dizzlekush
Member
I'm wondering what is most likely the best legal plant that could be used as a 'model organism' for horticultural experiments intended for applying the information achieved from results on cannabis cultivation? If one wanted to do testing on different types of substrate, EC levels, nutritional demands, timing/concentration of Plant Growth Regulator/phytohormone applications, temperature crop steering, etc. etc. with the intention of using information gleamed from experimentation for cannabis cultivation, what would be the best legal plant to use for testing?
There are multiple benefits of having a separate test plant from cannabis. If growing cannabis illegally, you can refine your growing skills without breaking the law to get maximum yields when you do decide to step outside the law. If living in a state with medical marijuana laws that restrict your grow by plant count and/or square footage, your experiments would no longer be putting you in illegal plant count/area and/or wouldn't be risking any ill effects on your limited harvest. Also having a plant that's harvest isn't of value could be beneficial to some experiments. Examples of this would be quantifying phytotoxicity levels of certain chemicals (e.g. methanol and non traditional [concentrations of] non ionic surfactants), or conducting an experiment on leaching/flushing using common hops where some plants are fed until day of harvest for maximum dry weight, and then other groups are treated with different types/days of leaching, then the cones are harvested dried, cured then burned. Watching quality of burn, smelling the aroma and examining impurities in ash could be used to quantify quality of 'flush' and could be done without losing a profitable harvest.
So back to the original question: Which plant is the best Model Organism r.e. experimentation for cannabis cultivation?
Cannabis is an annual, dioecious C3 dicot, and one of the few plants that are such. All other plants in the Cannabaceae family are perennials, with Cannabis being the only annual, and one of the very few dioecious annuals to exist. Cannabis is hypothesized to have originally been a short lived perennial in the past (like hops currently is) and changed to an annual when global annual weather became less temperate. Ive seen a male cannabis 'tree' that was 4 years old that was kept indoors under 18/6 for 2 years and then moved outside after the breeder had gotten full use of it. It still produced pollen sacks but wouldn't fully mature to pollination. While i have no argument that cannabis should be labeled as an annual, it's my personal opinion the distinction between annual and perennial is the least important distinction when trying to find model organism for cannabis, and that using an perennial as a model organism for cannabis would be more acceptable than using a C4 plant, a monocot, or a non-dioecious plant. If anyone disagrees with this opinion, please feel free to discuss it.
It turns out that if we want a model organism that is also an annual, dioecious, C3 dicot, our options are greatly limited. Here were the choices i found most relevant to our discussion.
Hops (Humulus lupulus) (Perennial)
Images: https://www.google.com/search?q=Hum...DQ&biw=840&bih=449&sei=MFkbT9fKOYWJiAK1vLzhCA
Wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humulus_lupulus
The only perennial in the choices thus far, the null hypothesis victor and the plant to beat. If looking at scientific classification, all plants in the Cannabis genus under federal law are legally "Cannabis sativa" and therefore illegal. So the next highest classification gives us the family Cannabaceae, which also houses the Humulus genus and several species of tree recently re-classified through genetic mapping such as Hackleberry trees, the Trema genus of trees and several other genera of trees. Of these options, hops (Humulus lupulus) is commonly accepted as the closest relative to cannabis, and female hop flowers (cones) are physiologically the most accurate analogue in the known plant kingdom for female cannabis flowers (buds). http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Cannabaceae/
Hops are [likely to be] ~90% genetically identical to marijuana with even a marginally larger amount of base pairs.
Images: https://www.google.com/search?q=Sil...w.,cf.osb&fp=37bead7b1073c94e&biw=840&bih=449
Wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinac...urce=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=yEMbT4O6EKSriQKW7v3JCA
A small plant, not growing much more than a foot tall. Probably the most commonly grown out of all of the annual, dioecious C3 dicots. The plant is commonly harvested for its leaves, while we're looking for increased floral production, 'essential oil', and specific phytochemicals.
Annual Mercury(Mercurialis annua)
Images: https://www.google.com/search?um=1&...w.,cf.osb&fp=37bead7b1073c94e&biw=840&bih=449
Wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurialis_annua
The only annual of the Mercuries, hence the name. Most commonly found dioecious (the form we want, female specifically) but can occasionally be found monoeocious or hermaphroditic. Roughly the same size as spinach.
There are multiple benefits of having a separate test plant from cannabis. If growing cannabis illegally, you can refine your growing skills without breaking the law to get maximum yields when you do decide to step outside the law. If living in a state with medical marijuana laws that restrict your grow by plant count and/or square footage, your experiments would no longer be putting you in illegal plant count/area and/or wouldn't be risking any ill effects on your limited harvest. Also having a plant that's harvest isn't of value could be beneficial to some experiments. Examples of this would be quantifying phytotoxicity levels of certain chemicals (e.g. methanol and non traditional [concentrations of] non ionic surfactants), or conducting an experiment on leaching/flushing using common hops where some plants are fed until day of harvest for maximum dry weight, and then other groups are treated with different types/days of leaching, then the cones are harvested dried, cured then burned. Watching quality of burn, smelling the aroma and examining impurities in ash could be used to quantify quality of 'flush' and could be done without losing a profitable harvest.
So back to the original question: Which plant is the best Model Organism r.e. experimentation for cannabis cultivation?
Cannabis is an annual, dioecious C3 dicot, and one of the few plants that are such. All other plants in the Cannabaceae family are perennials, with Cannabis being the only annual, and one of the very few dioecious annuals to exist. Cannabis is hypothesized to have originally been a short lived perennial in the past (like hops currently is) and changed to an annual when global annual weather became less temperate. Ive seen a male cannabis 'tree' that was 4 years old that was kept indoors under 18/6 for 2 years and then moved outside after the breeder had gotten full use of it. It still produced pollen sacks but wouldn't fully mature to pollination. While i have no argument that cannabis should be labeled as an annual, it's my personal opinion the distinction between annual and perennial is the least important distinction when trying to find model organism for cannabis, and that using an perennial as a model organism for cannabis would be more acceptable than using a C4 plant, a monocot, or a non-dioecious plant. If anyone disagrees with this opinion, please feel free to discuss it.
It turns out that if we want a model organism that is also an annual, dioecious, C3 dicot, our options are greatly limited. Here were the choices i found most relevant to our discussion.
Hops (Humulus lupulus) (Perennial)
Images: https://www.google.com/search?q=Hum...DQ&biw=840&bih=449&sei=MFkbT9fKOYWJiAK1vLzhCA
Wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humulus_lupulus
The only perennial in the choices thus far, the null hypothesis victor and the plant to beat. If looking at scientific classification, all plants in the Cannabis genus under federal law are legally "Cannabis sativa" and therefore illegal. So the next highest classification gives us the family Cannabaceae, which also houses the Humulus genus and several species of tree recently re-classified through genetic mapping such as Hackleberry trees, the Trema genus of trees and several other genera of trees. Of these options, hops (Humulus lupulus) is commonly accepted as the closest relative to cannabis, and female hop flowers (cones) are physiologically the most accurate analogue in the known plant kingdom for female cannabis flowers (buds). http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Cannabaceae/
Hops are [likely to be] ~90% genetically identical to marijuana with even a marginally larger amount of base pairs.
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)For the present study five different cultivars of Cannabis, origiating from France (accession number CJBN 716/85), Afghanistan (CPRO-dlo 883271), Nepal (CPRO-dlo 891191), The Netherlands (S S 241) and Italy (OBN 0148-F), were used. One sample of Humulus lupulus L. coming from Italy (OBN 2801-F) was also used. H. lupulus belongs to the only other genus of family Cannabaceae. For each Cannabis and Humulus cultivars, six individuals were tested....
...The raw PCR fragment obtained for all Cannabis samples and Humulus had a length of approximately 360 base pairs (bp) (Fig. 1).
The DNA from all five hemp samples had an ITS1 225 bp long with a GC content of 58.2%. The hops ITS1 was 226 bp long with a GC content of 56.6%. The five Cannabis sequences obtained are identical.
However, the hops sequence was 90% identical to the sequence of the hemp samples
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=...Uhvkk0Mps0hwBKmKw&sig2=LSukRlKBKynxJIVzVUOmMw (PDF)
Images: https://www.google.com/search?q=Sil...w.,cf.osb&fp=37bead7b1073c94e&biw=840&bih=449
Wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinac...urce=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=yEMbT4O6EKSriQKW7v3JCA
A small plant, not growing much more than a foot tall. Probably the most commonly grown out of all of the annual, dioecious C3 dicots. The plant is commonly harvested for its leaves, while we're looking for increased floral production, 'essential oil', and specific phytochemicals.
Annual Mercury(Mercurialis annua)
Images: https://www.google.com/search?um=1&...w.,cf.osb&fp=37bead7b1073c94e&biw=840&bih=449
Wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurialis_annua
The only annual of the Mercuries, hence the name. Most commonly found dioecious (the form we want, female specifically) but can occasionally be found monoeocious or hermaphroditic. Roughly the same size as spinach.
Ill add more info and species as i do more research. With our current understanding, the null hypothesis will be that Hops (Humulus lupulus) is the best model organism for Cannabis-related experimentation, due to genetic & physiological relations between the two. Now I'm wondering what others think the best legal 'Model Organism' for cannabis experimentation might be. Your thoughts, reasoning, and literature to back up your opinions are always appreciated.It is evident that the floral dichotomy shown by dioecious plant species results from modification during development of a perfect flower by suppression of one or other organ sets. Comparison of male and female flowers from the various dioecious species reveals that the timing during flower development of the suppression event is enormously variable between species.
In a number of dioecious species, including Mercurialis annua (Durand and Durand, 1991), Cannabis sativa (Mohan Ram and Nath, 1964), Spinacia oleracea (Sherry et al., 1993), and Humulus species (Shephard, 1999), the divergence of the male and female developmental pathways occurs extremely early in floral development and the inappropriate organs are not initiated; in all these species the male flowers resemble perfect flowers whilst the female flowers are strikingly different. In most species, however, both sets of sex organs are initiated and the inappropriate set of organs develops to some extent before abortion.
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=...YEXeHA-98D_n7HlWg&sig2=DTvGrFVNr9EEuSrT6bZ_YQ (PDF)