbreeding. Over evolution, both plants and animals, has favored the offspring is produced by crossing two individuals. The explication is simple: it’s better to acquire genetic mixing those features that can improve the species in any sense, as resistance to pests, salinity, etc... Due to the immobility of plants, many have had to develop mechanisms to prevent inbreeding.
The most obvious mechanism is to separate individuals by sex (Dioecious plant). A fact that growers appreciate so that we can have females plants without seeds that devote all their energy to be more productive and resinous. But sometimes this may not be enough and we can find hermaphrodite plants. Nature also has been commissioned to solve these cases. In other species, most of them with flowers of both sexes in the same individual, it has succeeded in regulating the maturation of both the stamens and stigmas, in this way, pollen may disperse without auto pollinate because the female part isn’t ready to be fertilized yet. Other plants have come to rely specializations as perfect as they need an animal to achieve pollination, even rely on a single species, as some tropical plants that have modified their flowers so that only one species of hummingbird can access inside.
In Cannabis, and in most species with different sexes, these cases don’t happen, in them occur the more perfect phenomenon compatibility. Genetic. In these cases, both the pollen (male part) as the carpel (female part), have some genes that determine if the crossing is possible or not. What it happens is that when detecting that both have the same genes recognition genes assume from the same plant or genetically very close, and therefore is not allowed fertilization. If our goal is to create new strains must think about this factor, otherwise, new generations will lose viability and won’t produce seed.
This phenomenon will be crucial to achieving our goal. What we want to achieve is that the plant has the genes we want to express to achieve the desired phenotype and that the plants are stable so that your generations retain the characteristics of their progenitor. What we want to get is just the opposite that plants want and, for this reason, many problems are presented in stabilizing the new strains. To understand this wehave to explain something about genetics.
When Gregor Mendel began his studies to find out how the characters are transmitted from parents to children, it was with peas. Not coincidentally, he used plants because he realized that this could control the crosses he wanted and observe visible characters quickly and easily. Through his studies he discovered the principles of genetics. Broadly speaking, you must to know that all our DNA genes have two copies, one that comes from our father and one from our mother. The expression of the gene (the phenotype) depends on the interpretation of these two copies.
If the two copies are the same is said that the gene is in homozygous (AA or aa) and, therefore, the information is expressed without any problem (in the case of peas Mendel, whether they were yellow and if AA were aa were green). When both copies are different will be in heterozygous (Aa) and here we could differentiate each of the copies. The one that will express the dominant heterozygous (A) and will not be called recessive (a): Mendel's peas that were Aa were yellow. For our purposes we will interest genes are homozygous, when they are thus always passed to the progeny to the same copy and we get individuals with the same characteristics, or what is the same, homogeneous and stable varieties.
Let's see how will the offspring and their percentages in the paternal function involved in the crossing. If you cross a homozygous dominant individual (AA) with a homozygous recessive (aa), 100% of the offspring will be heterozygous (Aa) and parental phenotype will be like AA. If we cross two heterozygous individuals will otherwise: we will genetically 25% of individuals AA, another 25% will be aa and 50% will be Aa, as the only parameter that can distinguish is the phenotype, we see that 75% have the phenotype dominant and 25% recessive. There are more combinations and we have to keep in mind that you want to select can be caused by more than one gene, making it difficult to study and modify the proportions. When we know these concepts, we can see how the desired genes behave according to the manifest phenotypic ratios in the offspring and thus better focus our study.
Unfortunately, genetics isn’t so simple. Can have genes are expressed in heterozygous and homozygous form another (called codominance) is the case of some flowers that are red if copies are AA, white if are aa and pink if are Aa. Genes that depend on others to express themselves, such as height in humans: when more dominant copies of the involved genes are taken, the individual will be higher. Genes can be turned on / off at certain times from external causes and so on. Genetics is very complex, and all the factors that regulate or modify that only certain characters can select based on phenotype and whose ability to be easily transmitted.
We can’t know what DNA can have our plants so we will must to do the same to Mendel: observe the characters that interest us and we will select those plants until get that these genes are homozygous. Remember that if our phenotype is dominant, what we see at first glance may be the result of an individual homozygous or heterozygous (AA and Aa) and, depending on this factor will have a different offspring. If the ownership of our gene is recessive facilitate the selection because only manifest if is homozygous (aa).
If we want to select individuals with more than one property (with more than one gene involved) the thing is further complicated because the genetic combinations soar. This is the reason why many plants germinate need for individuals who possess the characteristics you want.
Finally, you must define both inbreeding depression and hybrid vigor. The first has to do with the harmful effects that have those individuals who have most of their genes in homozygous as a result of forced self-pollinations. If we do this repeatedly in our Cannabis plants we realize that the resulting individuals lose many of its features, such as reduced viability of their seeds, individuals more susceptible to disease or be generally weaker plants. Like we mentioned at the beginning of the article: plants have adapted to avoid self-pollination and this implies that genetically homozygous individuals are weaker (although it seems contradictory) and so natural selection will ensure that no transmit their characters to future generations. It is certainly one of the most important factors to keep in mind as we work to create new strains.
Hybrid vigor is the opposite, those plants that have most of their genes were heterozygous, are usually more vigorous than their parents. It is an important factor because if we cross two stable varieties will be a much more vigorous first generation but to try to fix and stabilize these individuals we will be virtually impossible because its features will be progressively losing gradually increase the homogeneity of their genes.
Broadly speaking, these are the main problems that we will face and, above all, that we can control, within limits, without delving into genetic analysis or laboratory conditions. Now we know more about our plants, how they behave their genetics and the problems we will go to appear, the question is: How can then act to generate pure lines of Cannabis? That task will leave for the next article.
Hope you find it interesting thread.
Greetings!
Cannabis is an allogamous plant, this is the way of the biology has to say that is a plant species with interbreeding. Over evolution, both plants and animals, has favored the offspring is produced by crossing two individuals. The explication is simple: it’s better to acquire genetic mixing those features that can improve the species in any sense, as resistance to pests, salinity, etc... Due to the immobility of plants, many have had to develop mechanisms to prevent inbreeding.
The most obvious mechanism is to separate individuals by sex (Dioecious plant). A fact that growers appreciate so that we can have females plants without seeds that devote all their energy to be more productive and resinous. But sometimes this may not be enough and we can find hermaphrodite plants. Nature also has been commissioned to solve these cases. In other species, most of them with flowers of both sexes in the same individual, it has succeeded in regulating the maturation of both the stamens and stigmas, in this way, pollen may disperse without auto pollinate because the female part isn’t ready to be fertilized yet. Other plants have come to rely specializations as perfect as they need an animal to achieve pollination, even rely on a single species, as some tropical plants that have modified their flowers so that only one species of hummingbird can access inside.
In Cannabis, and in most species with different sexes, these cases don’t happen, in them occur the more perfect phenomenon compatibility. Genetic. In these cases, both the pollen (male part) as the carpel (female part), have some genes that determine if the crossing is possible or not. What it happens is that when detecting that both have the same genes recognition genes assume from the same plant or genetically very close, and therefore is not allowed fertilization. If our goal is to create new strains must think about this factor, otherwise, new generations will lose viability and won’t produce seed.
This phenomenon will be crucial to achieving our goal. What we want to achieve is that the plant has the genes we want to express to achieve the desired phenotype and that the plants are stable so that your generations retain the characteristics of their progenitor. What we want to get is just the opposite that plants want and, for this reason, many problems are presented in stabilizing the new strains. To understand this wehave to explain something about genetics.
When Gregor Mendel began his studies to find out how the characters are transmitted from parents to children, it was with peas. Not coincidentally, he used plants because he realized that this could control the crosses he wanted and observe visible characters quickly and easily. Through his studies he discovered the principles of genetics. Broadly speaking, you must to know that all our DNA genes have two copies, one that comes from our father and one from our mother. The expression of the gene (the phenotype) depends on the interpretation of these two copies.
If the two copies are the same is said that the gene is in homozygous (AA or aa) and, therefore, the information is expressed without any problem (in the case of peas Mendel, whether they were yellow and if AA were aa were green). When both copies are different will be in heterozygous (Aa) and here we could differentiate each of the copies. The one that will express the dominant heterozygous (A) and will not be called recessive (a): Mendel's peas that were Aa were yellow. For our purposes we will interest genes are homozygous, when they are thus always passed to the progeny to the same copy and we get individuals with the same characteristics, or what is the same, homogeneous and stable varieties.
Let's see how will the offspring and their percentages in the paternal function involved in the crossing. If you cross a homozygous dominant individual (AA) with a homozygous recessive (aa), 100% of the offspring will be heterozygous (Aa) and parental phenotype will be like AA. If we cross two heterozygous individuals will otherwise: we will genetically 25% of individuals AA, another 25% will be aa and 50% will be Aa, as the only parameter that can distinguish is the phenotype, we see that 75% have the phenotype dominant and 25% recessive. There are more combinations and we have to keep in mind that you want to select can be caused by more than one gene, making it difficult to study and modify the proportions. When we know these concepts, we can see how the desired genes behave according to the manifest phenotypic ratios in the offspring and thus better focus our study.
Unfortunately, genetics isn’t so simple. Can have genes are expressed in heterozygous and homozygous form another (called codominance) is the case of some flowers that are red if copies are AA, white if are aa and pink if are Aa. Genes that depend on others to express themselves, such as height in humans: when more dominant copies of the involved genes are taken, the individual will be higher. Genes can be turned on / off at certain times from external causes and so on. Genetics is very complex, and all the factors that regulate or modify that only certain characters can select based on phenotype and whose ability to be easily transmitted.
We can’t know what DNA can have our plants so we will must to do the same to Mendel: observe the characters that interest us and we will select those plants until get that these genes are homozygous. Remember that if our phenotype is dominant, what we see at first glance may be the result of an individual homozygous or heterozygous (AA and Aa) and, depending on this factor will have a different offspring. If the ownership of our gene is recessive facilitate the selection because only manifest if is homozygous (aa).
If we want to select individuals with more than one property (with more than one gene involved) the thing is further complicated because the genetic combinations soar. This is the reason why many plants germinate need for individuals who possess the characteristics you want.
Finally, you must define both inbreeding depression and hybrid vigor. The first has to do with the harmful effects that have those individuals who have most of their genes in homozygous as a result of forced self-pollinations. If we do this repeatedly in our Cannabis plants we realize that the resulting individuals lose many of its features, such as reduced viability of their seeds, individuals more susceptible to disease or be generally weaker plants. Like we mentioned at the beginning of the article: plants have adapted to avoid self-pollination and this implies that genetically homozygous individuals are weaker (although it seems contradictory) and so natural selection will ensure that no transmit their characters to future generations. It is certainly one of the most important factors to keep in mind as we work to create new strains.
Hybrid vigor is the opposite, those plants that have most of their genes were heterozygous, are usually more vigorous than their parents. It is an important factor because if we cross two stable varieties will be a much more vigorous first generation but to try to fix and stabilize these individuals we will be virtually impossible because its features will be progressively losing gradually increase the homogeneity of their genes.
Broadly speaking, these are the main problems that we will face and, above all, that we can control, within limits, without delving into genetic analysis or laboratory conditions. Now we know more about our plants, how they behave their genetics and the problems we will go to appear, the question is: How can then act to generate pure lines of Cannabis? That task will leave for the next article.
Hope you find it interesting thread.
Greetings!
. Is it even known which kind of genes or gene families are involved?
