Wouldn't your fan be louder outside of the grow space?
I ran my fan as you detailed for several harvests. Then I shoved it in a $5 filing box stuffed with duct insulation, and hung it from the handle in my tent. Reduced noise immensely, even just keeping it inside the tent makes it quieter with the thick walls of my secret jardin.
That is how I have my filter and fan set up. I use a speed controller in order to keep desired temps.
Attic like room.........................how far away is it from the tent?
Also you need to ensure there are no little leaks in the duct work that will still be in the tent as odor will bypass the filter.
And no i don't think ya want that speed controller.Cheap speed controllers are gonna make the motor on the fan hum as you dial it down.
given your current design; most of your fan noise will be a result of 'whooshing" air. putting it in the attic-type room will reduce that whoosh!
I did just the opposite...for same reasons VAtransplant mentioned (noise and smell level)....fan inside, carbon filter outside. Air (from fan) traveling through carbon filter....that's the premise...keeping air outside aroma free.
You mentioned filling a box with bubble wrap or something. I'd choose something else to fill it with, bubble wrap doesn't really reduce noise. I had some insulated duct (which by itself reduces noise a ton) but I just scrapped a two foot section of it and stole the padding for packing my fan box. Worked great.
And instead of a cardboard door, if you want something a little more rigid, consider foam insulation board. I took the door off of my crawl space and traced it on some foam insulation board (4x8 sheet was like $8 at Lowes, I think 3/4" thick). I cut it a hair larger than the outline and was able to just wedge it in the opening. Then I traced a 6" opening and shoved some duct in there and used it as a cool air intake for my room. But anyway, just a thought...